The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Assessing soil nutrient depletion to household food insecurity in the smallho...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study assessing soil nutrient depletion and its impact on household food insecurity in smallholder farming systems in the western hills of Lake Abaya, Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) Soil analysis showed progressively decreasing organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, and cation exchange capacity with distance from homesteads, indicating soil nutrient depletion.
2) 61% of households were food insecure, unable to feed themselves for more than 9 months per year, compared to 28.2% in low-lying areas.
3) Per capita food availability was below the minimum recommended level in some villages, with undernourishment rates over 100% in the most food insecure village.
4
Agro ecological assessment of soil quality of a river watershed in the niger ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed soil samples from 9 sites around the River Ediene watershed in Nigeria to determine soil quality. Chemical tests found the soil to have low levels of important nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium compared to standards. Organic matter content was only 0.9%, far below the ideal level of 5%. The soil was also acidic with a pH of 6.17. Overall, the study concluded the soil quality was poor and would need to be improved for effective agriculture due to deficiencies in important nutrients and organic matter.
Characterisation and soil pollution in agrarian floodplain of ibadan peri urb...Alexander Decker
This document characterizes soils in the floodplain of Ibadan, Nigeria that are used for dry season farming. Soil samples were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the surface soils have high levels of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that make them fertile. However, the soils also have very high levels of phosphorus (between 28.99-87.70 ppm) and heavy metals like lead, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, chromium, and cadmium that exceed safe levels for crops based on models of metal uptake. The high levels of phosphorus may inhibit uptake of some metals and explain why crops still grow well and yields are high, despite the presence of toxic metals. The research aims to
This document provides an overview of assessing soil quality. It discusses the importance of evaluating soil quality to understand the impacts of management practices on soil functions. Key parameters for assessing soil quality are organized into physical, chemical, and biological indicators. Common methods for evaluating soil quality indicators include statistical analysis, soil quality indexing, and case studies. Maintaining or improving soil quality is important for ensuring soil health and sustainable agricultural productivity over the long term.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.14
ABSTRACT- The physico-chemical properties of four lands use types in Akokwa of Ideato North, Imo State, Nigeria
were determined. The land use patterns were fallow land (FL), cassava continuously cultivated land (CL), Oil palm
plantation (OPL) and Yam plot (YL). Composite samples were collected from various depths (0 -15 cm, 15 – 30 cm,
30 – 45 cm) across these land use patterns and analyzed in the laboratory. Data generated were subjected to analysis of
variance. Results obtained showed significant difference (P≤0.05) in soil bulk density, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen
(TN), available phosphorus (Av. P) and ECEC across the four land use types. The bulk density value was highest at
30 – 45 cm depth by CL (1.93 g/cm3), followed by YL (1.89 g/cm3), OPL (1.70 g/cm3) and FL (1.68 g/cm3). The TN
content of the soil was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (0.25%) while the lowest was found in the CL plot (0.03%).
The soil Av. P content was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (9.63 mg/kg) while the lowest value was obtained in CL
plot (1.16 mg/kg). The values of OC at the depths of 0 – 15 cm, 15 – 30 cm and 30 – 45 cm in the FL (1.03%, 0.49%.
0.45%) were found to be significantly different (P≤0.05) from the CL (0.39%, 0.15%, 0.13%) land use type. Results
obtained showed that different land use types have varying effects on soil physical and chemical properties. The fallow
land had on the surface (0 – 15 cm) the highest content of soil chemical properties and lowest bulk density. Therefore,
farmers may periodically fallow their lands to build up organic matter, stabilize soil aggregates, improves nutrient cycles
for sustainable productivity.
Key-words- Land use, Soil chemical properties, Bulk density, Fallow land, Cassava land, Yam land, Oil palm land
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses soil erosion and methods to prevent it. It begins by defining soil and describing the different types of soil degradation, including physical, chemical, and biological degradation. It then focuses on soil erosion, describing it as the movement of soil particles from their original site via agents like water, wind, ice, and human activity. The main types of water erosion are then outlined, including splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, stream bank erosion, and shore erosion. Causes of erosion like deforestation and overgrazing are also listed. The document concludes by describing various biological and agronomic methods that can be used to prevent erosion, such as contour farming, strip cropping, intercro
This document discusses optimal nitrogen rates for corn production. It summarizes research from over 40 trials conducted over 3 years that found optimal nitrogen rates averaged slightly less than 1 pound per bushel of corn, with a range of almost none to 1.2 pounds per bushel. The research also found relatively high corn yields without any supplemental nitrogen application. The highest optimal nitrogen rates were typically associated with the lowest yielding environments. The document explores where corn obtains its nitrogen from and what happens to fertilizer nitrogen after application. It discusses factors that influence optimal nitrogen rates between sites.
Assessing soil nutrient depletion to household food insecurity in the smallho...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study assessing soil nutrient depletion and its impact on household food insecurity in smallholder farming systems in the western hills of Lake Abaya, Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) Soil analysis showed progressively decreasing organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, and cation exchange capacity with distance from homesteads, indicating soil nutrient depletion.
2) 61% of households were food insecure, unable to feed themselves for more than 9 months per year, compared to 28.2% in low-lying areas.
3) Per capita food availability was below the minimum recommended level in some villages, with undernourishment rates over 100% in the most food insecure village.
4
Agro ecological assessment of soil quality of a river watershed in the niger ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed soil samples from 9 sites around the River Ediene watershed in Nigeria to determine soil quality. Chemical tests found the soil to have low levels of important nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium compared to standards. Organic matter content was only 0.9%, far below the ideal level of 5%. The soil was also acidic with a pH of 6.17. Overall, the study concluded the soil quality was poor and would need to be improved for effective agriculture due to deficiencies in important nutrients and organic matter.
Characterisation and soil pollution in agrarian floodplain of ibadan peri urb...Alexander Decker
This document characterizes soils in the floodplain of Ibadan, Nigeria that are used for dry season farming. Soil samples were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the surface soils have high levels of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that make them fertile. However, the soils also have very high levels of phosphorus (between 28.99-87.70 ppm) and heavy metals like lead, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, chromium, and cadmium that exceed safe levels for crops based on models of metal uptake. The high levels of phosphorus may inhibit uptake of some metals and explain why crops still grow well and yields are high, despite the presence of toxic metals. The research aims to
This document provides an overview of assessing soil quality. It discusses the importance of evaluating soil quality to understand the impacts of management practices on soil functions. Key parameters for assessing soil quality are organized into physical, chemical, and biological indicators. Common methods for evaluating soil quality indicators include statistical analysis, soil quality indexing, and case studies. Maintaining or improving soil quality is important for ensuring soil health and sustainable agricultural productivity over the long term.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.14
ABSTRACT- The physico-chemical properties of four lands use types in Akokwa of Ideato North, Imo State, Nigeria
were determined. The land use patterns were fallow land (FL), cassava continuously cultivated land (CL), Oil palm
plantation (OPL) and Yam plot (YL). Composite samples were collected from various depths (0 -15 cm, 15 – 30 cm,
30 – 45 cm) across these land use patterns and analyzed in the laboratory. Data generated were subjected to analysis of
variance. Results obtained showed significant difference (P≤0.05) in soil bulk density, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen
(TN), available phosphorus (Av. P) and ECEC across the four land use types. The bulk density value was highest at
30 – 45 cm depth by CL (1.93 g/cm3), followed by YL (1.89 g/cm3), OPL (1.70 g/cm3) and FL (1.68 g/cm3). The TN
content of the soil was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (0.25%) while the lowest was found in the CL plot (0.03%).
