ABSTRACT: Advocated organic matter (OM) supplying to agriculture soil should be according to the soil properties, resulting different rates requirement instead of applying blank recommendation (12 tha-1 ). Two lowlands under continuous rice-rice cropping in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire were surveyed in 2013 considering 31 rice fields (farmers) for each location. Soil samples (93) were taken in 0 – 20 cm depth systematically (50 m along × 20 m across) extending the hydromorphic zone (HZ), the fringe valley (FV) and the valley bottom (VB) along the upper stream (US), median (MS) and downstream (DS) positions respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was differently observed in association with clay or silt particles according the topographic positions. Lowest amounts of SOC, maximum stable C (31.02% – 31.66%) and highest C mineralization (2.72% – 2.97%) rate (K2) were often accounting for the HZ contrasting with the VB. Unexpected higher rates of 224 tha-1 , 269.4 tha-1 and 281.03 tha-1 as rice and weed residues were required across the transversal section of the valley respectively over the current recommendation of 12 tha-1 . Dissolved C and leached nutrients (Na, K, Mg and Ca) may be released from HZ to VB contributing to rice yield gap (4.5 – 6.44 th-1 ). Soil contents of clay and K were the most relevant yield increasing factors against the contents of sand, silt and K2 value. More enriched organic-C source was required for improving organic input in the studied agro-systems emphasizing a major constraint for lowland rice production.
Limiting factors for pasture and cereal production in marginal soils of the s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Typical soils of Southwestern Buenos Aires Province were evaluated to determine quality and capability for cereal and forage production having in mind potential improvements due to amendment with organic residual from agroindustrial wastes process. Studied soils from Mollisol order were, Argiudoll and Argiustol suborder, of marginal area of Pampa Argentina. The organic matter content of those soils corresponded to weakly humic soils which shows the transition from the Pampas zone to the semi-arid zone and indicates a major limiting factor. Granulometric analyses were similar, with a sandy loam texture for the Tres Arroyos soil and a borderline sandy silt loam for the Cabildo soil. Anycase the results were below the limit that indicates salinity problems. Low availability of essential micronutrient like Copper and Molibdenum were another limiting factor of the Tres Arroyos soil, where the cultivation of winter grains, such as wheat and barley is very important for regional economy. The availability of the micronutrients Zn and Cu are strongly dependent on the soil pH; therefore, the more alkaline the conditions (such as for the Cabildo soil), as a limiting factor mainly for cereals sensitive to Cinc deficiencies like maize and sorghum. Soils from this marginal areas of the Pampas (Argentina), could be improved with respect to the factors that limit soil quality and productivity.
Pesquisa aponta maior sequestro de carbono em áreas irrigadas na produção agr...Mário Bittencourt
Um grupo de pesquisadores da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), de Minas Gerais, vem realizando um estudo inédito em propriedades rurais do Oeste da Bahia com o objetivo de determinar a evolução do teor de carbono no solo em áreas de agricultura da região. De forma preliminar, depois da coleta de 10 mil amostras de solo, a pesquisa identificou que o sequestro de carbono, com a remoção do gás carbônico na atmosfera, em áreas irrigadas é maior do que onde o plantio é realizado somente em sequeiro, respeitando o regime das chuvas.
Limiting factors for pasture and cereal production in marginal soils of the s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Typical soils of Southwestern Buenos Aires Province were evaluated to determine quality and capability for cereal and forage production having in mind potential improvements due to amendment with organic residual from agroindustrial wastes process. Studied soils from Mollisol order were, Argiudoll and Argiustol suborder, of marginal area of Pampa Argentina. The organic matter content of those soils corresponded to weakly humic soils which shows the transition from the Pampas zone to the semi-arid zone and indicates a major limiting factor. Granulometric analyses were similar, with a sandy loam texture for the Tres Arroyos soil and a borderline sandy silt loam for the Cabildo soil. Anycase the results were below the limit that indicates salinity problems. Low availability of essential micronutrient like Copper and Molibdenum were another limiting factor of the Tres Arroyos soil, where the cultivation of winter grains, such as wheat and barley is very important for regional economy. The availability of the micronutrients Zn and Cu are strongly dependent on the soil pH; therefore, the more alkaline the conditions (such as for the Cabildo soil), as a limiting factor mainly for cereals sensitive to Cinc deficiencies like maize and sorghum. Soils from this marginal areas of the Pampas (Argentina), could be improved with respect to the factors that limit soil quality and productivity.
Pesquisa aponta maior sequestro de carbono em áreas irrigadas na produção agr...Mário Bittencourt
Um grupo de pesquisadores da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), de Minas Gerais, vem realizando um estudo inédito em propriedades rurais do Oeste da Bahia com o objetivo de determinar a evolução do teor de carbono no solo em áreas de agricultura da região. De forma preliminar, depois da coleta de 10 mil amostras de solo, a pesquisa identificou que o sequestro de carbono, com a remoção do gás carbônico na atmosfera, em áreas irrigadas é maior do que onde o plantio é realizado somente em sequeiro, respeitando o regime das chuvas.
First meeting of the Editorial Board of the Soil Atlas of Asia, 12 - 15 March 2018, Quezon City, Philippines. The preparation of the Soil Atlas of Asia is sponsored by Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC-EC).
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Soil and land resource is vital NR in Bangladesh. Every inch of it is vital the very existence of 165 million people. The ways and means of maintaining its status is important.
