HOW PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER CHANGE WITH DISTANCE IN A LAKE: CASE ...ijac123
Pollution resulting from unsustainable agricultural and urbanization activities in the Ruhezamyenda and Bunyonyi catchments are threatening lake Bunyonyi. These have led to high chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, iron (II) concentration and low dissolved oxygen (DO5). In this study we have investigated the how COD, turbidity, pH, concentration of iron, total suspended solids, total nutrients and DO5 of water changed with distance in lake. Water sampled from different distances in the lake filtered using Whatman paper at ambient temperatures was tested for COD, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total nutrients, iron, hardness and DO5. COD was 20.8±.0.03mg/L to 16 ± 0.03mg/L; total hardness was 16.5±0.2 mg/L to 18.6 ± 0.3 mg/L total nitrate was 103.5± 2 mg/L to 88 ± 3 mg/L; total phosphate was 100.8 ±.2.5 to 87± 3 mg/L; high TSS values from 3.4 ± 0.1 mg/L to 2.5 ± 0.1 mg/L showed contamination of water. As pH decreased from 8.3 ± 0.03 to 7.6 ± 0.04 revealed that bases were getting removed. The turbidity dropped from 25.7 ± 0.3 NTU to 20 ± 2 NTU due settling down of sediments. Iron (II) concentration ranging from 1.1± 0.1 to 0.8± 0.1 mgL-1 . Dissolved oxygen decreased from 7.9 ±0.3 mg/L to 4.8 ± 0.2 mg/L indicating surface water can uphold life of aquatic organisms. Total hardness ranged from 0.22± 0.05 to 0.19± 0.05 mg/L Electrical conductivity was high and ranged from 130± 5 to 150± 5 µS/cm indicating presence of electrolytes. Lake Bunyonyi water is not greatly polluted, but requires to be safe guarded against poor unsustainable agricultural practices, sewage draining from towns, schools and hotels in nearby settlements.
HOW PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER CHANGE WITH DISTANCE IN A LAKE: CASE ...ijac123
Pollution resulting from unsustainable agricultural and urbanization activities in the Ruhezamyenda and Bunyonyi catchments are threatening lake Bunyonyi. These have led to high chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, iron (II) concentration and low dissolved oxygen (DO5). In this study we have investigated the how COD, turbidity, pH, concentration of iron, total suspended solids, total nutrients and DO5 of water changed with distance in lake. Water sampled from different distances in the lake filtered using Whatman paper at ambient temperatures was tested for COD, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total nutrients, iron, hardness and DO5. COD was 20.8±.0.03mg/L to 16 ± 0.03mg/L; total hardness was 16.5±0.2 mg/L to 18.6 ± 0.3 mg/L total nitrate was 103.5± 2 mg/L to 88 ± 3 mg/L; total phosphate was 100.8 ±.2.5 to 87± 3 mg/L; high TSS values from 3.4 ± 0.1 mg/L to 2.5 ± 0.1 mg/L showed contamination of water. As pH decreased from 8.3 ± 0.03 to 7.6 ± 0.04 revealed that bases were getting removed. The turbidity dropped from 25.7 ± 0.3 NTU to 20 ± 2 NTU due settling down of sediments. Iron (II) concentration ranging from 1.1± 0.1 to 0.8± 0.1 mgL-1 . Dissolved oxygen decreased from 7.9 ±0.3 mg/L to 4.8 ± 0.2 mg/L indicating surface water can uphold life of aquatic organisms. Total hardness ranged from 0.22± 0.05 to 0.19± 0.05 mg/L Electrical conductivity was high and ranged from 130± 5 to 150± 5 µS/cm indicating presence of electrolytes. Lake Bunyonyi water is not greatly polluted, but requires to be safe guarded against poor unsustainable agricultural practices, sewage draining from towns, schools and hotels in nearby settlements.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUND...Ijrdt Journal
The present study is carried out to assess the water quality parameters of both surface water and ground water of Singanallur lake region a rivulet from river Noyyal. Parameters like pH, FC, DO, BOD, Turbidity, Total phosphates, Nitrates and Total dissolved solids are measured and compared for both summer and rainy season. Results revealed parameters varied to greater extent for surface water compared to ground water. So the surface water of Singanallur region is highly polluted due to runoff from industries, domestic waste and agricultural
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Characterization and quantitative indicators of ground water quality in okrik...IJSIT Editor
The study aims at appraising the suitability of the water for domestic purposes. The pH values as
recorded in the area range from 6.2 – 7.7 with a mean of 6.9, indicating that the groundwater is weakly acidic
to alkaline. The low acidity of groundwater in the area probably results from industrial wastewaters. The
electrical conductivity values ranges from 12.25 – 92.7 (µS/cm) with an exception at George-Ama (Location
6) with 486.0µS/cm. Apart from this location all others fall within the WHO stipulated range of 150µS/cm.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ranges between 6.12 – 237.0mg/l against the WHO standard of 250mg/l. BH 1,
BH 3, BH 5, BH 6, BH 8, BH 11, BH 12, BH 14 and BH 16, all exceed 250mg/l. The high concentration is also
reflected in the conductivity of the area with BH 1, BH 3, BH 5, BH 6, and BH 11, all showing increasing
conductivity with increasing TDS. Total suspended solids (TSS) ranges from 0.00mg/l – 58.00mg/l. Chloride
concentration ranges between 18.00mg/l – 300mg/l. Chloride concentration above 40mg/l in groundwater is
an indication of saltwater intrusion BH 1, BH 2, BH 6, BH 8 and BH 13 show values higher than 40mg/l with
BH 2 (Gream-Ama) having 300mg/l. Apart from BH 2, all other areas fall within the WHO standards of
250mg/lIron values ranges from 0.01 to 2.50mg/l. This falls below the standard of 0.3mg/l, except in
Ogoloma (BH 4) and Ogbogbo (BH 5) with 2.50mg/l and 0.3mg/l, respectively. The average total hardness
recorded in the area is 31mg/l, this is indicative of soft groundwater in the area. The area has a low static
water level and minor records of salinity, which does not render the water unsuitable. A comparison of the
results with internationally accepted standards shows that the water is suitable for drinking and other
domestic purposes and for agricultural and industrial purposes. From the Piper’s trilinear diagram of the
concentrations of the major cations and anions in groundwater samples, the hydrochemical facies has been delineated as Sulphate – Chloride - Calcium – Biocarbonate (Cl-Ca-HCO3
-). It is suggested that the aquifers
should be protected against pollution and monitoring of groundwater quality on a regular basis to identify
any future degradation of the water in the area.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Analyzing a lake ecosystem is an interesting and everlasting area of Environmental Studies. Since these water bodies are subjected to pollution and degradation, analyzing them is an essential requirement. These analytical works come under a special branch of Science called Limnology.