The soil Av. P content was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (9.63 mg/kg) while the lowest value was obtained in CL
plot (1.16 mg/kg). The values of OC at the depths of 0 – 15 cm, 15 – 30 cm and 30 – 45 cm in the FL (1.03%, 0.49%.
0.45%) were found to be significantly different (P≤0.05) from the CL (0.39%, 0.15%, 0.13%) land use type. Results
obtained showed that different land use types have varying effects on soil physical and chemical properties. The fallow
land had on the surface (0 – 15 cm) the highest content of soil chemical properties and lowest bulk density. Therefore,
farmers may periodically fallow their lands to build up organic matter, stabilize soil aggregates, improves nutrient cycles
for sustainable productivity.
Key-words- Land use, Soil chemical properties, Bulk density, Fallow land, Cassava land, Yam land, Oil palm land
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses soil erosion and methods to prevent it. It begins by defining soil and describing the different types of soil degradation, including physical, chemical, and biological degradation. It then focuses on soil erosion, describing it as the movement of soil particles from their original site via agents like water, wind, ice, and human activity. The main types of water erosion are then outlined, including splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, stream bank erosion, and shore erosion. Causes of erosion like deforestation and overgrazing are also listed. The document concludes by describing various biological and agronomic methods that can be used to prevent erosion, such as contour farming, strip cropping, intercro
This document discusses optimal nitrogen rates for corn production. It summarizes research from over 40 trials conducted over 3 years that found optimal nitrogen rates averaged slightly less than 1 pound per bushel of corn, with a range of almost none to 1.2 pounds per bushel. The research also found relatively high corn yields without any supplemental nitrogen application. The highest optimal nitrogen rates were typically associated with the lowest yielding environments. The document explores where corn obtains its nitrogen from and what happens to fertilizer nitrogen after application. It discusses factors that influence optimal nitrogen rates between sites.
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Soil Health Initiative - Doug Peterson, Natural Resources Conservation Service, from the 2015 Missouri Pork Expo, February 10 - 11, 2015, Columbia, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-missouri-pork-expo
ABSTRACT- Composite soil samples were collected from the rhizospheres of Gmelina arborea, Elaeis guineensis and Hevea brasiliensis plantations as well as the Rain Forest of over 20 years of age in Akampa L.G.A. at depths of 0-15 cm (surface soil) and 15-30 cm (sub surface soil), to examine the effects of land use and management practices on some physical, chemical and microbial properties of the soils. The soils were mainly sandy loam, strongly acid in reaction and generally low in available P, exchangeable Ca2+, K+ and Na+, but moderate in Mg2+ except for the surface soil in Elaeis guineensis plantation which was however, high in organic C (4.29 %), total N (0.37 %) and Mg (3.9 cmol kg-1). The soils regardless of the land use patterns were high in exchangeable acidity with Elaeis guineensis having the least values. Diverse species of microorganisms were isolated across the different plantations and rain forest, however, Elaeis guineensis recorded the highest microbial count. Land use altered the microbial population and also had an effect on the species composition of soil microbial communities. Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp and Mucor spp as well as Aspergillus niger were however, common across the study sites while other organisms were location specific suggesting vegetation and land use meddling. The effects of land use pattern were noted in the chemical and microbial alteration observed mostly in the top of rhizosphere soils. It is pertinent that good management practices such as liming, mulching as well as cover cropping be carried out to increase and maintain the fertility of the soils.
Key-words- Land use, Physicochemical and Microbial properties, Rain Forest, Rhizosphere
Effects of Soil Organic Matter in the Soil, Benefits of soil organic matter, Amount of Soil organic matter, Maintenance or improvement of SOM, Factors affecting formation and decomposition of SOM
Soil organic matter A presentation by Mr.Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
- Soil organic matter (SOM) encompasses all organic components in soil, including living organisms, fresh residues, and well-decomposed residues known as humus. SOM content in agricultural soils is typically 1-6% and provides numerous benefits to soil health.
- Fresh residues and decomposing organic matter are broken down by soil organisms, transforming plants materials into stable humus. Humus acts like a sponge, holding water and nutrients, and helps maintain good soil structure.
- Maintaining adequate levels of SOM through practices like proper fertilization, crop rotations, and returning crop residues can improve soil quality by
Health risks of heavy metals in selected food crops cultivatedAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal levels in soils and two commonly consumed food crops (cassava and plantain) in small-scale gold mining communities in Ghana. Soil samples contained heavy metals within permissible limits, though pollution load indices revealed significant metal loading. Heavy metal levels were higher in the food crops than soils. Lead, cadmium, zinc and copper levels in plantain, and lead, cadmium and zinc levels in cassava exceeded international safety standards. Analysis showed local inhabitants were at risk of long-term health effects from dietary exposure to these heavy metals.
Soil quality is considered as the capacity of a soil to function. Two types - Inherent & Dynamic Qualities. Assessment of soil quality. Selevtioof parameter. Physical Chemical and Biological parameters
Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of dif...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of different treated sewage sludge in soils of the Pampas region. In: Sewage Treatment: Uses, Processes and Impact. Editors: Anna Stephens and Mark Fuller, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788. ISBN: 978-1-60692-959-9. 95-123. 394p.
Effects of Irrigation Practices on Some Soil Chemical Properties on OMI Irrig...IJERA Editor
Irrigation practices have been observed to impact scheme soil properties and other parameters negatively. These could be as a result of irrigation water quality, method of application and nature of scheme soil. This study was therefore conducted to study the effects of irrigation practices on the soils of Omi irrigation scheme Kogi state, Nigeria after 13years of operation. Soil samples were taken at depths 0 – 20 cm (A1), 20 – 80 cm (A2) and 80 – 120 cm (A3) from two operating lands (OL); OL 5 and OL 18 of the study area. The samples were analysed for chemical parameters (pH, CEC, ESP, Mg2+, Ca2+, OM, and OC). The soil pH which was in the neutral range (pH=6.65 to 7.00) at inception of scheme, has become slightly acidic (pH=6.53 to 6.60). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) levels have also increased from 10cmol+kg-1 to 35cmol+kg-1. While Organic matter (OM) and Organic carbon (OC) also have marked increase in their levels (baseline as 0.93 to 1.08; for year 2013 as 9.52 to 9.79). Generally, the analysis indicated a need for proper monitoring of the scheme soil to prevent further deterioration.
effect of mining activities on vegetation composition and nutrient status of ...IJEAB
Mining is essential in the economic development plan of any country endowed with mineral resources. This is due to both internal and external economic benefits that are made available to countries that are involved in the extraction of mineral resources. Internally, there is creation of employment and revenue generation among others while externally; a substantial foreign exchange is available to such countries. However, looking at the socio-economic importance of the industry, most countries lose sight of the ensuing effect that might accrue to an area as a result of mining activities. This study sought to provide an empirical data to ascertain whether or not mining activities has affected tree diversity of the area in general and on vegetation and soil nutrients in particular. In the study diversity indices (Shannon, margalef and Pielou’s evenness) all indicated higher values for adjacent site 5 km away from the factory. Soil health indicators investigated revealed significant differences except Potassium, with adjacent site having higher mean values. This study has indicated that tree diversity was higher in the adjacent site and also that soil 5 km away from the factory was healthier than soil within factory site. Construction of shield over factory site is suggested.
