The document analyzes the hydrochemical facies and water quality of coastal aquifers in eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. Hydrogeological investigations found the aquifers are largely unconfined sands with some semi-confined areas. Water quality analysis of 140 groundwater samples found wide ranges and high standard deviations, indicating substantial quality differences within the study area. Six hydrochemical facies were identified using geochemical plots: Na-Cl, Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-Ca-SO4, Ca-Mg-Cl, Na-Fe-Cl, and Na-Fe-Cl-NO3. Saltwater intrusion between 5-185m and high iron between 20-175m were found natural
Critical Issues of Sustainability Associated with Quarry Activities-Crimson P...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
Critical Issues of Sustainability Associated with Quarry Activities by Nwachukwu MA*, Ojeaga K and Gilbert Chinelo in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Characterization and quantitative indicators of ground water quality in okrik...IJSIT Editor
The study aims at appraising the suitability of the water for domestic purposes. The pH values as
recorded in the area range from 6.2 – 7.7 with a mean of 6.9, indicating that the groundwater is weakly acidic
to alkaline. The low acidity of groundwater in the area probably results from industrial wastewaters. The
electrical conductivity values ranges from 12.25 – 92.7 (µS/cm) with an exception at George-Ama (Location
6) with 486.0µS/cm. Apart from this location all others fall within the WHO stipulated range of 150µS/cm.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ranges between 6.12 – 237.0mg/l against the WHO standard of 250mg/l. BH 1,
BH 3, BH 5, BH 6, BH 8, BH 11, BH 12, BH 14 and BH 16, all exceed 250mg/l. The high concentration is also
reflected in the conductivity of the area with BH 1, BH 3, BH 5, BH 6, and BH 11, all showing increasing
conductivity with increasing TDS. Total suspended solids (TSS) ranges from 0.00mg/l – 58.00mg/l. Chloride
concentration ranges between 18.00mg/l – 300mg/l. Chloride concentration above 40mg/l in groundwater is
an indication of saltwater intrusion BH 1, BH 2, BH 6, BH 8 and BH 13 show values higher than 40mg/l with
BH 2 (Gream-Ama) having 300mg/l. Apart from BH 2, all other areas fall within the WHO standards of
250mg/lIron values ranges from 0.01 to 2.50mg/l. This falls below the standard of 0.3mg/l, except in
Ogoloma (BH 4) and Ogbogbo (BH 5) with 2.50mg/l and 0.3mg/l, respectively. The average total hardness
recorded in the area is 31mg/l, this is indicative of soft groundwater in the area. The area has a low static
water level and minor records of salinity, which does not render the water unsuitable. A comparison of the
results with internationally accepted standards shows that the water is suitable for drinking and other
domestic purposes and for agricultural and industrial purposes. From the Piper’s trilinear diagram of the
concentrations of the major cations and anions in groundwater samples, the hydrochemical facies has been delineated as Sulphate – Chloride - Calcium – Biocarbonate (Cl-Ca-HCO3
-). It is suggested that the aquifers
should be protected against pollution and monitoring of groundwater quality on a regular basis to identify
any future degradation of the water in the area.
Hydrocarbon Concentration Levels in Groundwater in Jesse and Environ, Ethiope...Editor IJCATR
This study investigated Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of groundwater samples from Jesse and environs, Delta State Nigeria to ascertain the level of concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the Aliphatic components in the water sample from the study area.10 groundwater samples were collected from ten (10) different water borehole in Urhodo, Okurodo, Ajanasa, Idjedaka. etc in Jesse. The samples collected were analyzed using Gas chromatography method (GC-MS method). The result shows that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content ranges from 0.002 to 0.007(mg/l) and the aliphatic hydrocarbon content ranges from 0.03 to 0.422 mg/l. This concentrations levels when compared with standard limits from World Health Organization (WHO) tables, indicates that the concentrations of the Total petroleum hydrocarbon is relatively low and within the permissible limit. Thus, the contamination of the environment by total petroleum hydrocarbon in the study area pose no harmful threat to the environment. However, Periodic monitoring will serve for the protection of the groundwater supply in the study area. Further oil spillage should be avoided as it may lead to accumulations of hydrocarbons at dangerous level.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Critical Issues of Sustainability Associated with Quarry Activities-Crimson P...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
Critical Issues of Sustainability Associated with Quarry Activities by Nwachukwu MA*, Ojeaga K and Gilbert Chinelo in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Characterization and quantitative indicators of ground water quality in okrik...IJSIT Editor
The study aims at appraising the suitability of the water for domestic purposes. The pH values as
recorded in the area range from 6.2 – 7.7 with a mean of 6.9, indicating that the groundwater is weakly acidic
to alkaline. The low acidity of groundwater in the area probably results from industrial wastewaters. The
electrical conductivity values ranges from 12.25 – 92.7 (µS/cm) with an exception at George-Ama (Location
6) with 486.0µS/cm. Apart from this location all others fall within the WHO stipulated range of 150µS/cm.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ranges between 6.12 – 237.0mg/l against the WHO standard of 250mg/l. BH 1,
BH 3, BH 5, BH 6, BH 8, BH 11, BH 12, BH 14 and BH 16, all exceed 250mg/l. The high concentration is also
reflected in the conductivity of the area with BH 1, BH 3, BH 5, BH 6, and BH 11, all showing increasing
conductivity with increasing TDS. Total suspended solids (TSS) ranges from 0.00mg/l – 58.00mg/l. Chloride
concentration ranges between 18.00mg/l – 300mg/l. Chloride concentration above 40mg/l in groundwater is
an indication of saltwater intrusion BH 1, BH 2, BH 6, BH 8 and BH 13 show values higher than 40mg/l with
BH 2 (Gream-Ama) having 300mg/l. Apart from BH 2, all other areas fall within the WHO standards of
250mg/lIron values ranges from 0.01 to 2.50mg/l. This falls below the standard of 0.3mg/l, except in
Ogoloma (BH 4) and Ogbogbo (BH 5) with 2.50mg/l and 0.3mg/l, respectively. The average total hardness
recorded in the area is 31mg/l, this is indicative of soft groundwater in the area. The area has a low static
water level and minor records of salinity, which does not render the water unsuitable. A comparison of the
results with internationally accepted standards shows that the water is suitable for drinking and other
domestic purposes and for agricultural and industrial purposes. From the Piper’s trilinear diagram of the
concentrations of the major cations and anions in groundwater samples, the hydrochemical facies has been delineated as Sulphate – Chloride - Calcium – Biocarbonate (Cl-Ca-HCO3
-). It is suggested that the aquifers
should be protected against pollution and monitoring of groundwater quality on a regular basis to identify
any future degradation of the water in the area.