Scenario of Water Bodies (Lakes) In Urban Areas- A case study on Bellandur La...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Environment is made up of natural factors like air, water and land. Each and every human activities
supports directly/indirectly by natural factors. India is facing a problem of natural resource scarcity, especially
of water in view of population growth and economic development. Due to growth of Population, advancement in
agriculture, urbanization and industrialization has made surface water pollution a great problem and decreased
the availability of drinking water. Many parts of the world face such a scarcity of water. Lakes are important
feature of the Earth’s landscape which are not only the source of precious water, but provide valuable habitats
to plants and animals, moderate hydrological cycles, influence microclimate, enhance the aesthetic beauty of
the landscape and extend many recreational opportunities to humankind .For issues, perspectives on pollution,
restoration and management of Bellandur Lake Falls under Bangalore Metropolitan city is very essential to
know their status but so far, there was no systematic environmental study carried out. Hence now the following
studies are essential namely Characteristics, Status, Effects (on surrounding Groundwater, Soil, Humans
health, Vegetables, Animals etc.,), resolving the issues of degradation, preparation of conceptual design for
restoration and management.
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
Municipal Waste: Effect on the Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameter...IIJSRJournal
Water pollution has deleterious effects as hazards to human health, living resources and hindrances to marine activities. Therefore this research aimed to ascertain the influence of municipal solid waste on physicochemical parameters and microbiological parameters of water samples obtained from Otamiri River. Stream samples were collected at five different points. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of samples collected were analyzed. Most of the physicochemical parameters were high for some of the locations. The bacteriological analysis result shows a high bacteria count in the water which can be attributed to leachate from dumped human faeces in the river banks. At P<0.05, acidity correlated negatively with THBC (r= -0.903), TCC (r= -0.449), FCC (r= -0.594). TSS correlated positively with E.coli (r= 0.938). PO43 correlated positively with THBC (r= 0.905). At P<0.01, Turbidity correlated positively with THBC (r= 0.997). Dissolved Oxygen correlated negatively with all the physicochemical parameters. BOD correlated negatively with TCC (r= -0.877), E.coli (r= -0.929), FCC (r= -0.742), TFC (r= -0.117). Total hardness correlated positively with FCC (r= 0.975), PO43 correlated positively with E. coli (r= 0.989) and FCC (r= 0.967). NO3 correlated positively with E. coli (r= 0.976). Summarily, the proximity of the waste dump to Otamiri River has certainly shown considerable physical, chemical, and most importantly, biological effects on its water quality. The presence of the organism shows that the river requires auxiliary treatment before usage as a source of drinking water.
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUND...Ijrdt Journal
The present study is carried out to assess the water quality parameters of both surface water and ground water of Singanallur lake region a rivulet from river Noyyal. Parameters like pH, FC, DO, BOD, Turbidity, Total phosphates, Nitrates and Total dissolved solids are measured and compared for both summer and rainy season. Results revealed parameters varied to greater extent for surface water compared to ground water. So the surface water of Singanallur region is highly polluted due to runoff from industries, domestic waste and agricultural
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Characterization and quantitative indicators of ground water quality in okrik...IJSIT Editor
The study aims at appraising the suitability of the water for domestic purposes. The pH values as
recorded in the area range from 6.2 – 7.7 with a mean of 6.9, indicating that the groundwater is weakly acidic
to alkaline. The low acidity of groundwater in the area probably results from industrial wastewaters. The
electrical conductivity values ranges from 12.25 – 92.7 (µS/cm) with an exception at George-Ama (Location
6) with 486.0µS/cm. Apart from this location all others fall within the WHO stipulated range of 150µS/cm.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ranges between 6.12 – 237.0mg/l against the WHO standard of 250mg/l. BH 1,
BH 3, BH 5, BH 6, BH 8, BH 11, BH 12, BH 14 and BH 16, all exceed 250mg/l. The high concentration is also
reflected in the conductivity of the area with BH 1, BH 3, BH 5, BH 6, and BH 11, all showing increasing
conductivity with increasing TDS. Total suspended solids (TSS) ranges from 0.00mg/l – 58.00mg/l. Chloride
concentration ranges between 18.00mg/l – 300mg/l. Chloride concentration above 40mg/l in groundwater is
an indication of saltwater intrusion BH 1, BH 2, BH 6, BH 8 and BH 13 show values higher than 40mg/l with
BH 2 (Gream-Ama) having 300mg/l. Apart from BH 2, all other areas fall within the WHO standards of
250mg/lIron values ranges from 0.01 to 2.50mg/l. This falls below the standard of 0.3mg/l, except in
Ogoloma (BH 4) and Ogbogbo (BH 5) with 2.50mg/l and 0.3mg/l, respectively. The average total hardness
recorded in the area is 31mg/l, this is indicative of soft groundwater in the area. The area has a low static
water level and minor records of salinity, which does not render the water unsuitable. A comparison of the
results with internationally accepted standards shows that the water is suitable for drinking and other
domestic purposes and for agricultural and industrial purposes. From the Piper’s trilinear diagram of the
concentrations of the major cations and anions in groundwater samples, the hydrochemical facies has been delineated as Sulphate – Chloride - Calcium – Biocarbonate (Cl-Ca-HCO3
-). It is suggested that the aquifers
should be protected against pollution and monitoring of groundwater quality on a regular basis to identify
any future degradation of the water in the area.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Analyzing a lake ecosystem is an interesting and everlasting area of Environmental Studies. Since these water bodies are subjected to pollution and degradation, analyzing them is an essential requirement. These analytical works come under a special branch of Science called Limnology.