Sustainable land management to mitigate and adapt to climate changeExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Maria José Sanz Sanchez, from Basque Centre for Climate Change - Spain, in FAO Hq, Rome
Global Soil Partnership’s vision - a sustainable and productive use of the soil resources of the world and sustainable agricultural production is the core message of the presentation.
It addresses the key role of soil resources for sustainable land management and sustainable development, soil as a limited resource, the impact of human activity on soil, critical soil issues in relation to food security and climate change adaptation and mitigation, soil productivity, soil degradation – status and trends, current and future challenges, future food demand, population growth, water scarcity and outlooks.
The presentation also addresses soils multiple ecosystem services and the importance of a Global Soil Partnership (GSP) – vision, mission and pillars of action. As well as the GSP establishment and the various priorities for the Regional Soil Partnerships, Asia, LAC, Mena, Africa.
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...ExternalEvents
Fifth Asian Soil Partnership workshop
26 February - 1 March 2019, New Delhi, India
Parbodh C. Sharma, ICAR - Central Soil Salinity Research Insititute, Karnal
Soil quality is considered as the capacity of a soil to function. Two types - Inherent & Dynamic Qualities. Assessment of soil quality. Selevtioof parameter. Physical Chemical and Biological parameters
Climate change mitigation and agricultural development scenarios for the high plains of Eastern Colombia
Poster presented at the 3rd Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpellier.
Read more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/3rd-global-science-conference-%E2%80%9Cclimate-smart-agriculture-2015%E2%80%9D#.VRurLUesXX4
First meeting of the Editorial Board of the Soil Atlas of Asia, 12 - 15 March 2018, Quezon City, Philippines. The preparation of the Soil Atlas of Asia is sponsored by Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC-EC).
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Soil and land resource is vital NR in Bangladesh. Every inch of it is vital the very existence of 165 million people. The ways and means of maintaining its status is important.
Sustainable land management to mitigate and adapt to climate changeExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Maria José Sanz Sanchez, from Basque Centre for Climate Change - Spain, in FAO Hq, Rome
Global Soil Partnership’s vision - a sustainable and productive use of the soil resources of the world and sustainable agricultural production is the core message of the presentation.
It addresses the key role of soil resources for sustainable land management and sustainable development, soil as a limited resource, the impact of human activity on soil, critical soil issues in relation to food security and climate change adaptation and mitigation, soil productivity, soil degradation – status and trends, current and future challenges, future food demand, population growth, water scarcity and outlooks.
The presentation also addresses soils multiple ecosystem services and the importance of a Global Soil Partnership (GSP) – vision, mission and pillars of action. As well as the GSP establishment and the various priorities for the Regional Soil Partnerships, Asia, LAC, Mena, Africa.
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...ExternalEvents
Fifth Asian Soil Partnership workshop
26 February - 1 March 2019, New Delhi, India
Parbodh C. Sharma, ICAR - Central Soil Salinity Research Insititute, Karnal
Soil quality is considered as the capacity of a soil to function. Two types - Inherent & Dynamic Qualities. Assessment of soil quality. Selevtioof parameter. Physical Chemical and Biological parameters
Climate change mitigation and agricultural development scenarios for the high plains of Eastern Colombia
Poster presented at the 3rd Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpellier.
Read more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/3rd-global-science-conference-%E2%80%9Cclimate-smart-agriculture-2015%E2%80%9D#.VRurLUesXX4
Climate change mitigation and agricultural development scenarios for the high...
Similar to Soil Organic Carbon as observed in lowlands of Continuous Rice Cropping in Guinea Savanna Ecology towards an Improvement of organic Matter Amendment
Asia Regional Program Planning Meeting- Climate Change Impacts in Asia,Prese...ICRISAT
Land degradation -a temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land, or its potential for environmental management.2 billion ha (22.5%) out of 8.7 billion ha degraded; support ~1.5 billion people Cost of land degradation –300 billion USD per annum Causes -Water & wind erosion, nutrient and or soil organic C depletion, water logging, compaction, salinization, acidification, pollution. Soil chemical degradation like nutrient-loss accounts for >40% of cropland degradation.
Ameliorative potential of rice hull and straw in the ecological restoration o...Open Access Research Paper
Rice hull and straw are renewable wastes contain 28-30% of inorganic and 70-72% of organic compounds. Its ameliorative potential in enhancing the physicochemical properties of mine degraded soils was investigated. Soils collected from Backfill Material/Overburden (BM) and desilted materials (DM) from settling ponds of Carrascal Nickel Corporation (CNC) were used following six treatments. BM and DM from settling ponds were treated with rice hull and rice straw with 2:1 ratio by weight, respectively. After ameliorating soils from overburden and silted materials from CNC with rice straw and rice hull, observations showed that there are no significant differences in pH, % Organic Matter (OM) and phosphorous (P) between treatments; there is high significant difference (p<0.01) in potassium (K) between treatments except between treatment 3 (soil 1 with rice straw) and treatment 6 (soil 2 with rice hull) where there is no significant difference noted; and the concentrations of Ca, Mg, S and Zn in soils with rice hull did not differ with soils before amelioration, but differed to soils with rice straw, while results in soil texture exhibited otherwise. Therefore, rice straw and rice hull have ameliorative properties that will improve the physico-chemical characteristics of mine degraded soils. It is recommended that rice straw and rice hull will be allowed to decompose in mine degraded soils to enhance its physico-chemical properties. It is also recommended to conduct studies on the response of different crops to mine degrade soils ameliorated with rice straw and rice hull.