This document discusses soil quality and sustainable agriculture. It defines soil quality as a soil's ability to function for its intended use. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy human needs while enhancing the environment and natural resources. Maintaining soil quality through practices like reduced tillage, crop rotations, and organic matter additions is important for achieving sustainable agriculture goals. Future research priorities include developing soil quality indexes, identifying biological indicators, and understanding how management practices impact soil quality indicators and agricultural sustainability.
ROLE OF SOIL ORGANIC MANURE IN SUSTAINING SOIL HEALTHRamyajit Mondal
This document discusses the role of soil organic manure in sustaining soil health. It defines soil health as the capacity of soil to function sustainably within an ecosystem. The use of chemical fertilizers is increasing crop production but degrading soil health over time. Organic manures from natural sources are a sustainable alternative that improve soil properties like structure, moisture retention, and nutrient levels. Factors like climate, vegetation, soil type and organisms influence organic matter levels in soil. Different types of organic manures are classified including farm yard manure, compost, green manuring, and vermicompost.
Liming effects on yield and yield attributes of nitrogen fertilized and brady...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of lime, bradyrhizobia inoculation, and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield attributes of soybean grown in acidic soil in Ethiopia. The main findings were:
1) Pod number, seed yield, seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight were significantly increased when lime and bradyrhizobia were used together, but nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect most yield attributes.
2) The highest seed yield was obtained with the combined application of lime, bradyrhizobia, and nitrogen fertilizer.
3) Using lime and bradyrhizobia together produced yields similar to applying nitrogen fertilizer,
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Soil Health Initiative - Doug Peterson, Natural Resources Conservation Service, from the 2015 Missouri Pork Expo, February 10 - 11, 2015, Columbia, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-missouri-pork-expo
ABSTRACT- Composite soil samples were collected from the rhizospheres of Gmelina arborea, Elaeis guineensis and Hevea brasiliensis plantations as well as the Rain Forest of over 20 years of age in Akampa L.G.A. at depths of 0-15 cm (surface soil) and 15-30 cm (sub surface soil), to examine the effects of land use and management practices on some physical, chemical and microbial properties of the soils. The soils were mainly sandy loam, strongly acid in reaction and generally low in available P, exchangeable Ca2+, K+ and Na+, but moderate in Mg2+ except for the surface soil in Elaeis guineensis plantation which was however, high in organic C (4.29 %), total N (0.37 %) and Mg (3.9 cmol kg-1). The soils regardless of the land use patterns were high in exchangeable acidity with Elaeis guineensis having the least values. Diverse species of microorganisms were isolated across the different plantations and rain forest, however, Elaeis guineensis recorded the highest microbial count. Land use altered the microbial population and also had an effect on the species composition of soil microbial communities. Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp and Mucor spp as well as Aspergillus niger were however, common across the study sites while other organisms were location specific suggesting vegetation and land use meddling. The effects of land use pattern were noted in the chemical and microbial alteration observed mostly in the top of rhizosphere soils. It is pertinent that good management practices such as liming, mulching as well as cover cropping be carried out to increase and maintain the fertility of the soils.
Key-words- Land use, Physicochemical and Microbial properties, Rain Forest, Rhizosphere
Effects of Soil Organic Matter in the Soil, Benefits of soil organic matter, Amount of Soil organic matter, Maintenance or improvement of SOM, Factors affecting formation and decomposition of SOM
Soil organic matter A presentation by Mr.Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
- Soil organic matter (SOM) encompasses all organic components in soil, including living organisms, fresh residues, and well-decomposed residues known as humus. SOM content in agricultural soils is typically 1-6% and provides numerous benefits to soil health.
- Fresh residues and decomposing organic matter are broken down by soil organisms, transforming plants materials into stable humus. Humus acts like a sponge, holding water and nutrients, and helps maintain good soil structure.
- Maintaining adequate levels of SOM through practices like proper fertilization, crop rotations, and returning crop residues can improve soil quality by
Health risks of heavy metals in selected food crops cultivatedAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal levels in soils and two commonly consumed food crops (cassava and plantain) in small-scale gold mining communities in Ghana. Soil samples contained heavy metals within permissible limits, though pollution load indices revealed significant metal loading. Heavy metal levels were higher in the food crops than soils. Lead, cadmium, zinc and copper levels in plantain, and lead, cadmium and zinc levels in cassava exceeded international safety standards. Analysis showed local inhabitants were at risk of long-term health effects from dietary exposure to these heavy metals.
Soil quality is considered as the capacity of a soil to function. Two types - Inherent & Dynamic Qualities. Assessment of soil quality. Selevtioof parameter. Physical Chemical and Biological parameters
Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of dif...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of different treated sewage sludge in soils of the Pampas region. In: Sewage Treatment: Uses, Processes and Impact. Editors: Anna Stephens and Mark Fuller, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788. ISBN: 978-1-60692-959-9. 95-123. 394p.
Effects of Irrigation Practices on Some Soil Chemical Properties on OMI Irrig...IJERA Editor
Irrigation practices have been observed to impact scheme soil properties and other parameters negatively. These could be as a result of irrigation water quality, method of application and nature of scheme soil. This study was therefore conducted to study the effects of irrigation practices on the soils of Omi irrigation scheme Kogi state, Nigeria after 13years of operation. Soil samples were taken at depths 0 – 20 cm (A1), 20 – 80 cm (A2) and 80 – 120 cm (A3) from two operating lands (OL); OL 5 and OL 18 of the study area. The samples were analysed for chemical parameters (pH, CEC, ESP, Mg2+, Ca2+, OM, and OC). The soil pH which was in the neutral range (pH=6.65 to 7.00) at inception of scheme, has become slightly acidic (pH=6.53 to 6.60). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) levels have also increased from 10cmol+kg-1 to 35cmol+kg-1. While Organic matter (OM) and Organic carbon (OC) also have marked increase in their levels (baseline as 0.93 to 1.08; for year 2013 as 9.52 to 9.79). Generally, the analysis indicated a need for proper monitoring of the scheme soil to prevent further deterioration.