Scenario of Water Bodies (Lakes) In Urban Areas- A case study on Bellandur La...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Environment is made up of natural factors like air, water and land. Each and every human activities
supports directly/indirectly by natural factors. India is facing a problem of natural resource scarcity, especially
of water in view of population growth and economic development. Due to growth of Population, advancement in
agriculture, urbanization and industrialization has made surface water pollution a great problem and decreased
the availability of drinking water. Many parts of the world face such a scarcity of water. Lakes are important
feature of the Earth’s landscape which are not only the source of precious water, but provide valuable habitats
to plants and animals, moderate hydrological cycles, influence microclimate, enhance the aesthetic beauty of
the landscape and extend many recreational opportunities to humankind .For issues, perspectives on pollution,
restoration and management of Bellandur Lake Falls under Bangalore Metropolitan city is very essential to
know their status but so far, there was no systematic environmental study carried out. Hence now the following
studies are essential namely Characteristics, Status, Effects (on surrounding Groundwater, Soil, Humans
health, Vegetables, Animals etc.,), resolving the issues of degradation, preparation of conceptual design for
restoration and management.
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
Municipal Waste: Effect on the Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameter...IIJSRJournal
Water pollution has deleterious effects as hazards to human health, living resources and hindrances to marine activities. Therefore this research aimed to ascertain the influence of municipal solid waste on physicochemical parameters and microbiological parameters of water samples obtained from Otamiri River. Stream samples were collected at five different points. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of samples collected were analyzed. Most of the physicochemical parameters were high for some of the locations. The bacteriological analysis result shows a high bacteria count in the water which can be attributed to leachate from dumped human faeces in the river banks. At P<0.05, acidity correlated negatively with THBC (r= -0.903), TCC (r= -0.449), FCC (r= -0.594). TSS correlated positively with E.coli (r= 0.938). PO43 correlated positively with THBC (r= 0.905). At P<0.01, Turbidity correlated positively with THBC (r= 0.997). Dissolved Oxygen correlated negatively with all the physicochemical parameters. BOD correlated negatively with TCC (r= -0.877), E.coli (r= -0.929), FCC (r= -0.742), TFC (r= -0.117). Total hardness correlated positively with FCC (r= 0.975), PO43 correlated positively with E. coli (r= 0.989) and FCC (r= 0.967). NO3 correlated positively with E. coli (r= 0.976). Summarily, the proximity of the waste dump to Otamiri River has certainly shown considerable physical, chemical, and most importantly, biological effects on its water quality. The presence of the organism shows that the river requires auxiliary treatment before usage as a source of drinking water.
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
Effect of Starch on Mechanical, Electrical, Physical, Thermal Properties and ...IOSRJAC
HIPS was blended with starch in three formulations 10, 20 & 30% with compatibilizer glycerol (2wt% based on starch) using a twin screw extruder. Test specimens were prepared using an injection molding machine. Mechanical, electrical, physical and thermal properties were determined. Photo degradation using accelerated weather o meter for 25, 50, 100, 200 hrs was carried out. And then bio degradation for 45 days was carried out. The loss in mechanical properties was studied after photo degradation. After photo degradation, bio degradation was evaluated. The effect of starch on bio degradation was studied. HIPS is photo degradable and starch is bio degradable. Hence starch filled HIPS is photo & bio degradable. This photo & bio degradable starch filled HIPS is used in packaging & disposable applications like cups, lids, trays, spoons, pens & cutlery handles with lower cost.
Climate change and its impact on the fisheries in Lake Kivu, East AfricaInnspub Net
Climate change, its variability, and its impact on fish catch in Lake Kivu were verified from the analysis of climate variables and fisheries statistics. The results show qualitative and quantitative disturbances in the variation of rainfall, the significant increase in temperature of 1.57°C, 0.63°C, and 0.66°C at Kamembe, Gisenyi, and Lwiro, respectively around Lake Kivu watershed. The relative humidity decreased significantly by 4.5% and 7% at Gisenyi and Kamembe, respectively; the wind speed decreased by 3 m/s. These changes resulted in a decrease of 0.58 m in the water level of the lake, followed by periods of declines in catches of Limnothrissa modern, the major lake’s commercial fish. Predictions show a decline in Catch per Unit Effort of 2.92 kg for an approximate reduction
of 0.01 m water level by 2025. Strategic policies should be made and adaptation measures are taken to prevent climate change, in order to conserve the aquatic resources and avoid advert conditions in the fisheries sector of Lake Kivu.