Hydrocarbon Concentration Levels in Groundwater in Jesse and Environ, Ethiope...Editor IJCATR
This study investigated Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of groundwater samples from Jesse and environs, Delta State Nigeria to ascertain the level of concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the Aliphatic components in the water sample from the study area.10 groundwater samples were collected from ten (10) different water borehole in Urhodo, Okurodo, Ajanasa, Idjedaka. etc in Jesse. The samples collected were analyzed using Gas chromatography method (GC-MS method). The result shows that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content ranges from 0.002 to 0.007(mg/l) and the aliphatic hydrocarbon content ranges from 0.03 to 0.422 mg/l. This concentrations levels when compared with standard limits from World Health Organization (WHO) tables, indicates that the concentrations of the Total petroleum hydrocarbon is relatively low and within the permissible limit. Thus, the contamination of the environment by total petroleum hydrocarbon in the study area pose no harmful threat to the environment. However, Periodic monitoring will serve for the protection of the groundwater supply in the study area. Further oil spillage should be avoided as it may lead to accumulations of hydrocarbons at dangerous level.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Flood Monitoring and Flood Risk Assessment in Agenebode, Edo State, NigeriaIJERA Editor
Flooding is a serious natural disaster that has become a recurrent event in many parts of the world causing huge loss of lives and properties. This study analyses flood risk potential in Agenebode, Edo state, Nigeria. Flood frequency analysis was carried out on discharge data from the River Niger at Onitsha from 1960-2006 as the discharge from this river is the primary cause of flooding of the study area. Log-Normal, Log-Pearson Type III and Gumbel probability distribution models were used to test for the most appropriate projection for discharge for different return periods.From the analysis, Log-normal distribution was selected as the most appropriate probability distribution for the series in order to determine projected flows for the river for different return periods. The rainfall pattern for the study area was analysed using gauge values for the period 1983-2010. Flood hazard assessment was carried out with the aid of ArcMap using the topographical feature data of the area, Digital Elevation Model obtained from Shuttle Radar Topographical Mission (SRTM) hole-filled seamless data and historical records of the previous flood occurrence. A flood hazard map produced indicated that about 1.8 km2 (72% of the total built-up area) of the area is at risk of flooding putting approximately 481 people at direct risk of flooding. This information is useful for providing ameliorative resources for the inhabitants in the event of a flood occurrence.
International journal of science technologyMiftahur Rizqi
Sand is an important mineral for our society in protecting the
environment, where this practice of sand and soil mining is becoming an
environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry and construction.
Mining and its associated activities can be responsible for considerable
environmental damage. In this article we are discussing about the direct and indirect
impacts due to soil and sand mining to the environment in Indian regions. Pollution
of the water is evident by the colouration of water which in most of the rivers and
streams in the mining area varies from brownish to reddish orange. Low pH (between 2-
3), high electrical conductivity, high concentration of ions of sulphate and iron and toxic
heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high BOD are some of the physicochemical
and biological parameters which characterize the degradation of water quality.
