ABSTRACT: Nutrient pollution is a problem across the globe. Excess nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) are impacting lakes, rivers, and oceans with algal blooms, hypoxia, and fish kills. As such, there are many opportunities for intervening to protect receiving ecosystems from excess nutrients. Historic treatment options have failed to control nonpoint source pollution. New options for trapping and treating intensively managed cropland runoff (IMCR) are presented; with a wealth of wastewater treatment experience in removing N and P, innovation is spilling over into the IMCR world. Agricultural producers can use technology to increase productivity and decrease nutrient runoff to streams and lakes using trap and treat biosystems engineering technology. In-field cover crops and mycorrhizae can be employed to increase nutrient use efficiency. At field-edge and beyond, riparian buffers (surface and subsurface), wetlands (natural and constructed), and varying forms of carbon bioreactors can be utilized for nutrient consumption and sequestration. Options to mitigate IMCR nutrient pollution occur best with landscape treatment trains. The treatment train approach is possible and needed for ecosystem health; however, the key issues are 1) pathway and process awareness, and 2) balancing who pays the cost for best management practices and who reaps the benefits.
KEYWORDS: nitrogen, phosphorus, nonpoint source pollution, treatment train
This presentation is on ocean acidification, it covers
(1) a background on ocean acidification,
(2) the chemistry between carbon dioxide & the ocean
(3) Impact of Ocean acidification on biological processes and the ecosystems.
(4) and finally some mitigation measures
I hope this ppt be useful & helpful to people working on this topic :)
Enjoy
Groundwater Quality from Basaltic Aquifers, Dr. S. K. Vadagbalkar, Associat...SHRINIVAS VADAGBALKAR
Basaltic aquifers-shallow and deep, from Deccan Trap regions in parts of Maharashtra state, are considered as a case study to understand the quality of waters. Based on the research articles, news, from scientific journals, reports of government and non-government social organisations, communications, newspaper articles and news, attempts have been made to prepare a concise reconnaissance review article.
This presentation is on ocean acidification, it covers
(1) a background on ocean acidification,
(2) the chemistry between carbon dioxide & the ocean
(3) Impact of Ocean acidification on biological processes and the ecosystems.
(4) and finally some mitigation measures
I hope this ppt be useful & helpful to people working on this topic :)
Enjoy
Groundwater Quality from Basaltic Aquifers, Dr. S. K. Vadagbalkar, Associat...SHRINIVAS VADAGBALKAR
Basaltic aquifers-shallow and deep, from Deccan Trap regions in parts of Maharashtra state, are considered as a case study to understand the quality of waters. Based on the research articles, news, from scientific journals, reports of government and non-government social organisations, communications, newspaper articles and news, attempts have been made to prepare a concise reconnaissance review article.
Analyzing a lake ecosystem is an interesting and everlasting area of Environmental Studies. Since these water bodies are subjected to pollution and degradation, analyzing them is an essential requirement. These analytical works come under a special branch of Science called Limnology.
Introduction
1.1 Prerequisite
1.2 Objectives
LITIRATURE REVIEW
1.2 Functions of lakes
1.3 Present scenario of lakes in Bangalore
1.4 The report argues that the main reasons for this state of the wetlands are a lack of.
1.5 Issues of lake restoration works
Lake restoration methods
3.1 Preventive or Indirect methods,
&
3.2 Ameliorative or Direct methods.
Preventive Or Direct Methods
4.1 Drainage basin alterations
4.2 Diversion of wastes
4.3 Legal control measures
Ameliorative Or Direct Methods
5.1 In-lake physical methods.
5.2 In-lake chemical methods.
Case study
6.1 About the lake
6.2 Methods
6.3 Lake rejuvenation
6.4 After rejuvenation challenges and opportunities
Challenges and opportunities for collective action in an urban context
CONCLUSION
What is Eutrophication and it's cause, what impacts on environment as well as on human and how to control it. All details shown in this ppt plus one case study.
***Download & run slide Show to have proper view of slides***
This presentation contains i)eutrophication scenario & challenge
ii) Dal lake's present eutrophication nature
iii) Preventing Eutrophication
iv)Restoration of Eutrophic lake
v) Role of Govt
agricultural pollution which is a current major issue by any country in the world especially the countries like india and china are agricultural countries as i think this is the best seminar topic
Analyzing a lake ecosystem is an interesting and everlasting area of Environmental Studies. Since these water bodies are subjected to pollution and degradation, analyzing them is an essential requirement. These analytical works come under a special branch of Science called Limnology.
Introduction
1.1 Prerequisite
1.2 Objectives
LITIRATURE REVIEW
1.2 Functions of lakes
1.3 Present scenario of lakes in Bangalore
1.4 The report argues that the main reasons for this state of the wetlands are a lack of.
1.5 Issues of lake restoration works
Lake restoration methods
3.1 Preventive or Indirect methods,
&
3.2 Ameliorative or Direct methods.
Preventive Or Direct Methods
4.1 Drainage basin alterations
4.2 Diversion of wastes
4.3 Legal control measures
Ameliorative Or Direct Methods
5.1 In-lake physical methods.
5.2 In-lake chemical methods.
Case study
6.1 About the lake
6.2 Methods
6.3 Lake rejuvenation
6.4 After rejuvenation challenges and opportunities
Challenges and opportunities for collective action in an urban context
CONCLUSION
What is Eutrophication and it's cause, what impacts on environment as well as on human and how to control it. All details shown in this ppt plus one case study.