Qualitative Evaluation and Hydrogeochemical Attributes of Groundwater in Ower...iosrjce
The qualitative evaluation and hydrogeochemical attributes of groundwater in Owerri Capital
Territory Owerri was investigated to assess the quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. A
total of sixteen (16) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and biological
properties. The range of temperature (oC), colour (Hz), and turbidity of groundwater in the study area are
between: 20-28.3, 5-15, and 1-50 respectively. The average of pH , conductivity (us/cm),TDS (mg/l), and
hardness (mg/l) are: 7.66, 0.135, 34.64, and 7.94 respectively. The result also reveals that the concentration of
Na+
(mg/l), K+
(mg/l), Ca2+(mg/l), Mg2+(mg/l), Fe+
(mg/l), Pb2+(mg/l),Cd2+(mg/l), Cu+
(mg/l),and Zn2+ (mg/l)
range between: 3.33-7.6, 0.2-6.8, 2.4-8.3,1.02-3.44, 0.001-0.59, 0.001-0.01, 0-0.16, 0.06-2.88 and 0.01-2.18
respectively. Water Classification result of the groundwater samples show the predominance of alkali
bicarbonate water type (Na+ + K+
) - HCO3
-
that is largely soft and therefore, mostly of acceptable quality for
household uses. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of the groundwater samples in the study area showed that the
samples fall below 1.4meq/l, indicating predominance of excellent water for irrigation purposes in accordance
with recommended standard. This study recommends among other things that groundwater resources
development in the area requires elaborate qualitative assessment, to ensure that any necessary pre-use
treatment is effected.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Assessment of size structures, length-weight models and condition factors of ...AI Publications
The Eleotridae is one of the fish family widely distributed in the Benin coastal waters where the species constitute an important component of artisanal fisheries. The current study evaluates length frequency distributions, length-weight models and condition factors of Eleotrid fishes in order to assess their wellbeing in the degrading coastal waters of Benin. Fish samplings were made during eighteen (18) consecutive months and morphometric data were recorded and analyzed using SPSS computer software. Larger Eleotrids were Eleotris vittata, E. senegalensis, E. daganensis and Bostrychus africanus while Dormitator lebretonis, the most abundant species displayed small sizes (standard length) ranging between 1.2 - 11.30 cm. Overall, all the species showed unimodal size distributions except Eleotris daganensis that exhibited a bimodal size distribution in Lake Nokoué. Length-weight models showed allometric growth with slopes b ranging between 2.4725 and 3.7296 along with significant correlation coefficients (r) varying between 0.7695 and 0.9965. Condition factors (K) varied significantly across the four (4) coastal waters and ranged between 0.79 (Dormitator lebretonis) and 3.60 (Eleotris daganensis). The sustainable exploitation of Eleotrid fishes in the Benin coastal waters requires a holistic approach of ecosystem management including ecological follow-up, habitat restauration and species valorization.
The research was carried out to assess the quality of Umuerim River , Nekede which serves for
domestic uses and fishery activities among the rural inhabitants in October 2016.The anthropogenic activities
identified during reconnaissance visit include discharge of household wastes into its channel across Owerri;
sand miningandAgricultural activities at it’s bank that serve as non-point source. Water samples were collected
from four sampling points (discharge point SP1, midstream SP2, downstream SP3 and upstream), in Nekede,
using standard methods for sampling and analysis. Parameters analyzed include Lead, Zinc, Iron, Copper,
Chromium, Nitrate, Sulphate, Phosphate, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS),
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), 5-day Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Turbidity, pH, Conductivity, and
Temperature. Results showed that Conductivity (range= 5.50 µS/cm), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (range=
4.00 mg/L), Turbidity (range= 3.20 NTU) and Sulphates (SO4) (range= 2.70 mg/L) recorded comparatively
wide variations during the study period. Mean levels of pH (6.24 ± 0.09), DO (1.45 ± 0.08) mg/L, BOD (0.49 ±
0.09) mg/L, and Turbidity (4.93 ± 0.67) NTU were beyond the limits set by the Federal Ministry of
Environment’s recommended standards for surface water. It is therefore, recommended that constant
monitoring by routine water quality checks should be conducted for safe public consumption of the water.
The River Nile delta shallow lakes namely, Edku, Burullus and Manzala are natural wetland ecosystems, connected to fresh water sources at the south and to the open sea at the north. Throughout their relatively short geological and hydrological history, the lakes received unpolluted fresh water from the river Nile.
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Seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of water and sediments from iko river, nigeria
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.8, 2013
96
Seasonal Variation of Physicochemical Parameters of Water and
Sediments from Iko River, Nigeria
Usoro Etesin *1
, Enewan Udoinyang 2
, Thomas Harry 3
1. Chemistry Department, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
2. Zoology Department, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
3. Geosciences Department, Akwa Ibom State University,Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom State,Nigeria
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail : uetesin@gmail.com.
Abstract :
The seasonal and locational variation of physicochemical parameters viz, p H, dissolved oxygen , biochemical
oxygen demand, conductivity , salinity, chloride, sulphate, nitrate , ammonium ion , total nitrogen , total organic
carbon , total hydrocarbon and exchangeable cations , in water and sediments of Iko River, South Eastern
Nigeria were investigated . The import of this investigation is that Iko River , is in Iko Petroleum Belt of the
Niger Delta that has suffered from years of intense petroleum exploitation , recent cases of oil bunkering in the
area and moreso, its closeness to the Atlantic Ocean. In both dry and wet seasons considered , the variation of p
H was not significant, and was within the WHO limit of 6.5 to 8.0 for an unpolluted streams and rivers, while
the salinity , chloride and exchangeable cations , were above WHO limits , indicating a high degree of saline
water intrusion and influence in the water chemistry of the river from the Atlantic Ocean. The sediment of the
river had acidic characteristics and were predominantly of medium to fine grained sand ( > 70 % ) and less of
silt ( < 15 % ) and clay ( < 10 % ) , indicating that Iko River is not an important sink for heavy metal and organic
pollutants , implying that in a case of accidental discharge of chemical pollutants , will stay in the water column
a longer time, thus accessible to the biota. Interestingly, the total hydrocarbon content of the sediments were
greater than 200 mg/kg , the levels set for an area that is heavily polluted with petroleum. Based on the
physicochemical parameters of the water, the pollution index determined for the wet season gave a value of 0.97,
which is less than a value of 1 for an unpolluted surface water body, but gave a pollution index of 1.34 during
the dry season, which could be attributed to dilution from the surface runoff. The variation of the dissolved
oxygen was not significant in both seasons and were higher than 5.0 mg/l WHO limit for surface waters , and
indicated a highly oxidized environment . The phosphate content of the sediment of the river was lower in both
seasons than average for soils , whereas , total nitrogen, total organic carbon and sulphur contents were higher
than average for soils.
Keywords: Iko River, Sediments, Water, Physicochemical Parameters, Seasonal Variation, Pollution Index
1. Introduction
Iko River had been an area of intense petroleum extraction activities since 1973 by Shell Petroleum
Development Company Nigeria Limited, in what was referred to as the Utapete Operational Zone ( Ansa, 1998).
Though , the oil exploration activities had been discontinued few years back , had created social , economic and
environmental dislocations within the host communities and water bodies within the area .