Contamination of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) originating from mines and spoils,
leaching of heavy metals, organic enrichment and silting by sand particles are major
causes of degradation of water quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This study aimed to challenge the mission of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau that Mining Shall Be Pro People and Pro Environment in Sustaining Wealth Creation and Improved Quality of Life. To assess the Maricalum Mining Corporation MMC areas, including the tailing pan, open pit, drilling and blasting, watershed, residential, and mine foot. Utilized the qualitative research design using the direct observation, documentary analysis of the reports on the mining operation, particularly the “Geohazard assessment of areas located along the Calat an River in Barangay Baclao, Cauayan and Barangay Cartagena, Sipalay City. The study revealed that the community needs to implement the cleanup activity to the abandoned mine waste to restore the ecological system of nature. Furthermore, the condition of the subject areas arrived in devising an appropriate removal and disposal plan for the destructive mining waste materials from the vast regions. The MGB utilized the fact finding results as the basis for the action taken on dangerous mining wastes. The plan was submitted to the MGB 6 and in the national office for perusal and approval. Jean Benedicto Pauyon | Engr. Jerome G. Mongcal | Leo C. Naparota | Johana J. Abdula | Rogelio A. Lovina, Jr. | Delmer A. Mondido | Allan Z. Caw-It "Mine Waste: A Social Deviance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42535.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/strategic-management/42535/mine-waste-a-social-deviance/jean-benedicto-pauyon
Presented by Dr. Shailesh Nayak Key-note Address at Achieving Sustainable Development Goals and Strengthening Science of Climate Resilience, Multi-Stakeholders
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque Riv...YogeshIJTSRD
River provides essential various ecosystem goods and services that are essential for living organisms’ survival. As such, its quality must be maintained to ensure the healthy condition of the environment as well as the safety of the community. The study aimed to assess the biophysical characteristics and the anthropogenic activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar. It employed descriptive research combined with laboratory analysis and SPSS was employed to treat and analyze the data.The study revealed that the physico chemical characteristics of the water in San Roque River in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, and turbidity were within the DENR standards. However, the water of the river was highly contaminated with total coli forms and fecal coli forms. Likewise, the salinity was beyond from the standard that made the water of the river salty. T test revealed that the characteristics of water during high and low tides showed no significant differences. On the contrary. It has shown significant difference on water parameters in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, and DO between high tide and the standards. Likewise, pH, TSS, BOD, and DO have shown significant difference on low tide with the standards. It also revealed that there were anthropogenic activities and practices of the community living along the river that directly affect the water quality and condition of the river. Moreover, this also concludes that there were no significant relationships on the characteristics of the water and the anthropogenic activities. Lastly, the San Roque River was classified as Class D river at the time of the conduct of the study. This concludes that the river needed rehabilitation so that the potential uses of the river would be maximized which would redound to better benefits of the community. Elvin L. Jarito | Gerald T. Malabarbas "Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38775.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/38775/biophysical-characteristics-and-the-anthropogenic-activities-in-san-roque-river-northern-samar/elvin-l-jarito
Effects of Baryte Mining on Water Quality in Azara-Awe Local Government Area...Sryahwa Publications
This study seeks to ascertain the extent of baryte mining pollution on water quality in Azara-Awe Local Government Area of Nasarawa state of Nigeria. To achieve this goal, two surface water and fourteen underground water samples were obtained in the study area. Nitric acid (0.2%) was added to water samples to preserve it for laboratory test.
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
Flood Monitoring and Flood Risk Assessment in Agenebode, Edo State, NigeriaIJERA Editor
Flooding is a serious natural disaster that has become a recurrent event in many parts of the world causing huge loss of lives and properties. This study analyses flood risk potential in Agenebode, Edo state, Nigeria. Flood frequency analysis was carried out on discharge data from the River Niger at Onitsha from 1960-2006 as the discharge from this river is the primary cause of flooding of the study area. Log-Normal, Log-Pearson Type III and Gumbel probability distribution models were used to test for the most appropriate projection for discharge for different return periods.From the analysis, Log-normal distribution was selected as the most appropriate probability distribution for the series in order to determine projected flows for the river for different return periods. The rainfall pattern for the study area was analysed using gauge values for the period 1983-2010. Flood hazard assessment was carried out with the aid of ArcMap using the topographical feature data of the area, Digital Elevation Model obtained from Shuttle Radar Topographical Mission (SRTM) hole-filled seamless data and historical records of the previous flood occurrence. A flood hazard map produced indicated that about 1.8 km2 (72% of the total built-up area) of the area is at risk of flooding putting approximately 481 people at direct risk of flooding. This information is useful for providing ameliorative resources for the inhabitants in the event of a flood occurrence.
International journal of science technologyMiftahur Rizqi
Sand is an important mineral for our society in protecting the
environment, where this practice of sand and soil mining is becoming an
environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry and construction.
Mining and its associated activities can be responsible for considerable
environmental damage. In this article we are discussing about the direct and indirect
impacts due to soil and sand mining to the environment in Indian regions. Pollution
of the water is evident by the colouration of water which in most of the rivers and
streams in the mining area varies from brownish to reddish orange. Low pH (between 2-
3), high electrical conductivity, high concentration of ions of sulphate and iron and toxic
heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high BOD are some of the physicochemical
and biological parameters which characterize the degradation of water quality.