***Download & run slide Show to have proper view of slides***
This presentation contains i)eutrophication scenario & challenge
ii) Dal lake's present eutrophication nature
iii) Preventing Eutrophication
iv)Restoration of Eutrophic lake
v) Role of Govt
agricultural pollution which is a current major issue by any country in the world especially the countries like india and china are agricultural countries as i think this is the best seminar topic
Agricultural production systems are adapting operations to meet the increasing demand for wholesome and affordable food. Attention has focused on the long-term impact on ecosystems of both crop and animal production. With reference to animal agriculture, concerns have been expressed about the concentration of minerals in manure and its subsequent effect on soil mineral content and phytotoxicity.
When the water is good, it can be used by all. When it is polluted, it becomes unsuitable for any purpose. Even a small amount of pollutant while mixing with the water resources will contaminate the whole resource. This module highlights the problems of pollution and their effects in water resources.
Technical paper on Enhansed fertilizers U+AS and U+S Page 103 116 Sandvik - s...KVVKSwamy
Full paper gives how Rotoform process can meet the expectations of enhansed fertilizersizers. Deatilled scheme and process is explained. A case story is also explained based on the recent order from Zaklady Azotowe Pulawy S.A
Sewage, or domestic/municipal wastewater, is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical and toxic constituents, and its bacteriologic status (which organisms it contains and in what quantities). It consists mostly of greywater (from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers), blackwater (the water used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste that it flushes away); soaps and detergents; and toilet paper (less so in regions where bidets are widely used instead of paper).
Similar to Engineered biosystem treatment trains: A review of agricultural nutrient sequestration (20)
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...journal ijrtem
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
Development Issues and Problems of Selected Agency in Sorsogon, An investigat...journal ijrtem
: The study venture on the developing issues and problems of selected agency in the province of
Sorsogon with an end-view of identifying solution towards achieving effective delivery of services to the
public. The agencies covered by the study are the employers of the students enrolled in Public Administration
512 subject in the graduate school program of the Sorsogon State College 1st semester SY 2016. Guided by a
structured matrix questionnaire and checklist, the class spearheaded by the assigned focal person per
identified respondent-agency conducted a focus group discussion covering sequentially the issues and
problems besetting the organization. It likewise pursued how does it affects the management & performance of
the office and ultimately identifying possible solutions out of the issues and problems. Result revealed that
most pressing problems and issues of the selected agency in the province of Sorsogon covers; (a) understaffed,
(b) poor communication, (c) poor implementation of the policy, and (d) poor performance feedback
mechanism in the system
Positive and negative solutions of a boundary value problem for a fractional ...journal ijrtem
: In this work, we study a boundary value problem for a fractional
q, -difference equation. By
using the monotone iterative technique and lower-upper solution method, we get the existence of positive or
negative solutions under the nonlinear term is local continuity and local monotonicity. The results show that we
can construct two iterative sequences for approximating the solutions
Organic foods refer to products that are grown naturally or produced by methods that comply
with the standards of organic farming. They are not only environmentally friendly, they are also healthy. Many
people believe organic foods are healthier than conventional food. Today, organic foods have become very
popular and everyone wants to know about their benefits. This paper provides a brief introduction on organic
foods and their pros and cons.
Molecular computers are systems in which molecules or macromolecules individually mediate
information processing functions. Molecular computing provides an alternative to computing using silicon
integrated circuits. It aims at developing intelligent computers using biological molecules as computational
devices. It is a promising means of unconventional computation owing to its capability for massive parallelism.
It offers to augment digital computing with biology-like capabilities. This paper provides a brief introduction to
molecular computing.
Industry 4.0 refers to the current trend of automation and deployment of Internet technologies
in manufacturing. This includes using machine-to-machine and Internet of Things (IoT) deployments to help
manufacturers implement increased automation, improved communication and process monitoring. This trend
of Industry 4.0 (sometimes referred to as the 4th Industrial Revolution) affects most processes and people
throughout society. This paper provides a brief introduction to Industry 4.0.