One of the most negative activities in Iko is the phenomenon of acid rain. The resulting high levels of acidity in
the environment manifest as severe corrosion of roof sheets on houses in Iko, skin irritation , poor agricultural
soils , destruction and reduction of fish life and fisheries production of the waters, deterioration of the quality of
surface and ground waters ( Mobil, 1997 ; FIMSCO ,2002) .
Iko River in Eastern Obolo Local Government Area, is located within the petroleum belt of the Niger Delta, thus
rivers in this area are exposed to additional risk of pollution from petroleum and related sources. Iko River takes
its rise from the Qua Iboe River catchment and drains directly into the Atlantic Ocean at the Bight of Bonny. The
devastation in the area is also aggravated by the direct influence of seawater and the inward driving wind from
the Atlantic Ocean due to its closeness.
There has been a reported case of diurnal and seasonal changes in water temperature , p H , dissolved oxygen
and conductivity of the water system in Iko River ( Ekpe et al, 1995 ). The river is of high economic and
ecological importance, as it supports the livelihood of a large number of artisanal fishermen.
Iko River runs through both mangrove and fresh water swamps with adjoining creeks and tributaries, with
communities settling all along the river. Therefore, whatever environmental changes taking place in the river will
affect the hydrology of the surrounding creeks and tributaries ( Imevbore, 1970; Egereonu et al,2012 ).
In a study of the basic ecological features of the different sectors of the mangrove and fresh water swamp forest
of Nigeria, it was shown that the ecological equilibrium is very delicate (Enyenihi et al , 1987). These effects are
bound to influence the overall high productivity of the environment (The World Bank,1995 ).
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.8, 2013
97
Of recent , there are reported cases of oil bunkering and establishment of local refineries in Iko area , with
indiscriminate dumping of petroleum residues , seepages and spillages in Iko River. The deleterious effect of
these activities in the ecosystem is enormous and calls for concern.
The need to protect the environment as a prerequisite for preserving the quality of life has been emphasized in
1984 by a report initiated by the South African Committee for Oceanographic Research which established water
quality criteria (WQI, 1991 ). The report defined these as “ a scientific yardsticks upon which a decision or
judgement may be made concerning the ability of water of a given quality to support a designated beneficial
use”. Beneficial uses include preservation of ecosystem, direct contact recreation , migration of aquatic life and
mineral recovery.
In the general framework of the global environmental problems, and the large store of background data about the
deteriorating environment, this study is initiated to monitor the spatial and seasonal distribution of petroleum
hydrocarbon pollutants and interactive effects on water quality parameters in the water and sediments of Iko
River. Therefore, the acquisition of accurate data on the concentration and distribution of pollutants in the
coastal water and sediments of Iko River is essential in understanding the geochemical and biogeochemical
cycles of the elements and to deduce the extent to which the equilibrium of the river ecosystem has been
disturbed.
2. The Study Area
Iko River in Eastern Obolo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State , Nigeria, is located within the
petroleum belt of the Niger Delta , Nigeria ( Fig. 1 ). Iko River is located in the Eastern part of the Niger Delta
between latitude 4o
30’’ N and 4o
45’’ N and longitude 7o
35’’ and 7o
40’’ E . The river has a shadow depth
ranging from 1.0 metre to 7.0 metres at flood and ebb tide and an average width of 16metres.
Iko River takes its rise from the Qua Iboe River catchment and drains directly into the Atlantic Ocean at the
Bight of Bonny ( Ekpe et al , 1995). Iko River has many adjoining tributaries and creeks, and part of it also
drains into Imo River estuary, which opens into the Atlantic Ocean at the Bight of Bonny.
The shore line of Iko River is characterized by soft –dark mud flats, usually exposed during low tide, mangrove
swamps with mangrove trees , shoals and sand bars. The river has semi-diurnal tides and has a length of more
than 30 km.
The climate of the area is characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season begins in April and lasts
till November, while the dry season begins in November till March. A short period of draught is usually
experienced in July and August, while a period of harmattan characterized by cold dry winds and lower
temperatures normally occurs between December and February ( Moses, 1979 ; Enemugwem, 2009).
Iko area is characterized by a humid tropical climate with rainfall reaching about 3000 mm per annum. The mean
annual daily evaporation of the area is 4.6 mm per day ( Edet and Ntekim, 1996). The hydrology of Iko River is
affected by tides, although seasonal influences which are related to the climatic regime , are evident. Iko River is
directly influenced by processes in the Atlantic coastal waters (Ekpe et al, 1995).
Sediments in Iko River become well sorted , composed of mainly coarse quartz sand , shell debris , faecal
pellets, silts and clay ( Ekwere et al , 1992 ). This assortment of sediments when trapped within the luxuriant
mangrove prop roots and impregnated with decaying mangrove leaves and branches constitutes mud flats, with
characteristic feature of Iko River shorelines.
3. Materials and Methods.
Iko River was divided into ten sampling stations for water and sediment sampling. The sampling stations were
so selected to be close to an abandoned oil well or close to an old oil pipeline ( Fig. 1 ). At each sampling point,
water sample was collected in polyethylene bottles at a depth of 30 cm below the surface, while sediment sample
was taken by Van Veen grab sampler ( Loring and Rantala,1992).
The sampling were undertaken in dry season months of November and December , 2011, January and February,
2012 and wet season months of June, July , August and September, 2012.
Some parameters that deteriorate on storage were determined at the sampling locations like temperature, p H,
dissolved oxygen, conductivity, salinity, redox potential using multicombi meter. Water and sediment samples
were stored in iced coolers before being transported to the laboratory for the determination of other parameters.
Sediment samples were air dried and used for grain size analysis by the method of Fork ( 1994). Fresh sediment
samples were used for the determination of p H , conductivity , salinity and redox potential of sediments in a 1: 1
volume suspension in water
Acidity and chloride content of the water samples were determined by appropriate titrimetric techniques (
Egereonu et at, 2012 ), while dissolved oxygen and five-day biochemical oxygen demand ( BOD5 ) were
determined electroanalytically by dissolved oxygen meter ( Uzoukwu et al, 2005 ). Sulphate , nitrate and nitrite
were determined spectrophotometrically by standards methods ( APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 2005 ).