Contamination of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) originating from mines and spoils,
leaching of heavy metals, organic enrichment and silting by sand particles are major
causes of degradation of water quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This study aimed to challenge the mission of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau that Mining Shall Be Pro People and Pro Environment in Sustaining Wealth Creation and Improved Quality of Life. To assess the Maricalum Mining Corporation MMC areas, including the tailing pan, open pit, drilling and blasting, watershed, residential, and mine foot. Utilized the qualitative research design using the direct observation, documentary analysis of the reports on the mining operation, particularly the “Geohazard assessment of areas located along the Calat an River in Barangay Baclao, Cauayan and Barangay Cartagena, Sipalay City. The study revealed that the community needs to implement the cleanup activity to the abandoned mine waste to restore the ecological system of nature. Furthermore, the condition of the subject areas arrived in devising an appropriate removal and disposal plan for the destructive mining waste materials from the vast regions. The MGB utilized the fact finding results as the basis for the action taken on dangerous mining wastes. The plan was submitted to the MGB 6 and in the national office for perusal and approval. Jean Benedicto Pauyon | Engr. Jerome G. Mongcal | Leo C. Naparota | Johana J. Abdula | Rogelio A. Lovina, Jr. | Delmer A. Mondido | Allan Z. Caw-It "Mine Waste: A Social Deviance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42535.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/strategic-management/42535/mine-waste-a-social-deviance/jean-benedicto-pauyon
Presented by Dr. Shailesh Nayak Key-note Address at Achieving Sustainable Development Goals and Strengthening Science of Climate Resilience, Multi-Stakeholders
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque Riv...YogeshIJTSRD
River provides essential various ecosystem goods and services that are essential for living organisms’ survival. As such, its quality must be maintained to ensure the healthy condition of the environment as well as the safety of the community. The study aimed to assess the biophysical characteristics and the anthropogenic activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar. It employed descriptive research combined with laboratory analysis and SPSS was employed to treat and analyze the data.The study revealed that the physico chemical characteristics of the water in San Roque River in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, and turbidity were within the DENR standards. However, the water of the river was highly contaminated with total coli forms and fecal coli forms. Likewise, the salinity was beyond from the standard that made the water of the river salty. T test revealed that the characteristics of water during high and low tides showed no significant differences. On the contrary. It has shown significant difference on water parameters in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, and DO between high tide and the standards. Likewise, pH, TSS, BOD, and DO have shown significant difference on low tide with the standards. It also revealed that there were anthropogenic activities and practices of the community living along the river that directly affect the water quality and condition of the river. Moreover, this also concludes that there were no significant relationships on the characteristics of the water and the anthropogenic activities. Lastly, the San Roque River was classified as Class D river at the time of the conduct of the study. This concludes that the river needed rehabilitation so that the potential uses of the river would be maximized which would redound to better benefits of the community. Elvin L. Jarito | Gerald T. Malabarbas "Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38775.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/38775/biophysical-characteristics-and-the-anthropogenic-activities-in-san-roque-river-northern-samar/elvin-l-jarito
Effects of Baryte Mining on Water Quality in Azara-Awe Local Government Area...Sryahwa Publications
This study seeks to ascertain the extent of baryte mining pollution on water quality in Azara-Awe Local Government Area of Nasarawa state of Nigeria. To achieve this goal, two surface water and fourteen underground water samples were obtained in the study area. Nitric acid (0.2%) was added to water samples to preserve it for laboratory test.
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Qualitative Evaluation and Hydrogeochemical Attributes of Groundwater in Ower...iosrjce
The qualitative evaluation and hydrogeochemical attributes of groundwater in Owerri Capital
Territory Owerri was investigated to assess the quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. A
total of sixteen (16) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and biological
properties. The range of temperature (oC), colour (Hz), and turbidity of groundwater in the study area are
between: 20-28.3, 5-15, and 1-50 respectively. The average of pH , conductivity (us/cm),TDS (mg/l), and
hardness (mg/l) are: 7.66, 0.135, 34.64, and 7.94 respectively. The result also reveals that the concentration of
Na+
(mg/l), K+
(mg/l), Ca2+(mg/l), Mg2+(mg/l), Fe+
(mg/l), Pb2+(mg/l),Cd2+(mg/l), Cu+
(mg/l),and Zn2+ (mg/l)
range between: 3.33-7.6, 0.2-6.8, 2.4-8.3,1.02-3.44, 0.001-0.59, 0.001-0.01, 0-0.16, 0.06-2.88 and 0.01-2.18
respectively. Water Classification result of the groundwater samples show the predominance of alkali
bicarbonate water type (Na+ + K+
) - HCO3
-
that is largely soft and therefore, mostly of acceptable quality for
household uses. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of the groundwater samples in the study area showed that the
samples fall below 1.4meq/l, indicating predominance of excellent water for irrigation purposes in accordance
with recommended standard. This study recommends among other things that groundwater resources
development in the area requires elaborate qualitative assessment, to ensure that any necessary pre-use
treatment is effected.
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
Seawater Intrusion Vulnerability Assessment of a Coastal Aquifer: North Coast...IJERA Editor
Groundwater pollution in the north coast of Mombasa is not only from surface sources but also from the
intrusion of seawater via the Indian Ocean and creeks. This study assessed the vulnerability of the coastal aquifer
to seawater intrusion using GALDIT index overlay method with the aid of GIS. Thematic maps of six major
factors affecting seawater intrusion were prepared, and given appropriate weightages and ratings. These maps
were overlaid, spatially analyzed to produce vulnerability maps and described based on low, moderate or high
vulnerabilities. The results revealed a significant increase in percentage land cover for low vulnerability areas
and a slight increase for high vulnerability regions between the pre-rains and the peak of raining season. The
outcomes of this study provide useful insights on effective groundwater management for the study area.
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...IJERA Editor
Soil erosion is the removal and subsequent loss of soil by the action of water, ice, wind and gravity. Soil erosion is a process that occurs naturally at a slow rate. The average natural geologic rate of soil erosion is approximately 0.2 tons per acre per year. Erosion is the process were by the earth or rock is loosened or dissolved and removed from any part of earth‟s surface. Geological erosion is the rate at which the catchment or land would normally be eroded without any disturbance by human activity. If man alters the natural system by means of various land use practices that is caused accelerated erosion. The present study area is covering Parts of North Arcot The area is lies between E78°30'-E78°45' lattitudes N12°15'-N12°30„. The total aerial extent of the study area is 720 sq.km. It falls in the survey of India Toposheet 58 L11 on 1:50,000 scale. The IRS – 1D satellite imagery data were subjected to different types of image enhancement techniques and soil erosion areas were mapped out and GIS databases were generated showing the soil erosion areas using Arc Map 9.1 version. GIS overlay function was executed between soil erosion prone areas and the various controlling variables and the area has been fragmented into a number of polygons of land segments depending upon the controlling variables. Finally, the remedial measures were suggested for each land segment according to the controlling variables.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
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A1030109
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 3 (March 2014), PP.01-09
1
Hydrochemical Facies Classification and Groundwater Quality
Studies in Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria
1
Amadi, A. N., 1
Olasehinde, P. I., 2
Dan-Hassan, M. A,
1
Okoye, N. O. and 3
Ezeagu, G. G.