Effects of Irrigation Practices on Some Soil Chemical Properties on OMI Irrig...IJERA Editor
Irrigation practices have been observed to impact scheme soil properties and other parameters negatively. These could be as a result of irrigation water quality, method of application and nature of scheme soil. This study was therefore conducted to study the effects of irrigation practices on the soils of Omi irrigation scheme Kogi state, Nigeria after 13years of operation. Soil samples were taken at depths 0 – 20 cm (A1), 20 – 80 cm (A2) and 80 – 120 cm (A3) from two operating lands (OL); OL 5 and OL 18 of the study area. The samples were analysed for chemical parameters (pH, CEC, ESP, Mg2+, Ca2+, OM, and OC). The soil pH which was in the neutral range (pH=6.65 to 7.00) at inception of scheme, has become slightly acidic (pH=6.53 to 6.60). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) levels have also increased from 10cmol+kg-1 to 35cmol+kg-1. While Organic matter (OM) and Organic carbon (OC) also have marked increase in their levels (baseline as 0.93 to 1.08; for year 2013 as 9.52 to 9.79). Generally, the analysis indicated a need for proper monitoring of the scheme soil to prevent further deterioration.
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
Soil fertility analysis for rice production in the lowland areas of Diplahan,...Open Access Research Paper
The most important practice that contributes to rice production is nutrient management. However, if the nutrient plant required is insufficient, low production is unavoidable. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the soil fertility status of lowland areas in the municipality of Diplahan. Soil samples from each sampling site were collected in rice farms using a composite random soil sampling moving in a zigzag pattern. A depth of 0- 15cm soil samples were collected from 15 – 30 different places in 1-5 hectares. An air-drying procedure was done before it was carried to the laboratory for final testing. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic carbon, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium following the BSWM (Bureau of Soils and Water Management) procedures. Furthermore, a soil fertility map was outlined through ArcGIS software by plotting local coordinates in Google Map. Results showed that the areas in 10 selected barangays in the municipality have moderate soil acidity, with a pH level that falls below the desirable range of 5.5 – 7.0 but no lower than 4.5. According to the results of the soil organic carbon analysis, all barangays have insufficient SOC. Only four barangays have the optimal soil organic matter content for lowland rice production. The study also revealed that only two (2) barangays receive an adequate amount of nitrogen, while the rest are considered deficient. Phosphorous-rich soils were found in two (2) barangays; the five (5) barangays have a medium content; and the remaining three (3) barangays have a low content. Lastly, no barangay in the municipality obtains an adequate amount of exchangeable potassium ranging from 82-246 ppm. Problem of insufficient nutrient requirements for rice crop production is widespread in the municipality.
Effect application of sea sand, coconut and banana coir on the growth and yie...NurdinUng
The research was aimed to study effect application of sea sand (SS), coconut coir (CC) and banana coir (BC) on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted at Ustic Endoaquert soil. The pot experiment was carried out using a factorial design with 3 factors. The first factor was SS consisted of three levels i.e.: 0%, 25%, and 50%. The second and third factors were CC and BC, each consisted of three levels i.e.: 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1. Application of SS and BC significantly increased leaf length where the highest increasing percentage was 16.47% which was achieved at 25% SS application. Their effect on leaf numbers and tiller numbers were relatively not similar pattern where leaf number only increased about 65.52% by BC application, while tiller numbers only increased about 10.77% by SS application. Furthermore, the application of CC and BC significantly increased panicle numbers to 29.53% and 29.05%, respectively compared to control. All ameliorants significantly increased panicle numbers, but the best was CC with the increasing up to 46.49% at 20 Mg ha-1 CC compared to SS or BC application. However, only coconut coir significantly increased the rice grain numbers.
Cadmium and lead hazards as occurring with their speciations in periurbain ag...Premier Publishers
Environment pollution hazard awareness is required for less industrialized countries which are faced with increasing periurban agriculture practice however. Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) were characterized around Abidjan city (Bingerville, Port-Bouët and Yopougon) in soil, perched ground water and vegetable crops (Hibiscus and sweet potato). Total amounts and speciations of metals were determined respectively. The sites were mainly differing with pH observed at Yopougon characterized by highest soil content of Pb (40 mg kg-1). In contrast with the low soil contents of metals, plant contaminations were observed in the root for Cd and Pb at Yopougon and Port-Bouët sites respectively with variance involving above and below ground organs as specific contamination of Hibiscus or sweet potato. Skeleton fractions as exchangeable (F1) and carbonate bound (F2) were characterizing these contaminations although additional fraction as oxide bound (F3) Cd and organic (F4) Pb were required respectively for effectiveness. The non-polluted perched groundwater pH, Eh, temperature and O2 concentration were likely concerned by these fractions availability beside that of residual fraction (F5) of Cd. Enhance isomorphic substitution of anionic Pb forms transforming F2 into F5 and the cationic substitutions between Cd and Pb were suggested for pollution management.