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.8, 2013
98
Chemical oxygen demand , total hydrocarbon , calcium , magnesium , sodium and potassium in water were
determined by appropriate standard methods ( APHA, AWWA WPCF, 2005 ).
Total carbon content of the sediments was determined on the finely ground sediment samples by Leco Elemental
analyser ( CHN 1000 ), with EDTA as the calibration standard. Total organic carbon was determined by the
Walkey-Black method as adopted and modified ( Rump and Krist, 1988). Total inorganic carbon was determined
by the difference between total carbon and total organic carbon (Loring and Rantala, 1992 ).
Total hydrocarbon content of the sediments was determined by the methods of IOC , 1982 and ROMPE, 1983.
The exchangeable bases Calcium , Magnesium ,sodium and potassium were determined in the sediments by the
modified method of Rump and Krist ( 1988 ), while exchangeable acidity was determined by extraction with 1
M KCl solution and titrimetry with 0.01 M NaOH ( APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 2005 ).
Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) of the sediments was determined by the summation of exchangeable
bases and acidity ( IITA, 1979), while base saturation was determined for the sediments by calculation ,
% Base Saturation = Exchangeable Bases / ECEC * 100.
4. Results and Discussion
The mean monthly variation of physicochemical parameters of water from Iko River is presented in Table 1,
while the monthly variation of physicochemical parameters of sediments from Iko River is presented in Table 2.
The mean seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters is presented in Table 3, while the mean seasonal
variation of physicochemical variation in sediments is presented in Table 4.
Temperature of the water from Iko River gave mean values of 24.5 o C during the dry season and 24.08 o C
during the wet season, as compared to the WHO limit of 25 o C for surface waters. ( Table 6 ). Conductivity of
the water gave values of 76.2 m S/cm and 57.5 m S/cm during the dry and wet seasons respectively, compared to
the WHO limit of 50 m S/cm. p H of the water in both seasons were within the WHO limit of 6.5 – 8.5.
Dissolved oxygen of the water gave values of 7.98 mg/l and 6.01 mg/l for the dry and wet seasons respectively,
compared to the WHO limit of 5 .0 mg/l for surface waters. Thus, the values indicated an oxidized environment.
The total hydrocarbon gave values of 44.1 mg/l and 35.59 mg/l during the dry and wet seasons respectively,
compared to WHO limit of 50 mg/l in surface waters ( Fig. 6 ).
The mean concentration of Ca, Mg , Na and K were 15.21 mg/l, 885.5 mg/l, 1580 mg/l , and 294.7 mg/l during
the dry season and 13.97 mg/l , 612.7 mg/l , 824.5 mg/l and 178.1 mg/l during the dry season (Table 6 ). The
values for Ca, Mg and K , were higher than the WHO limit of 250 mg/l. The high values of magnesium and
sodium could be attributed to contributions from the saline water from the Atlantic ocean. High sodium content
in water causes active corrosion on metal substrates ( Egereonu et al, 2012 ).
The concentrations of sulphate, nitrate, nitrite, chloride and ammonium ions in the water were 255.9 mg/l, 2.50
mg/l, 0.18 mg/l , 441.1 mg/l , 0.11 mg/l respectively during the dry season and 184.3 mg/l, 1.91 mg/l , 0.42 mg/l
, 410.3 mg/l , 0.17 mg/l respectively during the wet season. Sulphate was higher than WHO limit of 250 mg/l
during the dry season , while chloride was higher than WHO limit of 250 mg/l in both seasons ( Table 6 ). The
high chloride concentration in both seasons could be attributed to influence of saline water from the Atlantic
ocean, with high salinity value.
Based on the physicochemical parameters of the water, the pollution index determined for the wet season gave a
value of 0.97, which is less than a value of 1 for an unpolluted surface water body, but gave a pollution index of
1.34 during the dry season ( Table 6). The polluted index of the water for dry season was more than 1 for an
unpolluted surface water body. However, the lower polluted index for wet season could be attributed to dilution
from the surface runoff.
The particle size distribution of the sediments of Iko River gave 78.22 % sand , 9.45 % clay and 12.32 % silt
during the dry season , while the results gave 74.36 % sand, 10.46 % clay and 15.13 % silt during the wet season
( Fig.11 and Table 7 ). The predominance of sand in the sediments is in agreement with the observation by
Ekwere et al . ( 1992 ), that in the sediments of the Bight of Bonny , which is in the eastern flank of the Niger
Delta, sand and sandy silt are predominant by the classification of Folk ( 1974 ). They observed that the strong
tides and long shore drift tend to influence the distribution pattern of the sediment fractions.
The low content of clayey materials which are known to be good scavengers for metallic and organic
contaminants indicates that Iko River sediments are not likely to be important sinks for metallic pollutants
entering the water body. This implies that the absence of a sediment sink ( low clay ) will enhance the pollutants
remaining mostly in suspension or in solution in the river. And of course, increasing the lifetime of the pollutants
in the water column obviously increases their accessibility to the biota.
The total organic carbon content of the sediments in both seasons were higher than an optimum value of 1.3 % ,
indicating a relatively high content of organic matter in the sediments. This may be due to the diversified sources
of organic matter in Iko River sediments , which are marine sediments and could have been derived from
decomposition of marine organisms , terrestrial inputs from surface discharge and oil spillages from bunkering
4. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.8, 2013
99
activities ( Demaison and More, 1980 ).
The mean total hydrocarbon content of the water from Iko River was 44.12 mg/l during the dry season and
35.59 mg/l during the wet season . The values were lower than a natural background value of 50 mg/l set by the
WHO ( Table 6 ) . The mean total hydrocarbon content of the sediments was 377.5 mg/kg during the dry season
and 288.7 mg/kg during the wet season ( Table 2 ). The values for both seasons were far above 200 mg/kg total
hydrocarbon concentration set for moderately polluted areas in the bottom sediments of Arabian Gulf ( Massoud
et al. 1996 ). In comparison to this study, the natural background levels of total hydrocarbon in bottom sediments
of the Arabian Gulf were found to be 10 to 50 mg/kg and the concentration above this level was attributed to
inputs from anthropogenic sources such as oil spills , oil slicks and seepage ( Literathy et al , 1989 ) .