effect of mining activities on vegetation composition and nutrient status of ...IJEAB
Mining is essential in the economic development plan of any country endowed with mineral resources. This is due to both internal and external economic benefits that are made available to countries that are involved in the extraction of mineral resources. Internally, there is creation of employment and revenue generation among others while externally; a substantial foreign exchange is available to such countries. However, looking at the socio-economic importance of the industry, most countries lose sight of the ensuing effect that might accrue to an area as a result of mining activities. This study sought to provide an empirical data to ascertain whether or not mining activities has affected tree diversity of the area in general and on vegetation and soil nutrients in particular. In the study diversity indices (Shannon, margalef and Pielou’s evenness) all indicated higher values for adjacent site 5 km away from the factory. Soil health indicators investigated revealed significant differences except Potassium, with adjacent site having higher mean values. This study has indicated that tree diversity was higher in the adjacent site and also that soil 5 km away from the factory was healthier than soil within factory site. Construction of shield over factory site is suggested.
This document discusses soil quality and sustainable agriculture. It defines soil quality as a soil's ability to function for its intended use. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy human needs while enhancing the environment and natural resources. Maintaining soil quality through practices like reduced tillage, crop rotations, and organic matter additions is important for achieving sustainable agriculture goals. Future research priorities include developing soil quality indexes, identifying biological indicators, and understanding how management practices impact soil quality indicators and agricultural sustainability.
ROLE OF SOIL ORGANIC MANURE IN SUSTAINING SOIL HEALTHRamyajit Mondal
This document discusses the role of soil organic manure in sustaining soil health. It defines soil health as the capacity of soil to function sustainably within an ecosystem. The use of chemical fertilizers is increasing crop production but degrading soil health over time. Organic manures from natural sources are a sustainable alternative that improve soil properties like structure, moisture retention, and nutrient levels. Factors like climate, vegetation, soil type and organisms influence organic matter levels in soil. Different types of organic manures are classified including farm yard manure, compost, green manuring, and vermicompost.
Liming effects on yield and yield attributes of nitrogen fertilized and brady...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of lime, bradyrhizobia inoculation, and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield attributes of soybean grown in acidic soil in Ethiopia. The main findings were:
1) Pod number, seed yield, seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight were significantly increased when lime and bradyrhizobia were used together, but nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect most yield attributes.
2) The highest seed yield was obtained with the combined application of lime, bradyrhizobia, and nitrogen fertilizer.
3) Using lime and bradyrhizobia together produced yields similar to applying nitrogen fertilizer,
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document analyzes the embedded energy of on-farm losses and energy flow for maize production in Nigeria. The total energy input for maize production was estimated at 9,502 MJ/ha, with fertilizer accounting for 58% of energy use. The total energy output was 33,510 MJ/ha. The embedded energy in on-farm maize losses for 2000-2012 was estimated at 6,816 MJ, with losses highest in 2012 at 1,995 MJ. Improving efficiency could help reduce energy losses from wasted maize.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Advanced Embedded Automatic Car Parking Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Comparative Analysis of low area and low power D Flip-Flop for Different Logi...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Study of Impact Damage on C-Type and E-Type of Fibreglass Subjected To Lo...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Soil fertility improvement by Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A Gray and its e...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An Experimental Study of Low Velocity Impact (Lvi) On Fibre Glass Reinforced ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Performance Analysis of Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul Optical Fiber u...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloys with SiC Di...theijes
The document summarizes a study that characterized the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys with silicon carbide (SiC) dispersants. Samples of aluminum reinforced with 0%, 5%, 15%, and 25% SiC by volume were produced by stir casting and annealed. Testing showed that increasing SiC content increased tensile strength and hardness but reduced ductility. The ultimate tensile strength increased from 90 MPa for the unreinforced sample to 153 MPa for the 25% reinforced sample. Hardness increased from 25 to 48 Rockwell hardness with more SiC, while ductility decreased from 40% to under 4% elongation.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Characterisation and soil pollution in agrarian floodplain of ibadan peri urb...Alexander Decker
This document characterizes soils and determines pollution in agricultural floodplains near Ibadan, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from two profile pits and analyzed. The floodplain soil had evidence of waste deposition including plastic and metal. Testing found high levels of phosphorus and several heavy metals. While crop uptake of some metals could be toxic, field evidence showed no impact on plant health or yields. The surface soils were fertile with moderate to high nutrients but elevated concentrations of lead, zinc, and iron that could potentially be taken up by plants. Overall, the study assessed soil quality and pollution risks in peri-urban agricultural areas impacted by urban waste.
A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi ...ijtsrd
The mangrove soils as one of the global soil types is a major carbon store that helps to curb the rising global temperatures. This is not unconnected to their high carbon storing and sequestration potentials of the peat soils. The conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves soils on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out baseline assessments of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of this peat soil. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling using an inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, with collection of peat soils using a soil auger to different depth for laboratory analysis was done. Soils Organic Carbon stocks were estimated from soils to a depth of 100cm and determined using chromic acid digestion and spectrophotometric analysis. Parameters determined were bulk density and percentage carbon. Results showed that soil carbon stock density ranged from 705.8 Mg ha to 546.2 Mg ha . Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the Soil Organic carbon stock was 632.65 Mg ha Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba "A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi Peninsula South-West Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30515.doc Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30515/a-baseline-assessment-of-soil-organic-carbon-in-the-mangroves-of-the-bakassi-peninsula-southwest-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
Aptitude of Ground waters for Irrigation in the South-East Coastal Region of ...inventionjournals
Development of agricultural areas pressures on the availability of water resources in the South-East coastal region of Côte d'Ivoire (from Abidjan to Aboisso) require farmers to use groundwater for irrigation food and industrial crops. The objective of this study is to assess the aptitude of groundwater for irrigation in this region by using methods that take into account the Sodium Adsorption Report (SAR) and the Permeability Index (PI). The different results show that the SAR values range from 0.03 to 9.90 with an average of 1.83 while the PIs range from 5.11 to 210.77 with an average of 91.40. The C1S1 and C2S1 classes, corresponding to the water suitable for irrigation, represent 95% of the water sampled. In general, therefore, the sampled waters quality is suitable for irrigation except the boreholes waters of Memni (No. 59) and Palmafrique (No. 64).
1) The document presents results from a study of soil properties in Malawi's Lake Chilwa basin where conservation agriculture is being introduced as a sustainable land use system. Soil samples from 176 fields across several regions were analyzed.
2) Results showed that the basin's soils are generally loamy sands or sands with bulk densities within ideal ranges except for loamy sands. Soil pH ranged from slightly acidic to alkaline while organic matter content was within normal levels but still low.
3) Conservation agriculture has the potential to improve soil structure, increase organic matter and carbon over time, and help farmers adapt to climate change by making soils more resilient to drought.