Quantification of annual soil greenhouse gas emissions under different land u...ILRI
Prepared by Sheila Wachiye , Lutz Merbold, Timo Vesala, Janne Rinne, Matti Räsänen and Petri Pellikka for the General Assembly 2019 of the European Geosciences Union (EGU), Vienna, Austria, 7–12 April 2019.
Similar to Soil Organic Carbon as observed in lowlands of Continuous Rice Cropping in Guinea Savanna Ecology towards an Improvement of organic Matter Amendment (20)
On the Use of the Causal Analysis in Small Type Fit Indices of Adult Mathemat...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Model evaluation is one of the most important aspects of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Many model fit indices have been developed. It is not an exaggeration to say that nearly every publication using the SEM methodology has reported at least one fit index. Fit is the ability of a model to reproduce the data in the variance-covariance matrix form. A good fitting model is one that is reasonably consistent with the data and doesn’t require respecification and also its measurement model is required before estimating paths in a covariance structure model. A baseline model of four constructs together with a combination of none, one, two, three or four additional constructs was constructed with latent variables: educational performance, socioeconomic label, self concept and parental authority using dichotomous digits 0 or 1 for each additional construct. 16 progressively nested models were considered starting with baseline model using the mathematics adult learners data from the modeling sample and employing some small fit indexes which are commonly used (AIC, CAIC, RMR, SRMR, RMSEA, 2 / DF among others) [1] to test the fitness of the model. The measures of model fit based on results from analysis of the covariance structure model are presented.
The Sov’reign Shrine of Veiled Melancholy- The Shadow of Consumption on La Be...QUESTJOURNAL
―Youth grows pale and spectre thin and dies‖ – John Keats, (Ode to Nightingale) Tuberculosis was one of the most misunderstood and misrepresented diseases of all times. Hailed as Consumption’s Poster Child, Keats' life, like Beethoven's, served as a pattern tor the Romantic artist. In acute distress and emotional turmoil, in 1819 masterpiece followed masterpiece. In Keats' poems we see a concreteness of description of the object he contemplates. All the senses - tactile gustatory, kinetic, organic, as well as visual and auditory combine to give the total apprehension of his experience. His experiences often accord closely with his personal, life and the disasters he had. Keats is austere in poetry and yet he keeps high colouring and variety of appeal to the senses and the mind. Tuberculosis remains with us today, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia where more than a million people die of this disease each year. It is worth recalling its history and its association with literature with special reference to John Keats and his poetry- and specially La Belle Dame Sans Merci that shows a dominant forebrooding over man's mortality from it. La Belle becomes a representation of the disease in Keats’s La Belle Dame Sans Merci and reflects the poet’s struggle with tuberculosis.
Recruitment Practices And Staff Performance In Public Universities: A Case St...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Recruitment, as a human resource management function, is one of the activities that impact most critically on the performance of any organization irrespective of its size and location. Public Universities, known to train professionals that exhibit transformative leadership and successfully run blue-chip companies have equally suffered from rampart industrial unrest and human resource malpractices across Kenya. Could it be a unique trend of organizational deviance that could be reflecting absence of a well executed staff recruitment practice? While it is understood and accepted that poor recruitment decisions continue to affect organizational performance and limit goal achievement, knowledge about this aspect in Public Universities remains scanty. The aim of this study was to address this gap by evaluating how recruitment practices affect performance of administrative staff in Public Universities using Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya as a case reference. A cross-sectional survey design was employed while sampling strategy was a blend of multiphase, stratified and purposive sampling. A sample size of 124 out of 1150 comprised mainly of administrative staff was used and that a questionnaire was the principal tool of data collection. Results were analyzed using frequency tables, mean, standard deviation and simple linear regression. The study found that a recruitment policy existed at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya and that both external and internal recruitment practices were used to recruit employees at the University. However, it was noted that most of the university employees are recruited through media advert, internal advertisement, through transfers and promotions. The results of the regression indicated that recruitment practices are a significant predictor of employee performance, which was explained by 32% of variance and a moderate relationship captured by beta weight value of 0.57. On effectiveness of the recruitment policy, only 30% rated it as effective while 62% were indifferent and 8% rated it ineffective. The study concluded that although a significant relationship between recruitment practices and employee performance existed, it’s effectiveness and therefore positive impact on employee performance depended on employees’ positive perception and rating. It’s recommended that the Universities should avoid biasness in the recruitment process as this will negatively impact on employee performance.
Pesse Na Siri’ Budgetary System: A Historiography Study of Luwu Kingdom in Is...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to explore the budgetary system of pesse na siri’ at Luwu kingdom in the Islamic period of 1593 to 1945. Through the historiography method, it showed the base existence of the spiritual sense sensitivity, i.e., pesse (empathy) and siri’ (shame) and Islamic law in budgetary system. In the resources management, it was carried out in four stages, namely planning, implementation, reporting, and evaluation. Operationally, the pesse na siri’ budgetary system on the mobilization mechanism of resources or budget (balanca) through the top down system (i.e., known as balanca pole riwawo) and bottom up system (i.e., known as balanca pole riawa). The top down system was a mobilization resource form from agricultural products of the king’s land (i.e., known in Buginese language as Tanana datue) and the palace logistic. Meanwhile, the bottom up came from the resource offer–i.e., known as makkasiwiyang–mechanism, consisting of makkasiwiyang lili’ (the lower government level), makkasiwiyang ale (personal/individual), and makkasiwiyang reso (labor). One of the Islamic impacts in this system was to direct the budgetary system based on the Shari’a or Islamic law.