5. Conclusion
In both seasons, the higher conductivity for water and sediments is attributed to salt water intrusion from the
Atlantic Ocean, indicating that geochemical reactions which occur in the sediments and water column are largely
influenced by the physico-chemical conditions in the sediment-water complex, in particular conductivity and
redox potential.
Based on the average total hydrocarbon content of the sediments, Iko River sediments could be said to be
heavily polluted , while the average total hydrocarbon of the water is still within acceptable limit.
The concentrations of the hydrocarbons obtained are close to those reported by other workers on marine
sediments in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia ( Literathy et al 1989; Michel et al, 1993 ).
From the results obtained in this study, it was established that there were seasonal and locational variations in the
mean levels of the physic-chemical parameters of the water and sediments of Iko River. The p H values of the
water were within the recommended WHO limits for unpolluted streams and rivers ( WHO, 1984 ; Prati et al,
1974 ). However, the principal cations in the river namely, calcium , sodium, magnesium and potassium were of
high levels , far in excess of the WHO limits set for drinking waters and natural waters ( WHO, 1984 ).
The high levels of these cations point to the fact that Iko River is particularly vulnerable to the inputs of
chemical pollutants. The unique chemistry suggests that the ecology of the river is very fragile and a slight shift
in composition can potentially be disastrous to some component of the food chain.
The mean levels of salinity and salt content of the water indicate that the river water is brackish and there is
much influence of saline water over runoff water from the coastline. Results from the grain-size distribution
revealed that the sediments from the river predominantly consisted of sand and less of silt and clay. This implies
that the sediments of Iko River are not likely to be important sinks for chemical pollutants, thus making
pollutants available to biota in the water column.
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Table 2 : Mean Monthly Variation in Physicochemical Parameters in Sediment
from Iko River
Parameter Nov.2011
Dec.
2011
Jan.
2012
Feb.
2012
June
.2012
July.
2012
Aug.
2012
Sept.
2012
Conductivity ( m
S/cm) 15.06 13.72 13.08 12.76 11.85 12.14 11.4 11.82
p H 5.41 5.75 5.96 6.27 6.62 6.61 6.7 6.74
TOC ( % ) 1.71 1.68 1.55 1.59 1.54 1.52 1.58 1.37
Total Nitrogen ( % ) 0.28 0.32 0.37 0.43 0.39 0.45 0.41 0.39
Available P. (
mg/kg) 2.75 2.18 1.89 1.86 1.66 1.61 1.43 1.46
Total Hydrocarbon (
mg/kg) 403.7 396.3 351.5 358.3 308.2 290.9 274.5 281.5
Ca ( meq/100 g ) 9.38 9.31 7.98 7.01 4.52 3.59 3.21 2.85
Mg ( meq/100 g) 7.78 6.46 5.01 4.91 4.59 4.04 3.18 2.63
Na ( meq/100 g) 0.52 0.54 0.52 0.46 0.51 0.56 0.45 0.41
K (meq/100 g) 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.35 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.33
EA ( meq/100 g ) 1.81 1.56 1.53 1.58 1.66 1.47 1.52 1.42
ECEC (meq/100 g ) 19.82 18.23 15.41 14.97 11.72 10.06 8.72 7.64
Base Saturation ( % ) 90.26 91.27 89.97 88.77 84.63 84.12 81.33 80.54
Total Carbon ( % ) 3.84 3.49 3.43 3.51 3.21 2.98 3.12 3.42
Sulphur ( % ) 1.46 1.27 1.21 1.23 1.21 1.13 1.19 1.27
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Table 3: Mean, Range and Standard Deviation of Physicochemical Parameters in water samples from Iko
River during Dry/wet Seasons
Parameter Dry Season Wet Season
Mean Range Std. dev. Mean Range Std. dev.
Temp. o C 24.5 23.7 - 24.9 0.55 24.08 23.5 - 24.8 0.54
Conductivity ( m S/cm ) 76.2 66.9 - 83.6 8 57.5 45.7 - 67.6 9.23
p H 6.69 6.53 - 6.82 0.13 6.62 5.87 - 6.91 0.50
DO ( mg/l ) 7.93 7.7 - 8.42 0.33 6.01 5.00 - 7.1 0.91
BOD5 ( mg/l ) 3.11 2.75 - 3.42 0.28 3.39 3.07 - 3.74 0.32
COD ( mg/l) 5.35 5.09 - 5.65 0.24 5.31 5.03 - 5.80 0.35
Total Hydrocarbon ( mg/l) 44.12 39.34 - 49.20 4.03 35.59 32.90 - 38.39 2.36
Ca ( mg/l ) 15.21 10.99 - 17.74 3.21 13.97 12.72 - 15.79 1.34
Mg ( mg/l) 885.5 768.3 - 981.4 93.39 612.7 553.1 - 683.4 55.39
Na ( mg/l) 1580 1363 - 1800 176.7 824.5 732.9 -928.1 81.7
K (mg/l) 294.7 279.8 - 311.5 16.12 178.1 144.1 - 193.0 22.93
Acidity ( mg/l) 2.68 2.58 - 2.85 0.13 2.11 1.88 - 2.61 0.34
Sulphate ( mg/l) 255.9 239.5 - 270.6 16.82 184.3 174.5 - 208.0 16.74
Nitrate ( mg/l ) 2.5 2.20 - 2.78 0.25 1.91 1.68 - 2.26 0.25
Nitrite ( mg/l) 0.18 0.11 - 0.26 0.06 0.42 0.22 - 0.62 0.17
Chloride ( mg/l) 441.1 428.1 - 471.4 20.46 410.3 376.3 - 459.7 36.19
Ammonium ( mg/l ) 0.11 0.07 - 0.16 0.04 0.17 0.14 - 0.19 0.02
Salinity ( %o ) 0.8 0.77 - 0.85 0.04 0.74 0.68 - 0.83 0.07
Table 4: Mean, Range and Standard Deviation of Physicochemical Parameters in sediments from Iko
River during Dry/wet Seasons
Parameter Dry Season Wet Season
Mean Range Std. dev. Mean Range Std. dev.