Pesticides Occurrence in an Alfisol of Sudano-Sahelian Agricultural Watershed...IJERA Editor
Soil contamination by pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphates and pyrethroids) has been studied in the agricultural watershed (60.6 km2) of Korokoro in Mali. Farmers of this watershed produce cotton and cereals (sorghum, maize, millet). Soil samples (0-20 cm) of an alfisol used for cotton cropping were collected at the end of the cropping seasons 2010 and 2011. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometer for quantifying the main pesticides (profenofos, acetamiprid, atrazine and cypermethrin) frequently used in the watershed and others organochlorine pesticides (DDT, endosulfan and HCH) that could be still detected. The results showed that soils were contaminated by DDT and its metabolites (0.1 to 3.5 μg.kg-1) due to past agricultural uses for African migratory locust control while those of endosulfan sulfate (detection limit to 4.2 μg.kg-1) and cypermethrin (2.5 to 6.2 μg.kg-1) were due to their actual application on cotton. According to mass balances calculation cypermethrin residues are stocked in the soil compartment of the watershed after its application on cotton. This accumulation was evaluated at 13 ± 0.4% of applied quantities.
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of agricultural activities on water quality in the Dufuya wetlands in Zimbabwe. Samples of groundwater, surface runoff water, and fertilizers were collected and analyzed for pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates, and phosphates. The results showed that pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates and phosphates levels in water samples were within WHO guidelines. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were low and not significantly different between water sources. While fertilizer application rates were high at 30-60 tons/hectare per year, the study found fertilizer use had no negative effects on water quality in the wetlands.
Impact of long term application of agrochemicals on the agro-ecology of the l...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the impact of long-term agrochemical use on soil and water quality in the lower Anambra River Basin in Nigeria. Samples were analyzed for heavy metal content and microbial load. Results found heavy metal levels in soil and runoff water exceeded standards for agriculture and domestic use. Microbial loads in soil samples were also reduced compared to standards. Long-term application of agrochemicals like fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides introduced heavy metals into the soil and water that harmed microbial life and contaminated the environment. Countermeasures like adding organic manure were recommended to remediate soils and improve quality.
Ameliorative potential of rice hull and straw in the ecological restoration o...Open Access Research Paper
Rice hull and straw are renewable wastes contain 28-30% of inorganic and 70-72% of organic compounds. Its ameliorative potential in enhancing the physicochemical properties of mine degraded soils was investigated. Soils collected from Backfill Material/Overburden (BM) and desilted materials (DM) from settling ponds of Carrascal Nickel Corporation (CNC) were used following six treatments. BM and DM from settling ponds were treated with rice hull and rice straw with 2:1 ratio by weight, respectively. After ameliorating soils from overburden and silted materials from CNC with rice straw and rice hull, observations showed that there are no significant differences in pH, % Organic Matter (OM) and phosphorous (P) between treatments; there is high significant difference (p<0.01) in potassium (K) between treatments except between treatment 3 (soil 1 with rice straw) and treatment 6 (soil 2 with rice hull) where there is no significant difference noted; and the concentrations of Ca, Mg, S and Zn in soils with rice hull did not differ with soils before amelioration, but differed to soils with rice straw, while results in soil texture exhibited otherwise. Therefore, rice straw and rice hull have ameliorative properties that will improve the physico-chemical characteristics of mine degraded soils. It is recommended that rice straw and rice hull will be allowed to decompose in mine degraded soils to enhance its physico-chemical properties. It is also recommended to conduct studies on the response of different crops to mine degrade soils ameliorated with rice straw and rice hull.
Analysis of leachates from solid waste dumpsites a tool for predicting the qu...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes leachates and soils from five solid waste dumpsites in Accra, Ghana. Heavy metals (cadmium, lead, zinc, manganese, copper) and pathogens (coliform bacteria, helminth eggs) were found in higher levels in the wet season compared to the dry season. The high levels of heavy metals and pathogens indicate that waste from these dumpsites would require sorting to remove contaminants before use in composting. Proper composting temperatures and curing periods would also be needed to eliminate pathogens from any compost produced from these waste sources. The quality of compost produced would depend on the waste composition and levels of pollutants.
Impact of crop rotation on mycorrhizal fungi in irrigated soils of the Doukka...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study has been conducted on the soils of irrigated perimeter of Doukkala. It is to assess the impact of the rotation of a species not mycotrophic (Beta vulgaris) with cereals on the natural resources of the mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi whose profits for the growth of plants are known. The results obtained show that this type of culture has a negative effect on the richness of the soil in spores and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi, and on the content of arbuscules which are the places of exchanges between the partners. The authors offer recommendations on cultivation practices which can be modulated in order to preserve this natural resource.
Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
Diversity of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated to Acacia seyal (Delile)...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with Acacia seyal trees in semi-arid regions of Senegal with varying salt concentrations. Soil and root samples from three sites were used to establish trap cultures. Microscopic analysis identified 8 AMF morphotypes belonging to the Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae and Acaulosporaceae families. The diversity varied between sites, with 4 morphotypes found in the highest salinity site, 2 in the intermediate site, and 3 shared between soil and roots at the lowest salinity site. The study provides initial data on AMF species associated with A. seyal's
Surface and ground water pollution in abata ogun agricultural wetlandAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study assessing the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on surface and ground water quality in Abata Ogun agricultural wetland in Nigeria. Water sampling during rainy and dry seasons found high concentrations of nutrients, bacteria, and other pollutants indicating contamination from agricultural activities. Wells and streams on the farm had lower water quality than the control well, with measurements exceeding standards. The wetland's stream deposited sediments and contamination spread downstream. The study highlights the need for awareness and sustainable farming practices to prevent health risks from consuming contaminated water.
Impact of wastewater irrigation on major nutrient status in soil near Bhaluka...AbdullaAlAsif1
The population increase has not only increased the fresh water demand but also increased the volume of wastewater generated. Treated or recycled wastewater (RWW) appears to be the only water resource that is increasing as other sources are dwindling. Increasing need for water has resulted in the emergence of domestic wastewater application for agriculture and its relative use. The present study was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2013 to evaluate the contribution of wastewater to major soil nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na) and fluctuation in physicochemical properties of soil (soil pH and Ec) from waste carrying canal at 10 selected sites of Bhaluka Upazila. Three (3) soil samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 m distances from the waste discharging canals. The pH, EC, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na in soil samples decreased gradually with the increase of distance from waste discharging canal. Maximum concentrations of N at 60 and 0m distance varied from 8400 to 9700, P from 1850 to 5000, K from 4600 to 6000, S from 2000 to 4000, Ca from 7500 to 28800, Mg from 7500 to 7800, B from 90 to 2800 and Na from 2300 to 3100 μg g-1 in test soil.The results showed better nutrient status of the soil along waste discharge canals. The findings give applicable advice to commercial farmers and agricultural researchers for proper management and use of treated industrial wastewater for agricultural purpose.