With mounting concerns over the state of our planet, there is continuing demand that chemists
and chemical engineers should develop greener chemical processes and products. In the 1990s, with the
growing awareness of the hazardous impacts of the chemical industry, the green chemistry revolution was
launched by American chemists Paul T. Anastas and John Warner. Green chemistry is the kind of chemistry that
seeks to minimize pollution, conserve energy, and promote environmentally friendly production. This paper
provides a brief introduction to green chemistry
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...journal ijrtem
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
Augmented Tourism: Definitions and Design Principlesjournal ijrtem
After designing and implementing several iterations of implantations of augmented reality(AR) in
tourism, this paper takes a deep look into design principles and implementation strategies of using AR at
destination tourism settings. The study looks to define augmented tourism from past implementations as well as
several cases uses designed and implemented for tourism. The discussion leads to formation of frameworks and
best practices for AR as well as virtual reality(VR) to be used in tourism settings. Some main affordances include
guest autonomy, customized experiences, visitor data collection and increased electronic word-of-mouth
generation for promotion purposes. Some challenges found include the need for high levels of technology
infrastructure, low adoption rates or ‘buy-in’ rates, high levels of calibration and customization, and the need for
maintenance and support services. Some suggestions are given as to how to leverage the affordances and meet
the challenges to implementing AR for tourism
A study on financial aspect of supply chain management journal ijrtem
The more common approaches used in the SCM consider only the physical logistic operations
and ignore the financial aspects of the supply chain. The main objective to incorporate financial aspects in
supply chain management is to strengthen managerial decisions concerning financial flows in supply chains,
while empirical knowledge about financial supply chain management (FSCM) is in its early stages. This paper
presents a model for FSCM which financial planning in addition to operation planning is decided in it. The
main contribution of this paper is to define two approaches for Financial Supply Chain Management and to
compare them. This financial approaches are: Traditional financial approach and new financial approach.
Traditional financial approach integrates physical goods flows and financial flows. New financial approach
considers in making decisions other financial indicators such as market to book value, liquidity ratios, capital
structure ratios, and return on equity, sales margin, turnover ratios and stock security ratios, among others.
Moreover, the new approach applies the change in equity instead of the traditional approach measures of profit
as the objective function to be maximized in the presented model. To show the attributes of the presented
approaches, the results of the new approach and the traditional approach is compared. The findings indicate
that the traditional approach leads to lower change in equity compared to the financial approach. Also, the
results clearly reveal the better improvement of using the new approach over the traditional approach, and
convince the decision makers to take advantage of the new approach
Existence results for fractional q-differential equations with integral and m...journal ijrtem
This paper concerns a new kind of fractional q-differential equation of arbitrary order by
combining a multi-point boundary condition with an integral boundary condition. By solving the equation which
is equivalent to the problem we are going to investigate, the Green’s functions are obtained. By defining a
continuous operator on a Banach space and taking advantage of the cone theory and some fixed-point theorems,
the existence of multiple positive solutions for the BVPs is proved based on some properties of Green’s functions
and under the circumstance that the continuous functions f satisfy certain hypothesis. Finally, examples are
provided to illustrate the results.
The following Project shows the benefits of a research established into a multi-products
warehouse belongs to an automotive industry supplier. The main goal was applied a tool recognizing the rules
for distribution and material storage. Once the research was completed, the benefits were, the idle times
reduction per hours/week by the two initial processes. The politics for storage assignment and location, propose
a system to improve the space into this areain order to avoid material management and flow issues. It is
important to mention, the system proposed could be applied into warehouses with storage size and space
restricted by sorting area, also different material types, production settings and physical specifications for
which set warehouses with traditional management of distribution without slack, involves lack of materials,
pieces without records, incorrect location assigned, stock error.
Study of desalination processes of seawater from the desalination plant of La...journal ijrtem
: The use of water for food purposes requires excellent physicochemical quality. To contribute to
the control of water quality. Water treated by reverse osmosis is aggressive and demineralize can not be used
directly as a source of drinking water. The objective of this work is to study, physics-chemical analyzes of raw
water, pretreated osmosis and treated (permeate) and produced water (reservoir) at the desalination plant of
seawater Laayoune (SDL), located in southern Morocco. For this, we have followed several qualitative
parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...journal ijrtem
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
Technical expertise on the cause of engine failure of the Mitsubishi Pajero S...journal ijrtem
The article concerns the case of the damage to the Mitsubishi Pajero Sport engine and the
methodology a technical expert applied to identify a direct cause of failure. The engine failure occurred while a
vehicle was being repaired to eliminate air conditioning malfunction and engine overheating. When repairing, it
was necessary to replace a cylinder head and the pistons were checked removing the pully from a crank shaft.
After the repair had been completed and after 16-day vehicle operation, engine timing belts got damaged. To
eliminate this malfunction, damaged belts were replaced. Thirty (30) days after the vehicle had been put into
operation, emergency engine failure occurred, and a technical expert was called upon to assess the quality of the
repairs having been performed. The article describes the procedures and methodology a technical expert applied.
In the conclusion, the findings are stated. To determine the cause, a vehicle was on the car service station
premises, where a technical expert was present and according to his instructions, diagnostic and subsequent
disassembly works have been done. The procedure of evaluating the key characteristics on individual parts, their
display, and the resulting evaluation are described.
Clustering based Time Slot Assignment Protocol for Improving Performance in U...journal ijrtem
Recently, numerous approaches have been proposed for designing medium access control (MAC)
in underwater acoustic networks (UANs). Some of those works tried to adapt MAC protocols proposed for
terrestrial networks. However, unique environmental characteristics of UANs make the MAC protocols hard to be
used in the UANs and degrade network performance. In order to improve network performance, COD-TS MAC
protocol was proposed. COD-TS focuses on both single hop and multi-hop mode and utilizes CDMA for
exchanging schedule information between cluster heads. COD-TS has shortcomings such as collisions, additional
energy consumption by exchanging schedule information and near-far effect of CDMA. To overcome above
shortcomings, we propose a clustering-based time slot assignment protocol. In the proposed protocol, nodes are
clustered, and each cluster head performs two-hop neighbor cluster discovery operation. And then, a cluster head
obtains its own relative position information. Finally, the cluster head assigns its own time slot for data
transmission based on the information. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has always better
performance compared to the COD-TS.