Fabrication of Complete Dentures for A Patient with Resorbed Mandibular Anter...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The loose and unstable lower complete denture is one of the most common problems faced by denture patients with highly resorbed ridge. The management of such highly resorbed ridges has always posed a difficulty to the prosthodontist.Obtaining consistent mandibular denture stability has longbeen a challenge for dental profession. The simplest approach often is to extend the denture base adequately for proper use of all available tisues.To achieve this goal impression of the resorbed mandibular ridge is very important. The objective is to develop a physiologic impression with maximum support of both hard and soft tissues.In such cases, an innovative technique of impressionmaking by using a close fitting tray and anelastomeric impression material tomake a proper impression to achieve maximum retentionand stability.This article describes an impression technique used for highly resorbed mandibular ridge using an all green impression technique, to gain maximum retention andstability
Steganographic Technique Using Instant Messaging Conversation DynamicsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Steganography is considered to be not only the science but also the art of hiding secret messages into other innocuous and non-secret media of different types. History of steganography started with the history of civilization and algorithms of data hiding have been constantly developed with the rise of mankind's knowledge. Some of steganographic algorithms are so close connected to the use of digital media, computers and information technology, that those algorithms do not have analogy in non-digital world. It is possible to see the use of hard disk drives (HDD), solid state discs (SSD) and file systems for the purpose of steganography, or steganography in TCP/IP networks as the example. In this paper we are concentrating on such algorithm and we are examining the possibility of the use of dynamics of conversation realized with the use of instant messaging services, which are very popular standalone services or are part of widely used social networks like Facebook. The paper discusses the possibility of hidden message encoding by the use of different parameters of conversation dynamics and introduces new algorithm and its program implementation. The last part of the paper summarizes results of its experimental use.
Simple Obfuscation Tool for Software ProtectionQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the issue of source code obfuscation and also the creation of a tool for automatic obfuscation of source code written in C language. The result is a tool that performs both data flow and control flow obfuscation and allows the user to configure the applied transformation algorithm. For easier and better usability the tool provides a graphical user interface, which brings possibility to control and configure transformation process.
Block Hybrid Method for the Solution of General Second Order Ordinary Differe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: We consider the construction of block hybrid method for the solution of general second order ODEs. Derivation of the method was based on the use of hermite polynomial as basis function. The main method and its additional equations are obtained from the same continuous formulation via interpolation and collocation procedures. The method is then applied in block form as simultaneous numerical integrator, this approach eliminates requirement for starting values, and it also reduces computational effort. The stability properties of the method is discussed and the stability region shown. Two numerical experiments were given to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the new method.
Modeling – Based Instructional Strategy for Enhancing Problem Solving Ability...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The modeling-based instructional framework accommodates the physics modeling mechanism in which the learner apply the fundamental principles in physics and develop an idealized physics model of the real world situation by means of assumptions and approximations. The present study was intended to find out the effectiveness of Modeling-based instructional strategy for enhancing physics problem solving ability of students at secondary school level. The investigator adopted a quasi-experimental method with two group pretest post-test design for the study. The sample selected for the study consisted of 242 IX standard students from three different schools of Palakkad district. The tools used for collecting the data were the Problem Solving Ability Test in Physics, lesson designs based on Modeling-based instructional strategy and activity oriented method. The findings of the study concluded that the Modeling-based instructional strategy enhanced the problem solving ability of students of secondary school level. And also the strategy scaffolded the formation of mental models of problem representations with in the cognitive structure of the learner.
Exploring the Effectiveness of the Arabic LanguageTeaching Methods in Indones...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research work is to identify the effectiveness of the Arabic language teaching methods in Indonesia(National University of Malang for Sample)in terms of making use of Arabic as a medium of communication among the students in the light of the modern approaches in teaching and learning of Arabic language. This research is methodologically characterized as a descriptive, analytical, evaluative and field research work. In order to arrive at the purpose of this study, a questionnaire has been designed and carried out on a specimen from the teachers of the concerned university. Eventually, the study has arrived into a finding that the method used in the university is the Eclectic Method (i.e. Selective Method), except that translation is utilized extensively with it, and it might influentially cause the depreciation of the communication skill of the students, and the major intermediary language for the Arabic language teaching is the Indonesian language. However, its uncontrolled over-usage in the Arabic language teaching procedure may negatively cause the weakness of the students in the listening and speaking skills, since they could not get enough opportunity to practice them during language learning, in addition to the fact that the teachers might be employed as Arabic language teachers on the basis of their high conversance with the grammatical rules of Arabic language and not on their skills in the Arabic language communication medium.