1
Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
2
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department, FCT Water Board, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
3
University Health Services, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
Abstract:- Soil and water pollution are major environmental problem facing many coastal regions of the world
due to high population, urbanization and industrialization. The hydrofacies and water quality of the coastal
plain-sand of part of Eastern Niger-Delta, Nigeria was investigated in this study. Hydrogeological investigations
show that the aquifers in the area are largely unconfined sands with intercalations of gravels, clay and shale
which are discontinuous and however form semi-confined aquifers in some locations. The observed wide ranges
and high standard deviations and mean in the geochemical data are evidence that there are substantial
differences in the quality/composition of the groundwater within the study area. The plot of the major cations
and anions on Piper, Durov, and Scholler diagrams indicated six hydrochemical facies in the area: Na-Cl, Ca-
Mg-HCO3, Na-Ca-SO4, Ca-Mg-Cl, Na-Fe-Cl and Na-Fe-Cl-NO3. The groundwater quality of the area was
evaluated using water quality index. The study identified salt intrusion and high iron content and poor sanitation
as contributors to the soil and water deterioration in the area. Saltwater/freshwater interface occurs between 5 m
to 185 m while iron-rich water is found between 20 m to 175 m. The first two factors are natural phenomenon
due to the proximity of the aquifer to the ocean and probably downward leaching of marcasite contained in the
overlying lithology into the shallow water table while the last factors is the results of various anthropogenic
activities domiciled in the area. The peoples in the region are advised to imbibed good hygiene and sanitary
habit.
I. INTRODUCTION
Eastern Niger Delta is the operational base of major oil producing and servicing companies in Nigeria.
Petroleum exploration and exploitation have triggered adverse environmental impacts in the Delta area of
Nigeria through incessant environmental, socio-economic and physical disasters that have accumulated over the
years due to limited scrutiny and lack of assessment (Achi, 2003; Amadi et al., 2012a). In Nigeria, immense
tracts of mangrove forests have been destroyed as a result of petroleum exploitation in the mangroves and these
have not only caused degradation to the environment and destroyed the traditional livelihood of the region but
have caused environmental pollution that has affected weather conditions, soil fertility, groundwater, surface
water, aquatic and wildlife. If this trend is allowed to continue unabated, it is most likely that the food web
complexes in this wetland might be at a higher risk of induced heavy metal contamination (Amadi, et al., 2010).
This unhealthy situation continues to attract the interest of environmental observers and calls for evaluation of
the impact of exploration and exploitation activities in the coastal areas of Nigeria and this is part of what this
paper intends to address.
To meet the ever-increasing water demand in the region, groundwater is being extensively used to
supplement the surface water thereby subjecting it to over-exploitation for domestic, agricultural, urban and
industrial uses which results in the deterioration of groundwater in coastal areas (Macklin, et al., 2003).
Increasing urbanization is taking place along the coastlines of the Niger Delta and causing increased use of
groundwater and it has a large impact on the quality and quantity of groundwater system in the area. In many
countries around the world, including Nigeria, groundwater supplies may have become contaminated through
various human activities, which have impact on the health and economic status of the people. The discharge of
untreated waste water, soakaway, pit-latrine as well as agricultural water runoff from farms can all lead to the
deterioration and contamination of groundwater in coastal aquifers via infiltration through the overlying
formation (Abdel-Satar, 2001; Adams et al., 2008).
Land and water are precious natural resources on which rely the sustainability of agriculture,
industrialization and the civilization of mankind. Unfortunately, they have been subjected to severe exploitation
and contamination due to anthropogenic activities such as industrial effluent, solid waste landfills, gas flaring,
oil spillage and petroleum refining leading to the release of heavy metals into the environment (Bellos and
Swaidis, 2005; Ahmad et al., 2010). Each source of contaminant has its own damaging effects to plants, animals
and ultimately to human health, but those that add heavy metals to soils and waters are of serious concern due to
2. Hydro chemical Facies Identification and Groundwater Quality Studies in Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria
2
their persistence in the environment and carcinogenicity to human beings. Unlike the organic pollutants which
are biodegradable (Ammann et al., 2002; Adams, et al., 2008) heavy metal ions are not biodegradable (Bird et
al., 2003; Lee et al., 2007), thus making them a source of great concern. Through food chain, the heavy metals
bioaccumulate in living organism and reach level that cause toxicological effects (Kraft et al., 2006; Aktar, et
al., 2010). Human health, agricultural development and the ecosystem are all at risk unless soil and water
systems are effectively managed (Akoto, et al., 2008). Close relationship exist between groundwater quality and
land use as various land use activities can result in groundwater contamination.
Statement of the Problems
The impact of hydrocarbon pollution in terms of gas flaring and oil spillage on the environment and
health of host communities in Niger Delta, Nigeria is of great concern. The upsurge in human activities due to
the presence of oil companies in the area and the propensity of contaminant infiltrating through the porous and
permeable formation into the shallow groundwater table has necessitated the study, which intended to provide
useful information on the degree of aquifer contamination resulting from anthropogenic activities in the area.
This is important because the physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics of groundwater determine its
application, management and remediation processes. In view of the economic activities domiciled in the region,
it becomes imperative to undertake a comprehensive study of the effects of human activities on the
aquifer/groundwater quality in the area.