Design and Implementation of Smart Bell Notification System using IoT journal ijrtem
Smart phones have become part of our daily life. People using smart phones have increased
rapidly. The proposed paper is to provide a security system that combines the functions of smart phone and home
network system. It enables the users to check the image of the visitor who is present at the door. It also saves all
the images in their drive. We send an alert message to the Owner whenever the doorbell is pressed. Furthermore,
the owner can call to the visitor with the help of our app. We are also providing a link in the SMS sent so that it
redirects the user to the app
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...journal ijrtem
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between stations.
However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l and 14.8
g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as evaporation and
marine influence by aerosol.
The case of a cyclist and tractor traffic accident journal ijrtem
When assessing the cause of a traffic accident, it is also necessary for the technical expert to
take into account the real influences that affect individual participants. This is especially important for accidents
in which one of the participants is cyclist. Technical expert must consider all the circumstances necessary to
assess the cyclist´s behavior. Negligible is not even the age of a cyclist, since in the case of a child or an old man
the driver overtaking bicycle should take this into consideration. The article deals with case of traffic accident
between tractor with the trailer and a bicycle which was riding by cyclist at the age of 80. Apart from the described
procedure by expert in the calculations, the influences on participants' behavior are also discussed
: This paper is aimed at designing a density based dynamic traffic signal system where the timing
of signal will change automatically on sensing the traffic density at any junction using the IoT technology. Traffic
congestion is a severe problem in most cities across the world and therefore it is time to shift more manual mode
or fixed timer mode to an automated system with decision making capabilities. To optimize this problem, we have
made a framework for an intelligent traffic control system. Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the
junction demands longer green time as compared to standard allotted time. We therefore propose here a
mechanism in which the time period of green light and red light is assigned on the basis of the density of the
traffic present at the time. This is achieved by using LIDAR sensors.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Engineered biosystem treatment trains: A review of agricultural nutrient sequestration
1. Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM) ISSN: 2455-3689
www.ijrtem.com ǁ Volume 1 ǁ Issue 11 ǁ
| Volume 1 | Issue 11 | www.ijrtem.com | 1 |
Engineered biosystem treatment trains: A review of agricultural nutrient
sequestration
Elizabeth Lien &Joe Magner
Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota
1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108
ABSTRACT: Nutrient pollution is a problem across the globe. Excess nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) are
impacting lakes, rivers, and oceans with algal blooms, hypoxia, and fish kills. As such, there are many
opportunities for intervening to protect receiving ecosystems from excess nutrients. Historic treatment options
have failed to control nonpoint source pollution. New options for trapping and treating intensively managed
cropland runoff (IMCR) are presented; with a wealth of wastewater treatment experience in removing N and
P, innovation is spilling over into the IMCR world. Agricultural producers can use technology to increase
productivity and decrease nutrient runoff to streams and lakes using trap and treat biosystems engineering
technology. In-field cover crops and mycorrhizae can be employed to increase nutrient use efficiency. At field-
edge and beyond, riparian buffers (surface and subsurface), wetlands (natural and constructed), and varying
forms of carbon bioreactors can be utilized for nutrient consumption and sequestration. Options to mitigate
IMCR nutrient pollution occur best with landscape treatment trains. The treatment train approach is possible
and needed for ecosystem health; however, the key issues are 1) pathway and process awareness, and 2)
balancing who pays the cost for best management practices and who reaps the benefits.
KEYWORDS: nitrogen, phosphorus, nonpoint source pollution, treatment train
INTRODUCTION
Intensively managed cropland runoff (IMCR) occurs throughout much of the upper Midwestern region of the
United States where, typically, more than 75% of the land is allocated to intensive corn and soybean production
[1]. In altered landscapes with extensive subsurface drainage due to dense underlying soils, 90% of streamflow
can come from IMCR [2]. Upper Midwestern United States (UMUS) landscapes typically have impaired
aquatic life that is directly linked back to IMCR [3]. Influxes of the nutrients into aquatic ecosystems have
deleterious impacts, as nitrogen and phosphorus are limiting factors for primary production in these systems.
Thus, increases in nitrogen and phosphorus lead to increases in primary production, often in the form of
blooms of algae and cyanobacteria. Algal blooms cover the surface of water bodies, reducing sunlight
penetration through the water and potentially killing submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Without
photosynthesis from SAV, supplies of dissolved oxygen in water bodies are reduced. In these nutrient rich
ecosystems, oxygen levels are further depleted through the process of decomposition of dead SAV, algae, and
bacteria. If dissolved oxygen levels fall too low (creating conditions of hypoxia), the water body will no longer
be able to support life, creating a dead zone [4]. Farmers in the Upper Mississippi River Basin have learned
about Gulf hypoxia, but it is not a rare, unique phenomenon to North America.