Pollution studies on ground water contamination waterAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on groundwater contamination and water quality in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. It provides background on groundwater, noting that it is replenished from precipitation and often used for drinking, industry, and agriculture. The study area of Abeokuta lies within basement complex rocks and has problems locating productive aquifers. Groundwater potential depends on weathering and fracturing of the crystalline bedrock. Many people depend on hand-dug wells and groundwater, but supply is problematic especially in the dry season, with low yields and water quality issues from activities like urbanization.
The document discusses soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics in agricultural systems. It provides examples showing that only a small portion (around 10-17%) of crop residues and roots are retained as SOM in the long term. Factors like soil texture, historical vegetation, climate, landscape position, and management practices influence SOM levels by affecting the balance between organic matter inputs and losses through decomposition. Fine-textured soils in low-lying areas generally have higher SOM compared to coarse-textured or well-drained soils. Protecting organic materials from decomposition by physical protection within soil aggregates or association with mineral particles increases long-term retention as SOM.
This document discusses soil quality and its assessment. It defines soil quality as the capacity of soil to function and sustain productivity while maintaining environmental and human health. Soil quality has two aspects: inherent quality based on geological factors, and dynamic quality that can change over time based on human activities. Key parameters of soil quality include organic matter, nutrients, texture, structure, density, porosity, temperature, cation exchange capacity, and pH. Major threats to soil quality are nutrient imbalances, tillage practices, pesticide/fertilizer misuse, lack of organic matter, and natural/human disasters. Proper management through organic matter addition, reduced tillage, integrated pest/nutrient management, and addressing problem soils can help maintain soil
Interactive Effects of Stream Sizes and Furrow Geometry on Furrow Irrigation ...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document summarizes a study that examined the interactive effects of irrigation stream sizes, furrow lengths, and furrow widths on soil erosion, growth, and yield of maize in Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria. The study involved irrigating maize with three different stream sizes (2.5, 1.5, and 0.5 l/s) in furrows of two lengths (90m and 45m) and two widths (0.75m and 0.9m). Results showed that the tallest maize plants were grown with a stream size of 1.5 l/s in long, wide furrows. Short, narrow furrows irrigated at 2.5 l/s had
Modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry matte...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and crop performance. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using soil sampled from farmers' fields that was split into sterilized and non-sterilized samples. Seven rates of effluent were applied as treatments. The effluent was found to have high pH, EC, nutrients but low micronutrients and heavy metals. Application of effluent reduced crop dry weight and decreased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen over time. Higher effluent volumes increased pH, EC and exchangeable bases in both soils. The non-sterilized soil showed initial benefits from low effluent volumes but effects eventually matched the steril
Clay harvesting in Ghana causes environmental impacts. A study examined clay harvesting near Mpraeso Amanfrom. It found:
1) Most harvesters had low education and did not understand environmental effects.
2) Harvesting close to water bodies polluted the water and changed its color.
3) Harvested lands were usually not reclaimed, leaving the soil unusable.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...
F0371025033
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 7 || Pages || 25-33 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 25
Trace Elements Distribution in Soil Columns as affected by
Cassava Effluents Application
1
Babajide, N. A.; 2
Aremu, D. O.; 2
Akinyele, O. A., 2
Oladimeji, S. T. And
3
Ogunlade, C. A.
1
National Rice/Maize Centre, c/o Federal Dept. of Agric., Moor Plantation, Ibadan
2
Federal College of Agriculture, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria.
3
Department of Agricultural & Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
-----------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------
Cassava effluent in form of wastewater obtained during the processing of “garri”, is indiscriminately released
into the environment, the effect of which is not fully known on soils and groundwater. This study investigated the
distribution of two trace elements (Cu and Mn) found in the effluent through soil columns. The experiment was
conducted using three different soil types namely; Iwo, Apomu and Egbeda and four varying proportions of
cassava effluent (0ml – Control, 6ml, 12ml and 18ml). The four varying proportions of the effluents translates to
2.74, 5.48, 8.22, 10.96 mg/l of Cu and 1.83, 3.66, 5.49, 7.32 mg/l of Mn. The soil samples were compacted to
soil bulk density of 1.50g/cm3
inside 50 cm long and 15cm diameter columns. The leachates were collected
every 24 hours after the start of the experiment and analyzed for Cu and Mn using the Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (AAS). The result shows that the total leachate concentration (in mg/l) of Cu in 7days varied
from 5.54 to 10.11 for Iwo, 5.13 to 14.81 for Apomu and 9.2 to 15.31 for Egbeda as cassava effluent volume
increased from 0ml to 18ml; for Mn, it varies from 0.81 to 27.93, 1.7 to 34.26 and 12.03 to 36.19 for Iwo,
Apomu and Egbeda respectively. The effect of increasing cassava effluent volume on leachate concentration for
both Cu and Mn was in the order: Apomu > Egbeda > Iwo. The difference in total volume (in ml) leached after
40 minutes of simulated rainfall for 0ml and 12ml effluent additions were 13.3, 10.3 and 2.2 for Iwo, Apomu and
Egbeda respectively.
KEYWORDS: Soil type (Iwo, Apomu, Egbeda), Cassava Effluents, Trace Elements (Copper, Manganese) and
Leachate.
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Date of Submission: 04 June 2014 Date of Publication: 15 July 2014
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I. INTRODUCTION
Cassava (manihot esculenta crantz), the major and the chief staple food in tropical Africa, is regarded
as the most important among root and tuber crops. It can be processed into several products such as gaari, fufu,
starch, flour, etc. It is the processing of those products that releases the waste water to the immediate
environment and little effort is made to channel and collect the effluent for proper disposal. Cassava is one of
the ancient foods that have helped to improve the rural life by reducing the nation’s poverty rate and also serves
as means of wealth generation. As the demand for cassava increases, so the amount of the waste water released
into the environment increases which cause environmental pollution. Cassava consist of 60-70% water,
processing it dry reduces the moisture content and convert it into a more durable and stable product with less
volume, which makes it more transportable. Cassava, a plant originated from North-East Brazil, with the root as
a good source of carbohydrate and the leaves provide an inexpensive and rich source of protein and minerals in
the human diet (Adewusi and Akindahunsi, 1994). It is a traditional crop used by low-income people in the
tropics and recommended for both consumption and starch production.
Soils are crucial to life on earth because to a large extent, the soil quality determines the nature of plant
ecosystems and the capacity of land to support animal life and society (Brady and Weil, 1999). As human
societies become increasingly urbanized, fewer people have inmate contact with the soil and individuals tend to
lose sight of many ways in which depend on soils for their prosperity and survival. Therefore the rate to which
man depend on the soil is likely to increase not decrease in the future. Of course, soils will continue to supply us
with nearly all our food and much of our fibre, large percentage of our medicines and also biomass grown on
soils which is likely to become an increasingly important source of energy and industrial feed stocks.