Aims of the Research
The study seeks to provide baseline information on the quality as the suitability of the groundwater in
the area for domestic purposes.
Justification of the Research
The need to identify, evaluate and categorize the hydrochemical facies in Eastern Niger Delta is long
overdue. For more than 50 years now, petroleum prospection, exploration, exploitation and refining as well as
other industrial and agricultural activities have been going on in the area and the impact of these human
activities on the environment in general and groundwater in particular has not been determined and this is what
this study intended to achieve. No study has provided a platform to evaluate the impact, the various human
activities might have on the groundwater system as well as design a pollution control and protection measures
that will prevent pollutant coming in contact with groundwater system. The present study is targeted at
addressing these deficiencies.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area Description
The study area lies within the eastern Niger Delta region of Nigeria between latitude 440I
N to 5º40I
N
and longitude 6º50I
E to 7º50I
E (Figure 1). It covers parts of Port-Harcourt, Aba and Owerri and a total area of
approximately 12,056 km2
. The area is low lying with a good road network system. The topography is under the
influence of tides which results in flooding especially during the rainy season (Nwankwoala and Mmom, 2007).
The prevalent climatic condition in the area comprises of the rainy (March to October) and dry (November to
February) seasons characterized by high temperatures, low pressure and high relative humidity throughout the
year. A short spell of dry season referred to as the ‘August break’ is often felt in August and is caused by the
deflection of the moisture-laden current. Due to vagaries of weather, the August break sometimes occurs in July
or September.
Figure 1: Map of Niger Delta showing the study area
3. Hydro chemical Facies Identification and Groundwater Quality Studies in Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria
3
Geology and Hydrogeology of the Area
The study area (Port-Harcourt, Aba, Owerri and environs) is underlain by Pliocene-Pleistocene Benin
Formation (Figure 2) belonging to the Benin Formation. The type locality of the formation is in Port-Harcourt,
Aba and Owerri where the formation overlies the older Ogwashi-Asaba Formation (Ezeigbo and Aneke, 1993).
The formation outcrops sometimes in both surface (outcrop) and subsurface in mode of occurrence. Reyment
(1965) described the formation as extensive reddish earth made up of loose, poorly sorted sands underlying
recent Quaternary sedimentary deposits of southern Nigeria. It consists mainly of sands, sandstone and gravel
with clays occurring in lenses (Onyeagocha, 1980). The sands and sandstones are fine to coarse grained, partly
unconsolidated with varying thickness (Avbovbo, 1978). The formation has a thick sequence of sediments about
2100 m thick deposited in the continental phase of the Niger Delta (Weber and Daukoru, 1976). Within the
study area the thickness of the formation is probably 900m and its maximum thickness near the sea is about
1,820 m. The Benin Formation is composed mostly of high resistant fresh water bearing continental sand and
gravel with clay and shale intercalations (Ofoegbu, 1998). The sediments represent upper deltaic plain deposits
(Peters, 1991). The formation comes in contact with the Ogwahi–Asaba Formation in the northern part and with
Alluvium in the southern part and thickens southwards into the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 2). The sandy unit which
constitutes about 95% of the rock in the area is composed of over 96% guartz (Onyeagocha, 1980).
3 0 3 6 Kilometers
Figure 2: Geological Map of the Eastern Niger Delta showing the study area
(Modified from Weber and Daukoru, 1976)
Sampling
A total of 140 groundwater samples were collected between January, 2009 and November, 2011 using
two sets of polyethylene bottles of one liter capacity, for cation and anion analysis and labeled accordingly. The
boreholes were allowed to flow for about 2 minutes before the water is collected, and containers were
thoroughly washed and rinsed with the water to be collected into them. Samples for the determination of cations
were stabilized with a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid on collection. All the samples were preserved by
refrigeration and analyzed within 24 hours of collection. The analyses were carried out in accordance with
APHA standard. Spectrophotometric method was used to analyze for cations and anions. The physical
parameters pH and conductivity were determined on the field using a calibrated pH meter and conductivity
meter respectively. The microbial analysis was done using carried out using the filter membrane method and
presumptive count and each sample was incubated for at least 24 hours
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The statistical summary of the groundwater data is shown in Table 1. A cursory examination of Table 1
reveals that majority of the groundwater samples in the area are characterized by low pH (3.84 – 7.74), due to
the problem of acid-rain in the area, and high concentration of: silica (0.22 – 101.89), temperature (26.50 –
31.60), electrical conductivity (28.00 – 752.00), total dissolved solids (12.00 – 605.00), chloride (12.00 –
721.00) and sulphate (0.10 – 250.40). Table 1 also shows wide range with corresponding high mean and
standard deviation values for chloride, EC, salinity, silica, sulphate and TDS. This is an indication that there are
substantial differences in the quality/composition of the groundwater system in the aquifer within the study area.
The arithmetic means were determined in order to know what the central tendency for each physical, chemical
and bacteriological properties concentration could be. The deviations in the aiming grade from a typical normal
4. Hydro chemical Facies Identification and Groundwater Quality Studies in Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria
4
concentration were analyzed using kurtosis test. An evaluation of the symmetry in the value distribution
applying the skewness test was carried out and majority of the hydrologic date are non-normal or positive
skewed.
The pH ranged between 3.84 and 7.74 with a mean value of 5.46 (Table 1). The pH is an important
indicator of water quality and the extent of pollution (Amadi et al., 2010; Amadi et al., 2012). The mean pH of
the groundwater falls below the acceptable range of 6.50-8.50 postulated by Nigerian Standard for Drinking
Water Quality (NSDWQ, 2007).