The Baltic Sea has the largest dead zone in the world. Originally an oligotrophic sea, the Baltic is now a
eutrophic marine environment. Agriculture has been acknowledged as the largest contributor of nutrients to
the water body, thus the leading contributor to Baltic hypoxia [5]. Today, hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico
occurs where the dissolved oxygen levels seasonally fall below life supporting levels, creating a dead zone
approximately the size of Connecticut, United States, due to the 1.6 million metric tons of nitrogen and 0.14
million metric tons of phosphorus that the area receives from the Mississippi River every year [6][7].Marine
based enterprise has been adversely affected and the United States federal government has called for action
[6].
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Based on the breakdown of nutrient sources to the Gulf of Mexico, more than 65% of N and 40% of P comes
of IMCR [8]. Water Quality Assessment Reports submitted by states in the United States to the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), 22% of bay/estuary areas, 16% of river miles, and 25% of lake areas assessed thus
far in the United States are nutrient impaired, with nutrient-related impairment defined to include algal growth,
ammonia, noxious aquatic plants, and organic enrichment/oxygen depletion. These percentages are likely
underestimates, as state-assessed water bodies are not always evaluated for nutrient impairment specifically
[9]. While action plans have been developed for reducing nutrient impacts on water bodies, most nutrient best
management practices (BMPs) for farmers are not mandatory. Clean Water Act (CWA) regulation is not
present in agricultural land runoff. BMPs need to be low cost, require little high value land, and necessitate
little time input to make them attractive for adoption within the agricultural community. But first, it is
important to step back and ask how nutrient imbalances develop over time in IMCR regions.
In the early 20th
century, German chemist Fritz Haber discovered a process for converting atmospheric
nitrogen into ammonia. By 1914, the Haber-Bosch process was utilized to produce ammonium on an industrial
scale [10].A century later, humans are responsible for converting 121 million tons of N2 from the atmosphere
each year, more than all other terrestrial processes on earth combined [11]. Clearly, synthetic fertilizers have
been pivotal for meeting global food demands. However, only about half of the agriculturally applied nitrogen
is harvested with the intended crops; the other half of the agriculturally applied nitrogen is lost through
leaching, erosion, and emissions [12]. Like nitrogen, phosphorus is an essential component of life. Early
sources of phosphorus fertilizer, used to enhance crop production, included bone, guano, and manure. Today,
phosphorus is mined from apatite and usually undergoes acidification so that the phosphorus can be converted
to water soluble phosphate salts to be used as fertilizer [13]. Phosphate rock is a finite resource and reserves
are speculated to run out in 50-100 years [14]. Nutrient pollution reduction from fertilizers could be achieved
by applying the “4R’s” of nutrient stewardship: Right source of nutrients at the Right rate, Right time, and
Right place [15]. However, this practice is easier said than done, and the 4R recommendation has been
suggested for a long time [1].Why does the 4R recommendation fall short? The right source over time needs
to be sustainable; this implies recycling of nutrients, especially phosphorus given the limited amount of apatite.
Further, the wrong sources over the wrong places can have long-lasting impacts. Landscapes with karst
features underlain by carbonate bedrock will typically be susceptible to nutrient movement into groundwater,
springs, and streams. Crawford and Lee [16] show that karst-derived groundwater can be aged by chemical
signatures linked to the onset of intensive use of nitrogen fertilizer. Spring, instead of fall, application of
nitrogen reduces nitrate leaching by 14%. However, for various reasons, such as avoidance of unpredictable
spring conditions and greater availability of labor, 25% of nitrogen is fall applied in the UMUS [15]. There
will always be an upper limit to crop yield due to some limiting factor. Ideally, fertilizer application would be
applied to achieve maximum efficiency: a rate that would optimize yield as well as profit by requiring the
least amount of fertilizer, maximizing profits and minimizing environmental impact. This practice is not
always espoused because over application of fertilizers is viewed by many as a relatively low-cost insurance
policy for producers to ensure high yields regardless of external circumstances. However, for realistic nutrient
management strategies, there must be many options available so that solutions can be tailored to specific sets
of parameters. We will explore practices that seek nutrient sequestration beyond the practice of the 4Rs.
NUTRIENT SEQUESTRATION AND TREATMENT
Concentrated Nutrient Treatment: In the point source world, nutrient concentrations can be very high and
cause severe in-stream damage and loss of aquatic life [1]. A variety of engineered systems have been
developed over time to provide advanced treatment of influent waters. These include processes of chemical
precipitation with aluminum, a phosphorus sorbing material that provides a metal cation for the phosphorus
to bind to and form an insoluble compound [17] or Zeolites. Zeolites are hydrated aluminosilicates with the
structure of three dimensional honeycombs. They contain large cavities that can trap ions and molecules.
Examples of phosphorus sorbing materials include iron fillings, steel wool, native iron rich soils, Drinking
Water Treatment Residuals (WTR) that contain aluminum and iron hydroxide, and sorptive media [18].
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Biological removal can occur with both phosphorus and nitrogen; the process is driven by environmental
conditions that cycle from anaerobic to aerobic for phosphorus, and vice-versa for nitrogen. However, these
processes, given the lack of CWA regulation, are too costly to be used in IMCR lands.