p H 5.85 5.41 - 6.27 0.36 6.67 6.61 - 6.74 0.06
Conductivity ( m S/cm ) 13.66 12.76 -15.06 1.02 11.8 11.40 - 12.14 0.3
TOC ( % ) 1.63 1.55 - 1.71 0.08 1.56 1.52 - 1.58 0.03
Total Nitrogen ( % ) 0.35 0.28 - 0.43 0.06 0.41 0.39 - 0.45 0.03
P- Phosphate ( mg/kg ) 2.17 1.86 - 2.75 0.41 1.54 1.43 - 1.66 0.11
Ca (meq/100 g ) 8.42 7.01 - 9.38 1.14 3.54 2.85 - 4.52 0.72
Mg ( meq/100 g ) 6.04 4.91 - 7.78 1.36 3.61 2.63 - 4.59 0.87
Na ( meq/100 g ) 0.51 0.46 - 0.54 0.03 0.48 0.41 - 0.56 0.07
K (meq/100 g ) 0.36 0.34 - 0.37 0.01 0.39 0.33 - 0.44 0.05
E A (meq/100 g ) 1.62 1.53 - 1.81 0.13 1.51 1.42 - 1.66 0.1
ECEC (meq/100 g ) 17.06 14.79 - 19.82 2.37 9.54 7.64 - 11.72 1.76
Base saturation ( % ) 90.07 88.77 - 91.27 1.03 82.66 80.54 - 84.63 2.02
THC (mg/kg ) 377.5 351.5 - 403.7 26.36 288.7 274.5 - 308.2 14.59
Total carbon ( % ) 3.48 3.43 - 3.51 0.03 3.18 2.98 - 3.42 0.18
Sulphur ( % ) 1.29 1.21 - 1.46 0.11 1.20 1.13 - 1.27 0.06
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Table 5: Mean Monthly Variation of exchangeable cations in sediment from
Iko River
Parameter
Nov.20
11
Dec.
2011
Jan.
2012
Feb.
2012
June
.2012
July.
2012
Aug.
2012
Sept.
2012
Ca ( meq/100 g ) 9.38 9.31 7.98 7.01 4.52 3.59 3.21 2.85
Mg ( meq/100 g) 7.78 6.46 5.01 4.91 4.59 4.04 3.18 2.63
Na ( meq/100 g) 0.52 0.54 0.52 0.46 0.51 0.56 0.45 0.41
K (meq/100 g) 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.35 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.33
EA ( meq/100 g ) 1.81 1.56 1.53 1.58 1.66 1.47 1.52 1.42
ECEC (meq/100
g ) 19.82 18.23 15.41 14.97 11.72 10.06 8.72 7.64
Table 6 : Pollution index of Iko River water for dry / wet seasons
Parameter Dry Season Wet Season
Mean WHO Limits Pollution index Mean WHO Limits Pollution index
Temp. o C 24.5 25 0.98 24.08 25 0.96
Conductivity ( m S/cm ) 76.2 50 1.52 57.5 50 1.15
p H 6.69 6.5 - 8.5 1.03 6.62 6.5 - 8.5 1.02
DO ( mg/l ) 7.93 5 1.59 6.01 5 1.2
BOD5 ( mg/l ) 3.11 6 0.52 3.39 6 0.57
COD ( mg/l) 5.35 10 0.54 5.31 10 0.53
Total Hydrocarbon ( mg/l) 44.12 50 0.88 35.59 50 0.71
Ca ( mg/l ) 15.21 50 0.31 13.97 50 0.28
Mg ( mg/l) 885.5 250 3.54 612.7 250 2.45
Na ( mg/l) 1580 250 6.32 824.5 250 3.3
K ( mg/l ) 294.7 250 1.18 178.1 250 0.71
Acidity ( mg/l) 2.68 2.11
Sulphate ( mg/l) 255.9 250 1.02 184.3 250 0.74
Nitrate ( mg/l ) 2.5 45 0.06 1.91 45 0.04
Nitrite ( mg/l) 0.18 5 0.04 0.42 5 0.08
Chloride ( mg/l) 441.1 250 1.76 410.3 250 1.64
Ammonium ( mg/l ) 0.11 < 1.0 0.11 0.17 < 1.0 0.17
Salinity ( %o ) 0.8 0.74
Table 7 : Particle Size distribution of sediments from Iko River
Particle size Mean for Dry Season Mean for Wet Season
Sand ( % ) 78.22 74.36
Clay ( % ) 9.45 10.46
Silt ( % ) 12.32 15.13
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Fig . 2 : Mean monthly Acidity and Exchangeable cations in water from Iko River
Fig. 3 : Mean monthly variation of salinity, nutrients, p H , DO, BOD5 and COD in water
Fig. 4 : Mean monthly Total N, Cond., p H , TOC , Avail. P in sediments from Iko River.
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Fig. 11 : Particle size distribution of Iko River for Dry/Wet Seasons
Fig. 5 : Mean monthly variation of exchangeable cations, exchangeable acidity and ECEC
in sediment from Iko River
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Fig. 6 : Mean monthly THC in water and sediment from Iko River
Fig. 7 : Mean monthly variation of Base saturation, Total carbon and sulphur in sediments
from Iko River
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Fig. 8 : Mean monthly Physicochemical parameters in water from Iko River during
dry /wet seasons
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Fig. 9 : Mean monthly Mg, Na, K, Cl, Sulphate, Cond. Of water from Iko River during the dry/wet seasons
Fig.10 : Mean Physicochemical parameters in sediment from Iko River during
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Dry Season
Wet season
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