2. Trace Elements Distribution in Soil Columns as affected by Cassava Effluents Application
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 26
Cassava, which is processed into different products, has gone through various processes which include;
peeling, washing, grating, dewatering, pulverizing and frying. The effluents are removed during the process of
dewatering by applying pressure on the grated cassava mash using wood, stones, screw or hydraulic press and
this process of pressing takes about 2-5 days. The waste water released during the processing, infiltrates into the
soil as contaminant or pollutant, which produce various intermediate and final chemical products that can be
environmentally damaging under normal physiological condition.
According to Brady and Weil (1999), the effluent infiltrating the soil is greatly influenced by the
predominant type of soil due to the varying infiltration capacities of different soils which depends on the size
and shape of grains. As part of these effluents infiltrate into the soil, the remaining parts that are left on the soil
surface are easily washed away by run-off from heavy rainfall into a nearly stream or pond. These effluents
contain cyanide in the form of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) which is very toxic to human life. The presence of
hydrogen cyanide in cassava was established by Carmody and Francis (1979). The extent of damage to which
waste water that infiltrates into the soil is imposing on the soil environment has not been properly quantified.
The presence of this solute in the soil may affect the soil water quality and the chemical property of the soil both
on long term and short term bases. The fate and the transport of these waste water constituents in the soil depend
on various factors. The factors include the adsorption characteristics of the constituents to the soil particles;
organic matter content of the soil; the soil solution pH and the loading rate of the constituent (Osunbitan, 2007).
Several developments over time have proved that there has been no much interest in the effects that cassava
effluents can cause to the immediate environment. The major reason being that, most of the cassava products
that release these effluents are being processed in the rural areas. The introduction of toxic and harmful waste
into the environment will have adverse effect on human and animal life, agricultural productivity, soil and even
the natural ecosystems. It is important then to know the distribution of these trace elements in the soil so as to
mitigate the harmful effects they may have on the soil and/or groundwater environment. Thus, the objectives of
this study are to evaluate the vertical distribution of trace elements from cassava waste water in the soil column
and to determine the effects of the waste water on the flow rate of water through the soil column.
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
The experiment was conducted using three different types of soils classified as Iwo, Apomu and
Egbeda series. The three soils were collected from the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching and Research
Farm to the depth of 40 cm at 8 cm depth interval. The sites at which the samples were collected have no history
of heavy metal application which could have occurred through fungicide, fertilizer or sewage effluent
application. The soil samples were collected using shovels and packed into sacks and then transported to the
laboratory for the column leaching experiment. Twelve 50 cm long and 15 cm diameter PVC pipes held the
samples, four for each soil type.
Iwo series are geographically classified as Iwo association, soils derived from coarse-grained granites,
coarse-grained granitic gneisses and pegmatite and form the most extensive group of soils in Western Nigeria,
and taxonomically classified as Ibadan fasc. Soils of these series usually occupy level or gently sloping sites at
high or intermediate levels in the topography. The sand fraction is usually coarse and small fragments of
feldspar are often present. Furthermore, a presence of relatively un-weathered minerals at moderate depth
suggests an ample reservoir of nutrients for deep rooted plants (Smith and Montgomery, 1962).
Apomu series are geographically classified as Apomu association and taxonomically classified as
Apomu fasc. By definition, profiles of Apomu series are very sandy in texture to a depth of at least 50 cm and
are free of stones and concretions to a similar depth. On account of the sandy nature of the soil, this soil has
poor properties of moisture and nutrient retention and is considered unsuitable for cocoa, coffee, kola and citrus
(Smith and Montgomery, 1962).
Egbeda series are geographically classified as Egbeda association, soils derived from fine-grained
biotite gneisses and schists, and taxonomically classified as Egbeda fasc. By definition, they are clayey in
texture, which is not sandier than very clayey sand in horizons between 25.4 cm and 30.5 cm from the surface.
The sand fraction is usually very fine throughout the profile, but a well-marked gravel layer, including quartz
gravel, quartz stones and fairly frequent small and spherical ironstone concretions, is present between depths of
25.4 cm and 50.8 cm. The mottled clays usually descend to depths greatly in excess of 305 cm and the only
change normally displayed with depth is in the intensity and colouring of the mottling (Smith and Montgomery,
1962).
The effluent was collected as its being released when grated cassava mesh are placed under a screw
press during garri production.
3. Trace Elements Distribution in Soil Columns as affected by Cassava Effluents Application
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 27
2.1 Method
The soil samples were collected and sun-dried to a moisture content of about 6% after which the soils
were pulverised to remove plant stems and roots and then homogenized by sieving of the clumps and gravel
using 2 mm sieves. Soil columns were then prepared using the collected soils for the mobility experiment. The
PVC pipes mentioned earlier open at both ends were used. Twelve columns were packed with the dried soils to
a bulk density of 1.50 g/cm3
- four columns for each soil type. This required that about 10 kg (mass, m =
density, ρ × volume, v) be packed into the column volume by volume (interval wise) for everything to fit in
uniformly.
The experimental design is 3 × 4 factorial arrangement. The factors considered are soil type (Iwo,
Egbeda, and Apomu soils) and cassava effluents volume of application (0 ml – for control experiment, 6 ml, 12
ml, and 18 ml). The cassava effluent application translates to: 2.74, 5.48, 8.22, 10.96 mg/l of copper; and 1.83,
3.66, 5.49, 7.32 mg/l of manganese for 0 ml, 6 ml, 12 ml, and 18 ml respectively. Table 3.1 shows the
treatments chosen and their levels of application as used in this experiment.
The effluent samples were metered linearly into the saturated soil columns from the top and allowed to
leach through the soil columns. Four volumes (0 ml, 6 ml, 12 ml, and 18 ml) were employed for the four
columns with each soil type respectively. A funnel and a plastic beaker placed at the end of each column were
used to collect leaching fluids from the columns as shown in Fig. 3.1. Rainfall was then simulated to model
solute transport through the soil column. The leached samples through each of the columns were chilled
immediately after collection until when required for analysis. The samples were later taken to the Central
Science Laboratory, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife for determination of Cu and Mn content using the
Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
Table 1:Treatment and Levels of Application
Fig. 1: Soil column set-up with receiver in place
4. Trace Elements Distribution in Soil Columns as affected by Cassava Effluents Application
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 28
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Leachate Analysis
The results obtained from the experiment are hereby presented. These were determined by the use of
the Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
3.1.1 Copper
The concentration of copper in the leachate through the soil columns for seven days of the experimental run are
given in Table 2. Figure 2 shows the daily leachate concentrations. There is an increase in total concentration leached –
obtained by adding the daily leachate concentrations – with increasing effluent volume for Apomu and Egbeda soils while it
remains unclear for Iwo soil. After about five days, the ions had almost completely leached in the Apomu soil. Iwo and
Egbeda soils follow similar patterns and were not leached-out in the Seven days of the experiment.