Treatment Train: a less costly approach for watersheds: A treatment train is a sequence of conservation practices
that cumulatively utilize, trap and/or treat nutrients along a hydrologic flow path for a given agricultural
landscape. In IMCR landscapes the drainage catena can be defined as upland (where crop production occurs),
edge-of-field (a transition zone) and riparian (non-cropped land adjacent to a stream, lake, or wetland). The
treatment train approach goes beyond a single targeted practice at a given location on the landscape.
Hydrologic dynamics drive a treatment train design; it is important to take a “systems thinking” approach to
IMCR landscapes. The treatment train will vary; steep rolling terrain will be more prone to surface erosion
and sediment attached phosphorus transport, whereas, flat poorly drained land may be developed with drainage
pipe. In landscapes with advanced drainage, nitrogen leaching becomes a key environmental concern. Surface
buffers do little to trap and treat a subsurface flow path. Conservation practices must be tailored to be effective
and show incremental pollutant load reductions [19].This paper offers a suite of BMPs that can be placed in a
series to form a treatment train beginning with in-field options to a waterbody of concern.
IN-FIELD: NUTRIENT RUNOFF PREVENTATIVE MEASURES
Cover Crops: Employment of cover crops is a well-recognized agricultural BMP in the UMUS; however,
more research is needed in cold climates to develop successful cover crops in states like Minnesota [20]. Cover
crops have many potential benefits including prevention of wind and rain erosion, weed suppression, and soil
fertility improvements. Cover crops are cover crops planted after harvest to reduce nutrient leaching [20].
Most of the crops grown in the UMUS are corn and soybeans, warm weather crops with a typical growing
season from May through September. When the harvest of these commodities is completed, there is no longer
a plant demand for residual and generated nutrients in the soil, allowing mobile nutrients to be leached from
the root zone. By planting a cold weather crop such as rye, more nutrients are consumed rather than
transported, in many cases reducing nitrate flux from fields by one third [20].
Given the many benefits of cover crops, they were only applied to 3% of UMUS farm acreage in 2012 [21].
In the Cover Crop Survey conducted by Sustainable Agricultural Research and Education, the main barrier to
the adoption of cover crops was the perception of cost. Other concerns include cover crops making planting
cash crop more difficult and cover crops reducing yields of cash crops. Given these qualms, the survey found
from those currently utilizing cover crops that the average yield of corn increased 3.1% and the average yield
of soybeans increased 4.3%after the employment of cover crops. Many producers achieved a return on their
investment [22], not to mention the improvement of soil health. Possible considerations for choosing cover
crops include root depth, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and plant genus. Plants with deep roots (such as radish), can
sequester nutrients deeper in soil strata that may be used by the cash crop. The carbon to nitrogen ratio dictates
the speed at which nitrogen will be released after crop termination. Finally, it is important to pick a cover crop
that is a different genus than the cash crop so that there will be less concern about disease and pest
carryover[23]. A cover crop is an essential component of a nutrient treatment train; without a cover crop, too
much treatment pressure is placed on edge-of-field and riparian practices.
Mycorrhizae: Mycorrhizae are soil fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with plant root systems. The plant
provides the fungus with carbohydrates while the fungus increases the root surface area of the plant, allowing
increased water, nutrient, and mineral uptake [24]. The most common type of mycorrhizae is arbuscular
mycorrhizae (AM) which forms mutualistic relationships with 80% of all vascular plants, giving AM great
potential for agricultural applications [25].
AM increases the nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of plants by increasing root surface area, helping
the plants to “find” more nutrients; by increasing root zone, allowing plants to reach more nutrients; and by
converting nutrients into usable forms. Plants are only able to uptake soluble phosphorus, but mycorrhizae
secrete extracellular enzymes to dissolve phosphorus and make it available to the plant [26]. Less nutrient
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could be applied to crops with a larger proportion being consumed by the plant; high yields can be maintained
without impacting the producer, yet aiding the environment [25].While AM are naturally occurring in the soil,
over time, IMCR has diminished the presence of mycorrhizae in many fields. Reviving mycorrhizae
populations may require inoculated with AM fungi. These fungi respond best with no-till practices, as tilling
disturbs soil aggregates and lessens soil fertility and nutrient cycling capabilities [25].
Aside from decreased nutrient demand and nutrient leaching, integrating mycorrhizae as a BMP into
agricultural row crop management could provide numerous benefits. With AM, crops are less susceptible to
damages from pathogens; this is accomplished through a combination of AM altering the root structures,
changing microbial populations, and providing competition to harmful fungi [25]. With a healthy presence of
mycorrhizae, water needs of plants are reduced 30%, increasing crop drought tolerance. Finally, with more
extensive AM enhanced root systems, overall field soil structure is improved. A healthy soil is the best defense
for IMCR pollution. Nevertheless, climatic conditions are changing and will lead to nutrient movement from
field, thus a second line of defense is necessary and represents the next portion of the treatment train.