Table 1: Statistical Summary of the Groundwater data from the Study Area
Parameters Min. Max. Mean St. Dev. Skewness Kurtosis
Arsenic
Bicarbonate
CO3
-
0.001
3.03
0.00
0.016
58.04
0.00
0.007
16.31
0.00
0.009
12.89
0.00
0.001
2.15
0.00
0.003
4.48
0.00
BOD 3.20 8.23 5.60 6.85 1.23 2.10
Cadmium
Calcium
0.07
2.00
0.19
118.30
0.14
46.53
0.09
3.50
0.03
1.56
0.06
3.22
Cobalt 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.19 0.05 0.02
Chloride 12.00 721.00 275.20 171.25 1.32 1.66
Chromium
Copper
0.02
0.03
0.11
1.15
0.07
0.08
0.05
0.17
0.06
3.35
0.10
10.83
COD 7.80 12.98 10.60 9.68 3.45 3.98
E.Cond(µs/cm) 28.00 752.00 254.00 231.50 0.76 -0.78
EC(cfu/100ml) 0.00 18.00 6.00 0.42 0.36 0.74
Fluoride 0.01 2.33 0.85 0.74 0.94 -0.55
T. Hardness 2.50 142.00 54.31 41.49 1.80 1.95
Iron 0.05 6.87 0.62 1.41 3.76 14.46
Lead 0.02 1.09 0.08 0.19 5.13 27.52
Mercury
Magnesium
0.002
0.23
0.004
88.90
0.003
33.16
0.001
2.35
0.001
0.87
0.002
0.36
Manganese 0.01 0.78 0.19 0.24 1.41 0.88
Nickel
Nitrate
0.01
0.03
0.40
64.00
0.28
17.82
0.21
6.68
0.15
3.35
0.13
13.53
pH 3.84 7.74 5.46 1.02 -0.51 -0.38
Phosphate 0.04 30.79 10.29 0.26 1.02 0.12
Potassium 0.04 60.89 20.47 0.22 0.04 -0.79
Salinity 10.00 820.00 265.47 193.98 2.07 4.23
Silica 0.38 101.89 8.38 19.92 4.13 17.46
Sodium 0.22 153.45 61.59 0.94 0.18 -0.81
Strontium 0.91 4.50 3.02 1.14 -0.51 -1.01
Sulphate 0.10 250.40 98.62 52.53 0.98 1.99
TDS 12.00 605.00 255.00 119.65 0.64 -0.75
Temp.(o
C) 26.50 31.60 28.70 0.89 0.45 -0.41
TSS 0.11 55.00 14.60 6.59 3.48 14.70
TC (cfu/ml) 0.00 48.00 15.00 11.80 2.82 5.62
Zinc 0.03 10.09 0.70 1.73 5.45 30.38
BOD-biochemical oxygen demand; COD-chemical oxygen demand; TC-total coliform;
E.Cond-Electrical Conductivity EC-Escherichia coli; TSS-total suspended solid
It could be attributed to the impact of acid rain witnessed in the area, which might have resulted from
the accumulation effect of gas flaring in the area. The temperature of the groundwater ranged from 26.50o
C to
31.60o
C with an average value of 28.70o
C. These values were found to be within the maximum permissible limit
(NSDWQ, 2007). The wide range in temperature values may be attributed to the heating effect of gas flaring on
the region and subsequent acid rain formation which infiltrates into the shallow static water table. The low pH as
shown in the pH distribution map of the area, is an indication of acidity in the groundwater from the area and
may be linked to acid-rain formation probably caused by non-stop gas flaring-where the gas associated with oil
extraction is burnt off into the atmosphere, a method adopted by oil companies operating in the area, as means
of getting rid of associated gas in the course of oil exploitation.
5. Hydro chemical Facies Identification and Groundwater Quality Studies in Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria
5
Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance. It is an important water
quality parameter which plays a major role in the distribution and abundance of organisms. Aquatic organism
like other organisms is tolerant of certain ranges of temperature outside which they cannot function. Many
biological processes in water are known to be influenced by changes in environmental temperature and chemical
substances dissolve more readily as temperature increases, unlike most gases which become less soluble as
temperature rises.
The concentration of Escherichia coli (E.coli) ranged between 0.00-18.00 cfu/100ml with an average
value of 6.00 cfu/100ml while total coliform (TC) varied from 0.00-48.00 cfu/ml and a mean value of 15.00
cfu/ml (Table 1). Their presence in groundwater is an indication of faecal contamination. The practice of
unlined pit-latrine and soakaway in shallow aquifer region like the eastern Niger Delta exposes the groundwater
to faecal contamination and good sanitary system is advocated for the area due to the vulnerability of its aquifer
system. Faecal contamination causes water-borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, meningitis and diarrhea as
well as morbidity and mortality among children. It also causes acute renal failure and hemolytic anemia in
adults (Khadse et al., 2008; Juang et al., 2009).
The major cations and anions were interpreted using Piper, Durov and Schoeller diagrams. Water Quality
Index and Metal Pollution Index were applied in the groundwater data and the results revealed the groundwater
in the area has deteriorated due to huge human activities and poor sanitation.