The Teller & The Tales: A Study of The Novels of Amitav GhoshQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The paper re-visit the plot and setting of the novels of Amitav Ghosh. The paper has two parts – (i)The Teller & (ii) The Tales. In the first section the text tries to give a brief sketch of the life of Amitav Ghosh to chornicle the life of the visionary commentator of life and the social anthroplogist , the most prominent among the Indian writers of English. In the second part the theme and storyline of the novels were revisted along with characters and narrative technique. The first section has been introduced to give an overview of the prolificness of the author and the second part is the testimony of his logocentricism. The paper aims to present the plot and theme of all Ghosh’s novels
ABSTRACT: The purpose of Larkin as literary artist was to convey his ultimate message that man has to transcend the gross environment for the attainment for final goal. His poem opens with important question which prompt us to scrutinize ourselves. According to Philip Larkin “when you come to talk about once duty as writer then ones can say that his duty is to write for harmony”. In this paper there an urge in Larkin’s poem to attain transcendental knowledge by which everything is known. The meaningful change in environment through literature result from the development of qualities and attitude that foster constructive pattern of human interaction through literature. In an age of highly industrialized and mechanized structure of our society where we have 'given our hearts away a sordid boon' and where all spiritual values have been thrown overboard, the relevance of selecting this topic "Spiritual Quest in Philip Larkin" becomes important. In Larkin's poetry there is invariably, an element of spiritual crises, a note of subsequent struggle to step out of it. This inner conflict to proceed forward in the path of Divine realization lends magnificence to his poetic and spiritual personality.
The Influence of Religiosity on Marital Satisfaction and Stability AmongChris...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Various studies indicate that religious couples are more likely to enjoy stable and happy marriages. They are also less likely to experience conflict and violence, or to divorce perhaps because religion offers couples theologically grounded guidelines on how to handle marital conflicts when they arise. The present qualitative study was conducted using face to face interviews with nine participants in Kenya who had been identified as practicing Christians. The aim of the study was to explore how religiosity impacted the participant’s marital satisfaction. Results indicated that specific attributes related to religiosity like individual and partner prayer, reading the Bible, church attendance, impacted participants and their spouses lives positively and in turn their experiences in marriage. Engaging in religious practices was reported by the participants as eliciting qualities like perseverance, forgiveness and humility which in turn assisted them in keeping their marriages stable and thus resulting in marital satisfaction
The SA0 Group Reservoir ’S Compositive Evaluation In The Central Developing P...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Using the data from logging in a net of high density, the sand core from a airtight well, and the testing data for oil and gas , and then according to the experiment of exploitation, we studied the deposit visage in macroscopical way, the physical characteristics of the reservoir, and the partition of the oil and gas’s border. It is clear that the zero group of Sa’s oil floor is mainly deposit in the foreside of a delta under the background of lake incursion, and the ventro-delta express a character that there were some sandstones which was transited for two times. Make a certain that the oil and gas’s border of zero group in Sa is maybe 600m underground, and demarcated the maximal square is 26.8km2 about this reservoir, and tell us that it lies in the top of the anticline. Of course, this production can be used in the designing of the zero group of Sa’s exploitation
Down the Purgatory of Memories:The Pain of Remembering in M alayalam Naxal Ci...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Keralam, the southern most state in India is known for its cinema and politics. It is in Kerala that Communist Party came to power through Parliamentary election process for the first time in history. The political consciousness nurtured by the Communist movement found its reflections in Malayalam (language being spoken by the people of Keralam) Cinema as well. As a result films produced during the formative years of Malayalam Cinema were characterized by their political content. Having said this it should also be added that since those films are produced within the dominant production system with a view to garner profit they fail to politically stimulate the audience. But the situation had been changed after the Naxalite (radical left movement ideologically inclined to Maoism) uprising in 1969 during which both the feudal/bourgeois value orientations and the alleged degeneration of the Communist Party were challenged by the educated radical youths who fought for an immediate revolution. The state promptly intervened and contained Naxalite uprising with an iron fist. The repressive machinery of the state intervened whenever instances of resistance occurred. The Emergency declared in 1975 exposed the inhuman face of government that unleashed series of tortures against its citizens. The post -1980 political films, otherwise called as Naxalite films, try to recapture the tormenting experience of being political during the time of such mass oppression. Those movies resort to memory to expose the stark experience of the past.Remembering is a way of representing the past with all its nuances as it situates the remembering subject at close proximity with the past. At the same time Naxalite movies explored the possibility of forgetting also to unveil the subtle complexities of individual's relationship with the past. Here I consider two Malayalam films-AmmaAriyan(1986) directed by John Abraham and Margam (2003) directed by Rajeev Vijayaraghavan- to investigate how memory and oblivion are meticulously used by the filmic narratives to politicize a society already under the grip of political amnesia.
Professional Competences: An Integrative Approach for Defining The Training C...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper offers an integrative proposal for Business Administrationcurricular programs. For that purpose, we have carried out a survey with teachers from upper Business Administration courses so as to select a group of key competences for the contemporary Administrator, which has allowed us to elaborate an integrative proposal of curricular program for the Business Administration scholars in Brazil. As a qualitative research, it consists of a multiple case study with empirical approach and a triangular analysis based on Moraes (2014).Its main objective has been to analyze the curricular programs from five higher education institutions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and two other foreign institutions in South America. At first, we have asked ourselves the following question: How to adapt the Business Administration curricular program to the contemporary needs as far as the vocational training competences of Administrators are concerned?In order to answer it, we have analyzed the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN) and the Political-Educational Projects of Business Administration Courses (PPC/CSA). After that, we have compared the Curricular Components (CC) of the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) under analysis. After performing the triangular textual analysis of the DCN, PPC/CSA and CC of all HEIs under study, we have carried out a survey with 35 teachers from Business Administration upper courses through a computerized online questionnaire.We have sent a Survey Monkey link for a total of 40 teachers, however, only 35 answered it (87.5%); we have considered 100% valid answers. Previously, based on the doctrine of competences and curriculum according to the most renowned authors – suchas Vygostsky, Freire, Sacristán, Piaget, Saviani, Bloom, Libâneo (curriculum); Fleury & Fleury, Zarifian, Perrenoud, Lisboa (competences), among others – wehave concluded that implementing the integrative proposal will providemore well-prepared graduates from the Business Administration course right to the competitive and globalized labor market.