RIPARIAN TRAP AND TREATMENT
Edge-of-field Bioreactors: Bioreactors in general can provide about a 47% nitrate reduction depending on
contact time with the carbon source as water flows through 3-8 cm sized wood chips [27]. Christianson and
others [28] found that a 20 mg/l nitrate concentration could be reduced by half with 13 to 14 hours of wood
chip contact time. Wood chip bioreactors reduce high nitrate concentrations typically found in southern
Minnesota and northern Iowa drained landscapes. However, based on current designs (50 to 80-m2
) only small
fields (10-20 Ha) can be treated effectively. Further, during spring and summer storm flow, more than 70% of
the water runoff will bypass the bioreactor and discharge directly to a ditch or stream. The largest constraint
is the cost; the cost per unit volume of water treated with a bioreactor is higher than any other nitrate reduction
BMP. Another concern is sustainability; woodchips break down over time and would need to be replaced
within 12-18 years depending on the type of wood used. Zhang and Magner [29] tested a caramelized
hardwood chip and found similar yet slightly lower nitrate reduction in a lab column study. Mixing biochar
into a woodchip bioreactor could extend the life of a system, but long-term performance studies are needed to
adjust design criteria. At this point in time, bioreactors hold less nitrogen treatment promise compared to other
denitrification options due to installation and future maintenance costs.
Riparian Buffers: A riparian buffer is perennial vegetated landscape adjacent to a row-crop field. Along with
nutrient removal, riparian buffers can provide benefits of flood mitigation, wildlife habitat, stream bank
stabilization, and river shading. The vegetation is highly influenced by the adjacent water connectivity and
often consists of sedges, native grasses, forbs, trees, and shrubs. Riparian buffers should be 10-m to 30-m wide
on either side of the stream depending on the surrounding landscape [30]. For riparian buffers to be effective,
flow rates within the buffer must be slow enough for sediment to settle, so it is important that flow does not
become channelized [6]. Wood dominated buffer systems remove subsurface dissolved nitrogen flow when
the groundwater flows past active plant roots [31], allowing the nitrate to be removed by denitrifying microbes
living in the plant roots and, to a lesser extent, by plant uptake [32]. Riparian buffers have a typical nitrogen
removal rate of 2 to 6-g Nm-2
year-1
[6].
Riparian buffers are however, less effective at nitrogen sequestration than treatment wetlands. For wetlands
to have a significant impact on watershed nitrogen removal, 3 to 6-million Ha (0.7%-1.8% of the Mississippi
River Basin) would need to be converted to wetlands, resulting in a removal of 300,000 - 800,000 metric tons
of N/year from the watershed. To achieve the same nitrogen removal with riparian buffers, 9 to 22-million Ha
(2.7%-6.6%) of the Mississippi River basin would be required [6]. We discuss wetlands in more detail below.
Grass riparian buffers are effective at removing as much as 90-95% of sediment from overland runoff flow.
Phosphorus is generally transported attached to sediment in runoff; by catching sediment in riparian
buffers,~50% sequestration of total phosphorus--including dissolved phosphorus and sediment-attached
phosphorus—is possible.
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Riparian buffers are not as effective at removing dissolved phosphorus because the concentration of
phosphorus in runoff is often less than that dissolved in the sediment trapped by the buffer so frequently
concentrations of dissolved phosphorus increase after passing through a buffer. Furthermore, for a grass buffer
to be able to maintain sediment removal capabilities, and thus phosphorus removal, it must be regularly
maintained [32].
Saturated Buffers: Recently, new concepts have emerged regarding drain-pipe outlet location and elevation
with respect to a stream. If upland drainage occurs in a landscape with sufficient slope and marginal land
exists between the edge of a field and the stream, drain-pipe water can be redirected into the riparian zone.
Not every landscape will work for this practice; steeply sloped stream banks run the risk of geotechnical failure
from added ground water pore pressure. With the diversion of a portion of the drain-pipe water into riparian
soil, the water table may rise too high near the streambank to prevent bank erosion. However, if the riparian
area is wide enough, rich in organic carbon, and the hydraulic conductivity of the soil allows for percolation
into and through floodplain deposits allowing for reaction time, then nitrate reduction can be at or near 100%
[33]. If the soil hydraulic conductivity does not allow for complete infiltration of drain-pipe water, then the
surface landscape must have depressions or a created trench/swale to hold un-infiltrated water. This type of
system is a hybrid between a surface wetland and subsurface soil treatment system being explored by the
second author based on field observations. Selecting the perfect site for a subsurface treatment system may be
difficult in some landscapes. Adding a measure of surface earth work to retain wetland storage, offers optimal
flexibility in site selection and nutrient treatment.
Treatment Wetlands: Wetlands produce many ecosystem services including habitat, groundwater recharge,
flood control, nutrient cycling, and water quality improvement [34]. Natural wetlands are defined by their
hydrology, soils, and plants; to be classified as a wetland, for a portion of the year, water must be at or near
the land surface, creating conditions of saturated soils and fostering populations of aquatic vegetation.
Treatment wetlands capitalize on the water quality improvement aspects of wetlands by discharging
wastewater into them and allowing the naturally elevated rate of biological activity of wetlands to remove
nutrients [35]. Natural wetlands are not ideal for use as a treatment system as they are classified as waters of
the United States, and discharges into the wetlands are subject to state, local, and federal standards. Nutrient
inflows are regulated because a high inflow of nutrients would inherently change the wetland system. Because
80% of the wetlands in the Midwest have been destroyed in the past century, it is desirable to preserve the
remaining natural wetlands [36] [6]. Thus, a constructed wetland that can be engineered to meet the specific
treatment needs of the site is preferred.