Piper Diagram
Piper diagram outline certain fundamental principles in a graphic procedure which appears to be an
effective tool in separating analytical data for critical study with respect to sources of the dissolved constituents
in water. Piper diagram consists of three parts: two trilinear diagrams along the bottom and one diamond-shaped
diagram in the middle. The trilinear diagram illustrates the relative concentration of cations (left diagram) and
anions (right diagram) in each sample. The concentration of 8 major ions (Na+
, K+
, Mg2+
, Ca2+
, Clˉ, CO3
2-
,
HCOˉ3 and SO4
2-
) are represented on a trilinear diagram by grouping the K+
with Na+
and the CO3
2-
with HCOˉ
3,
thus reducing the number of parameters for plotting to 6. On the Piper diagram, the relative concentration of the
cations and anions are plotted in the lower triangles, and the resulting two points are extended into the central
field to represent the total ion concentrations. The degree of mixing between freshwater and saltwater can also
be shown on the Piper diagram. The Piper diagram (Figure 3) can also be used to classify the hydrochemical
facies of the groundwater samples according to their dominant ions. The water in the area is majorly Na-Cl-
facies, followed by Ca-Mg-HCO3-facies, Na-Ca-SO4-facies, Ca-Mg-Cl-facies, Na-Fe-Cl-facies and Na-Fe-Cl-
NO3-facies in their order of dominance respectively. This implies that the water in the area has some marine
interference and the aquifer stained with iron from marcasite.
Figure 3: A Representative Piper Diagram for the Study Area
6. Hydro chemical Facies Identification and Groundwater Quality Studies in Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria
6
Durov-Diagrams
Durov diagram is another mean of categorizing the hydrochemical facies of both surface and
groundwater. The Durov diagram plots the major ions as percentages of milli-equivalents in two base triangles.
The total cations and the total anions are set equal to 100% and the data points in the two triangles are projected
onto a square grid which lies perpendicular to the third axis in each triangle. This plot reveals useful properties
and relationships for large sample groups. The Durov diagram (Figure 4) shows clustering of data points and
this indicate samples that have similar compositions. The clustering of the data points concentrated around the
Na+K/Cl region indicating possible marine origin. The hydrochemical facies identified are: Na-Cl-facies, Ca-
Mg- HCO3-facies, Na-Ca- SO4-facies, Ca-Mg-Cl-facies, Na-Fe-Cl-facies and Na-Fe-Cl-NO3-facies.
Figure 4: A Representative Durov diagram for the Area
4.7.5 Schoeller-Plots
These semi-logarithmic diagrams were developed to represent major ion analyses in meq/l and to
demonstrate different hydrochemical water types on the same diagram (Figure 5). This type of graphical
representation has the advantage that, unlike the trilinear diagrams, actual sample concentrations are displayed
and compared.
7. Hydro chemical Facies Identification and Groundwater Quality Studies in Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria
7
Mg Ca Na+K Cl SO4 HCO3
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.
10.
Concentration (meq/l)
Legend:
Well-water samples
Figure 5: A typical Schoeller-Diagram for the area
Water Quality Index
Water quality index (WQI) of the studied groundwater samples was performed in order to get an
overall impression about the samples in a multidimensional space defined by the analyzed parameters. The
water quality index (WQI) was calculated from the point view of suitability of the water for human consumption
by using the weighted arithmetic index method. The quality rating scale for each parameter qi was calculated by
using this expression:
qi = (Ci / Si ) x 100
A quality rating scale (qi) for each parameter is assigned by dividing its concentration (Ci) in each
water sample by its respective Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (Si) and the result multiplied by
100. The Relative weight (wi) was obtained by a value inversely proportional to the recommended standard (Si)
of the corresponding parameter (Amadi et al., 2012):
wi = 1/Si
The overall Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated by aggregating the quality rating (qi) with unit weight
(wi) linearly.
i = n
WQI = (Σqiwi)
n =1
Where:
qi: the quality of the ith parameter,
wi: the unit weight of the ith parameter and
n: the number of the parameter considered.
The overall water quality of an area is therefore obtained using the formular:
Overall
wi
wiqiWQI
The physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters analyzed were used to calculate the WQI in
accordance with the procedures as outlined. The computed overall WQI value was 285.20 and this means that
the groundwater in the area falls within the ‘very poor quality’ as illustrated in Table 2.
8. Hydro chemical Facies Identification and Groundwater Quality Studies in Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria
8
Overall
wi
wiqiWQI = 460442.528 = 285.20
The high value of WQI obtained may be as a result of the high concentration of salinity, TDS, TH, EC,
COD, nitrate, copper, iron, nickel, zinc, lead, chromium and coliform bacteria in the groundwater which can be
attributed to natural sources through saltwater intrusion and chemical weathering processes as well as
anthropogenic sources through the various human activities such as oil spill, gas flaring and indiscriminate
dumping of waste in the area.
Table 2: Water Quality Classification Based on WQI Value
WQI value Water quality Water samples (%)
<50 Excellent 16
50-100 Good water 24
100-200 Poor water 28
200-300 Very poor water 20
>300 Unsuitable for drinking 12
IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The hydrochemical facies analysis was executed with the use of Piper Diagram, Durov Diagram and
Schoeller-Diagram while the quality status of the groundwater was assessed using water quality index
technique. The study has clearly established that salt intrusion, high iron content, hydrocarbon pollution and
poor sanitation constitute a major source of soil and water pollution in the oil producing region of Eastern Niger
Delta, Nigeria. The soil pH is generally low, signifying acidic soil. The study revealed that poor groundwater
quality in the area is as a result of both natural and anthropogenic factor activities domiciled in the area. It has
resulted to classic environmental and health challenges in their host communities. Groundwater abstraction in
the area should be reduced and hygiene and good sanitary habit should be inculcated by the people in the area.
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