3.1.2 Manganese
Table 3 shows the prevalence of manganese, Mn, in the collected samples. It shows an increase in total
concentration leached with increasing effluent volume for Apomu and the relationship between the total concentration
leached and effluent volume remains indeterminate for the Iwo and Egbeda soils. Figure 3 shows the daily leachate
concentrations for the three soil types. Apomu quickly dissipates much of the ions reaching a peak concentration on Day 3 or
Day 4.
Table 2: Concentration (in mg/l) of Cu in the leachate
Soil Type Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Total
0 ml of effluents
Iwo series 0 3.04 0.14 1.65 0 0.71 0 5.54
Apomu series 2.11 0.69 1.61 0 0.72 0 0 5.13
Egbeda series 0 2.14 0 4.81 0 0 2.67 9.2
6 ml of effluents
Iwo series 0.4 0 1.54 3.31 1.74 2.16 0.89 10.04
Apomu series 1.24 1.89 1.43 1.95 0 0 1 7.51
Egbeda series 0 0.83 2.78 2.91 2.05 1.17 0 9.74
12 ml of effluents
Iwo series 1.85 2.08 0 1.98 0 1.85 2.35 10.11
Apomu series 0 2.17 1.7 3.56 0 0 2.43 9.86
Egbeda series 0 2.74 0.54 1.4 3.06 1.7 2.32 11.76
18 ml of effluents
Iwo series 1.56 0 1.48 1.18 0 1.94 2.1 8.26
Apomu series 0 3.23 4.44 3.05 3.12 0.97 0 14.81
Egbeda series 1.71 0 4.57 0.66 3.86 2.49 2.11 15.31
Table 3:Concentration (in mg/l) of Mn in the leachate
Soil Type Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Total
0ml of effluents
Iwo series 0 0 0.37 0 0.44 0 0 0.81
Apomu series 0.3 0.24 0.06 0 0.36 0.74 0 1.7
Egbeda series 0 0.09 0.08 11.2 0 0.62 0.04 12.03
6ml of effluents
Iwo series 0.83 0.27 0 2.45 3.46 2.01 0.31 9.33
Apomu series 0.41 4.21 1.04 6.33 0.35 0 0 12.34
Egbeda series 0.53 0.91 7.38 2.4 0.85 1.74 0.74 14.55
12ml of effluents
Iwo series 0.25 0 0 0.34 0 1.24 1.12 2.95
Apomu series 1.23 1.14 6.27 6.12 2.93 1.47 0.29 19.45
Egbeda series 0 0 2.14 1.31 3.3 2.07 2.12 10.94
18ml of effluents
Iwo series 1.47 1.97 7.51 0.99 0.72 8.93 5.77 27.93
Apomu series 0 4.12 11.2 8.29 8.63 2.02 0 34.26
Egbeda series 0.24 2.97 6.46 0 10.42 7.48 8.62 36.19
5. Trace Elements Distribution in Soil Columns as affected by Cassava Effluents Application
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 29
Figure 2: Concentrations (in mg/l) of Copper with Rainfall Simulation Interval for different soil
types.
6. Trace Elements Distribution in Soil Columns as affected by Cassava Effluents Application
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 30
Figure 3: Concentrations (in Mg/l) of Manganese with Rainfall Simulation Interval for different soil types.
3.2 Effects of Varying Proportions of Effluents
The effect of varying concentration 0, 6, 12, 18 ml of effluent on the mobility of Cu and Mn through
the soil columns is shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 respectively.
The results for the three soils indicate the presence of Cu and Mn in the original soils without effluent
addition. Increasing the concentration of Manganese leads to a corresponding increase in leachate concentration
for Apomu soil. For Iwo soil, and more importantly for Egbeda soils, the structure (prominence of the soil
micro- and macro- pores) and chemistry have a marked effect on the rate of leaching of Mn through the soil.
The inability to convincingly determine the pattern for Iwo must be due primarily to its organic nature, and then
to clayey proportion. The presence of soil micro-pores is the primary factor influencing flow through Egbeda
soil.
3.3 Rate Analysis
When compared with the control experiment (Figure 6) and Figure 7 (Rate analysis for 12 ml effluent
addition) shows that in soil columns to which the cassava effluent was added, the rate of infiltration by the
simulated rainfall dropped for Iwo and Apomu soils and rose for the Egbeda soil. The effluent addition also
caused the flow to reach its peak earlier than in the Control experiment. This is explained by the fact that due to
the slightly starchy nature of the effluent, most the soil macro-pores must have been blocked which leads to a
lower flow rate normally. However, the Egbeda soil having more micro-pores which are not blocked by the
effluent quickly reaches its peak flow earlier than Iwo and the Apomu soils – a reversal of what occurs in the
Control experiment.
7. Trace Elements Distribution in Soil Columns as affected by Cassava Effluents Application
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 31
Figure 4: Copper concentrations (mg/l) with Rainfall Simulation Interval for varying effluent proportions.
9. Trace Elements Distribution in Soil Columns as affected by Cassava Effluents Application
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 33
Figure 6: Rate of flow for 0ml effluent addition (control experiment)
Figure 7: Rate of flow for 12ml effluent addition.
IV. CONCLUSION
This experiment shows that distribution of heavy metals through soils is enhanced by porosity, and the
organic content of the soil. Highly porous soils like Apomu displayed an unusually high mobility of these two
ions under consideration. The more organic Iwo and clayey Egbeda displayed similar transport characteristics.
At the end of the duration chosen for the experiment, leachate from the Apomu soil columns had no trace of the
metals introduced. The effect of soil micro-structure and organic content is clearly evident and as observed serve
as the key factors influencing the mobility of Copper, Cu, and Manganese, Mn, through the soils types studied.
It has been shown by this experiment that these two metals will flow through the geological topsoil - surface to
40 cm depth - to lower layers and the rate decreases from Apomu to Iwo to Egbeda.
Thus, areas where cassava is being indiscriminately processed without any regard for wastewater
treatment, with the Apomu soil type, will be at high risk of underground water contamination. For the Iwo and
Egbeda soil types, it is observed that mobility was lesser than as it was for Apomu. The fairly average
concentration was being released everyday and at the end of the seven day run, the concentration had hardly
reduced. This implies that in such areas, with Iwo and Egbeda soil types, crops are at a higher exposure to re-
absorption.
REFERENCES
[1] Adewusi, S.R. and Akindahunsi, A.A. (1994). Cassava Processing, Consumption and Cyanide Toxicity. Journal of Toxicology
and Environmental Health, Vol. 43, Pg. 13-23.
[2] Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. (1999). The Nature and Properties of Soils, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 12th
Edition
[3] Carmody and Francis (1979). Toxicity of Cassava Roots, Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 2(3), Pg. 132-161, 1979.
[4] Osunbitan, J.A. (2007). Simulating Soil and Groundwater Contamination by Copper and Manganese from Agriculture
Fungicide. Ph.D Thesis of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
[5] Smith and Montgomery (1962). “Soil and Land Use in Capital Western Nigeria,” Ministry of Agriculture and Natural
Resources, Ibadan, Nigeria.