The three types of treatment wetlands are vertical flow (VF), free water surface wetland (FWS), and horizontal
subsurface flow (HSSF). In vertical flow wetlands, water is evenly distributed over the media, typically sand
or gravel, which is planted with wetland vegetation. Free surface wetlands are areas of open water with plant
life resembling that of a natural marsh. Treatment takes place as the water percolates through the root zone.
In a horizontal subsurface flow wetland, the water travels horizontally underground through a gravel bed that
is planted with wetland vegetation [35]. Given economic constraints of constructing VF and HSSF systems in
agricultural landscapes, we will only focus FWS wetlands. Bulrush and cattails are the dominant species in
most constructed wetlands. Other prevalent species include reeds, rushes, and sedges. Harvesting of these
plants is one pathway for removing excess nutrients from the wetland system. However, this pathway is minor
compared to nitrogen removal caused by other biological processes within the wetland; up to 79% of nitrogen
can be removed in wetlands [36].FWS wetlands have limited nitrification capabilities due to low oxygen
transfer capabilities. However, after a few years, nitrogen removal improves due to the establishment of root
systems, which create aerobic micro-sites in otherwise anaerobic conditions [36]. Nevertheless, dissolved
phosphorus removal in FWS treatment wetlands is minimal due to the limited contact opportunity with the
soil [36], yet shoot removal shows promise if a market can be created [37]. Floating Treatment Wetlands:
Generally employed in water detention basins or nutrient polluted ponds, floating treatment wetlands, or
floating islands, are composed of recycled plastic bottles planted with native species on top with roots
extending down into the water.
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Like other treatment wetlands, these islands host microbes, which break down the polluting nutrients.
However, floating islands are less susceptible to fluctuations in water level than systems that are reliant on
connection to the bed sediment [38]. Additionally, they provide habitat and aid in erosion control and wave
damping.
A floating island was installed in a secondary treatment lagoon for a wastewater treatment plant in
Pennsylvania. Occupying 24-m2
, the island covered approximately 3% of the lagoon surface area. The island
was equipped with a solar powered pump for regularly dousing the floating island vegetation. The island was
found to reduce lagoon effluent total nitrogen concentration by 1.7 mg/l, when compared to pre-island lagoon
effluent. However, no significant improvements were made in effluent total phosphorus concentration [39].
Deering suggests nutrient sequestrations possible if the systems are designed to meet influent characteristics
[40].
Oxbow Wetlands: Oxbow wetlands are wet riparian areas that typically sit at a higher elevation than an
adjacent stream channel. Historically, the stream channel flowed through the oxbow, but some climatic or
land use changed triggered the stream channel to down cut; often via a shoot cutoff leaving a meandering
stream bend disconnected from the flowing water. Oxbows can evolve into wetlands because vegetation grows
and expands compared to the active floodplain of the channel which is often scoured by event flow. Oxbows
offer the potential to store and treat frequent event floods (1 up to the 5-year recurrence interval) and they can
intercept pipe-drain water before entering the active stream [41]. Over time with an accumulation of organic
carbon, these systems can provide better than 50-80% nitrate removal [42]. However, if these systems become
dominated with reed canary grass, they will export dissolved orthophosphorus [41]. The location of these
systems, typically between cropland and streams, make them ideal for nitrogen management. Phosphorus
management is almost always more challenging because of desorption from sediment or vegetation;
nevertheless, if the vegetation can be removed cost effectively, then phosphorus can be removed from the site.
CONCLUSION
Nutrients have dramatic impacts on aquatic ecosystems due to their role as limiting factors in aquatic system
health. Many water bodies have become nutrient impaired due to nonpoint source nitrogen and phosphorus
pollution, largely from the agricultural sector. Due to the pervasive nature of nutrient pollution, a variety of
solutions will need to be adopted to ensure the health of water bodies around the world. A treatment train of
options may be the most cost effective approach to nutrient driven surface water pollution in IMCR. In-field
measures such as cover crops and mycorrhizae offer a critical first line of defense. But we know in-field
practices alone will not be enough to prevent eutrophication. A second line of defense is needed to intercept
IMCR to trap and treat nutrients.
Depending on the landscape terrain, varying degrees of biosystems engineering will be required to optimize
nutrients sequestration. The right mix of soil, carbon, plants, and microbes must be implemented in the right
location(s) to achieve the goal of keeping intensively managed landscapes sustainable. From chemical
processes like phosphoric precipitation to biological processes like bacterial denitrification in treatment
wetlands, many methods have demonstrated effectiveness in counteracting nutrient pollution. These and future
technologies can aid in the improvement of the health of aquatic ecosystems. Can intensively-managed,
nutrient-rich cropland runoff be sustainably sequestered? Yes, but only if society is willing to make a financial
investment to help off-set the costs of implementing the treatment train concept at the local scale.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
This work was funded by several grants; Minnesota Corn Growers Association, USEPA Section 319 and the
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Master thesis by Lu Zhang, Emily Deering and Michele Rorer
represented in this review to provide support of new technology used to make treatment trains possible.
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