Resisting Total Marginality: Understanding African-American College Students’...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This article explores collegiate Black identity development when African American students attend predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the United States, considering the overall impact of total marginality. The term “total marginality” is used to describe the myriad, chronic, and often inescapable ways that African American college students attending PWIs are marginalized in a college setting. The focus of this paper is the impact of total marginality on Black identity development for those African American collegians who successfully complete their university studies at a PWI.
Alternative dispute resolution and civil litigation barriers to access to jus...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Civil law is the predominate system of law in the world. Civil law as a legal system is often compared with common law. The main difference that is usually drawn between the two system is that common law drawn abstract rules from specific cases, whereas civil law with abstract rules which judges must then apply to the various cases before them. Civil law has its roots in Roman law, Common law and the Enlightenment, alongside influence from other religious laws such as Islamic Law. The legal system in many civil law countries are based around one or several codes of law which set out the main principles that guide the law. On the other hand, Criminal Law as offences and prescribes punishment for them. It not only precludes or prevents crimes but also punish the offender. It is necessary for the maintenance of law, order and peace within state. In criminal cases, it is the state which initiates proceeding against the offender. Laws relating to the Civil Proceeding as the Code of Civil Procedure 1908; the Civil Courts Act 1887; the Suit Valuation Act 1887; the Limitation Act 1908; the Registration Act 1908; & the Specific Relief Act 1877.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. Soil organic carbon as observed in lowlands of continuous rice cropping in guinea …
*Corresponding Author: Konan Kouamé Firmin1
26 | Page
acting as C sinks [12, 13] while reducing the expecting mineralization of organic matter (OM) for the
recapitalization of the stock of agricultural soil nutrient.
In spite of the high potential of inland valleys for food supplying in Africa [14, 15]), there is lack of
sound management strategy of SOM as weakness component of lowland rice agrosystems: indeed, significant
increase of rice grain yield could not be observed after straw incorporation into the soil until three cropping
seasons duration meanwhile, there was increase of SOM content however [16].
The sinking of C by the soil particles as well as the local temperature influence in SOM mineralization
under flooded condition [17] may be of concerns. Therefore, in the line of the advocated strategy developed by
[18]), a specific management of organic matter is required for a given pedoclimatic zone referring to soil
maximum value of C stability-MVC [19] and the rate (K2) of soil humus mineralization as well as that of soil C
(C:N) in some extend. In fact, we assume that OM supplying should be according to the soil properties of
which, a part of ecosystem services [20] driving factors may account for different rates requirement instead of
applying blanket recommendation (11 – 12 tha-1
) for tropical ecology [21, 22].
The current study was volunteer to explore second order lowlands as the most extended inland-valleys
in guinea savanna ecology of Côte d’Ivoire for surveying soil and rice grain yield. The relevant parameters
(MVC, C/N and K2) of SOM were appreciated in relation with soil particle size in a given topographic position
along and across a valley when screening their impact on rice grain yield. The aim was to i) identify organic
matter requirement in different topographic positions of the valley and, ii) to point out ecosystem services
supplier relative to SOM and nutrients in lowland for rice production. Overall, sustainable lowland management
will be recommended for rice production.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1 Studied sites
Two lowlands of rice production located at M’bé (8˚06N, 6˚00W, 180 m) and Lokakpli (7°52'36,05" N,
5°3'6,408" W, 263 m) respectively in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire were explored in 2013 for the study. They are
distanced about 5 km a part in Guimea savanna characterized by a bimodal rainfall pattern (1200 mm/year) and
28˚C of annual average temperature. The valley of M’bé is semi-developed contrasting with that of Lokakpli
(Lok) where there is improvement of the water control for irrigation and drainage at plot level. Only grasses are
occurring in these valleys (e.g. Lersia hexandra (Poaceae) and Frimbristulis spp (Poaceae)) during the off-
season (December – February). Typical shrubs of savanna and trees as Kaya senegalensis are characterizing the
vegetation of the subsequent upland exposed to annual bush fire [23].
2.2 Land management
The two lowlands were used for rice farming more than 30 years ago. Rice-rice cropping system is
observed across both sites along year. After effectiveness of pre-herbicide application (2 – 3 weeks), the lands
were flooded (7days), drained and ploughed (15 – 20 cm depth) incorporating weeds and straw before
transplanting rice seedlings. Variable rates of fertilizers including N (0 – 87.5 kg ha-1
), P (0 – 48 kg ha-1
), K (0 –
36 kg ha-1
), Mg (0 – 6 kg ha-1
) and B (0 – 5 kg ha-1
) are usually applied, regardless of the topographic positions.
Plinthic Ferralsol (upland), Arenosol stagnic (fringe valley) and Fluvisol (valley) are developed along a
toposequence on granite bed rock. The soils bulk densities were considered as 1.5 g cm-3
in HZ and 2 g cm-3
for
each of the soils in the fringe valley and valley bottom respectively as previously determined by [24].
2.3 Soil sampling and rice yield
Ninety three (93) soil samples were taken in 0 – 20 cm depth in the valley of each of the studied
localities. Sampling method was systematic as 50 m along and 20 m across the valley (50 m × 20 m) extending
the hydromorphic zone (HZ), the fringe valley (FV) and the valley bottom (VB). A longitudinal section of 1550
m was divided as upper stream (US), median and downstream (DS). Hand augur was used for soil sampling in
the beginning of the wet season of 2013.
The rice yield was collected according to farmers (31) in three quadrats of 1m2
as individual size in
each of the locations during two cropping cycles. These quadrats were laid randomly in a field for rice harvest at
grain maturity and the field position in the valley was recorded for each of the 372 data. The yield was
calculated on the basis of the grain standard moisture content of 14%.
2.4 Soil analysis
The soil samples were dried, ground and sieved (2 mm) before the laboratory analyses were carried
out. Soil particle sizes (sand, clay and silt) were determined using Robinson pipette method. Furthermore, soil
contents of carbon-C (Wakley and Black), total nitrogen-N (Kjeldahl), exchangeable K, Na, Ca, and Mg (1 N
NH4OAc (pH 7.0)) were also determined as described by [25]. Standard procedures for laboratory quality
control of measurements, including the use of blanks, replicates and internal reference samples, were followed.
3. Soil organic carbon as observed in lowlands of continuous rice cropping in guinea …
*Corresponding Author: Konan Kouamé Firmin1
27 | Page
The model of [19] was used for the maximum amount of stable SOC (MVC) calculation as bellow in (1):
MVC (g C kg−1
Soil) = 9.04 + 0.27 × (% particles <50 μm) (1)
The coefficient of humus mineralization (K2) was also calculated according to Bouvier et al. (2016) [18]:
K2 = (0.3 t˚ - 3) / [(1 + 0.05×CL (%)) × (100 + 0.15 CaCO3(%o))] (2)
Where “t˚” is the annual average temperature (˚C), CL(%) is the proportion of clay in the soil and CaCO3 is the
soil content of CaCO3 (%o) knowing that 40.04 % is composed of Ca.
2.5 Estimation soil organic matter and active C requirements
The SOM was calculated on basis of SOC affected by the standard coefficient of 1.3 for cultivated land
before determining soil deficiency in organic matter (SDOM) according the threshold level of 40 g kg-1
[26]:
SOM (g kg-1
) = SOC × 1.3 (3)
SDOM (g kg-1
) = 40 – SOM (4)
Then, soil organic matter requirement (SOMR) was determined for 0 – 20 cm (0.20 m) soil depth
across 1 ha (10 000 m2) using soil weight for a specific bulk density (d) at HZ (1.5 g cm-3), FV (2 g cm-3) and
VB (2 g cm-3):
SOMR (g kg-1
) = SDOM× (d × 0.20 × 10 000) for 1 hectare (5)
Then after, the quantity of organic source (QOS) to be supplied was calculated using the average OC (262.5 kg
C) contents of 1 ton of weeds (455 kg C) and 1 ton of rice residues (70 kg C) according to [27] and [28]
respectively:QOS (t) = SOMR/ (OC ×1.3) for 1 hectare (6)
2.6 Statistical analyses
The mean values of soil particle sizes and SOC were determined by descriptive statistic according to
the topographic positions along and across the valley for each the studied sites Pearson correlation analysis was
also performed between MCV and soil contents of particle sizes (clay, silt and sand), In the same manner, the
relation between soil C:N and its contents of particle sizes was explored before that of K2 with all the studied
parameters. The mean values of soil MCV, K2, K, Na, Ca and Mg were determined by analysis of variance
using the Student-Newman and Keuls classification for mean values. By linear model procedure, the rice grain
yield was also determined considering the applied rates of fertilizer as error term. Furthermore, studied soil
properties were used to explain rice grain yield components running Principal Component Analysis. SAS
(version 10) was used for statistical analysis and α was fixed at 0.05.
III. RESULTS
3.1. Soil particle sizes and organic carbon variation in the valley
The Fig 1 is showing the mean values of soil contents of clay, silt and carbon along and across the
valley at both studied site of M’bé (Fig 1a) and Lokakpli (Fig 1b) respectively. Soil content of organic carbon is
roughly increasing along the transversal section of the valley (HZ to the VB) with more consistent trend at the
upper stream position and, the soil of FV is likely the richest at middle and downstream positions indifferently
to the studied localities. Increasing trend of soil content of clay particle is also observed across the valley
contrasting with that of silt outstanding at the FV and coinciding with the highest soil content of carbon at the
middle and downstream positions in both valleys. In turn, the highest values of soil organic carbon content
(about 1.5%) and that of the clay (50 – 55%) are coinciding at the VB of upper stream however:
a)
4. Soil organic carbon as observed in lowlands of continuous rice cropping in guinea …
*Corresponding Author: Konan Kouamé Firmin1
28 | Page
Figure 1: Soil contents of clay (SEM’be = 14.26, ESLok = 14.22), silt (SEM’be = 10.10, ESLok = 9.98) and organic
carbon (SEM’be = 0.48, ESLok = 0.50) in different topographic positions across the valley for each of longitudinal
position at the localities of (a) M’bé (n = 93) and (b) Lokakpli (n = 93).
Therefore, SOC content is differently observed according the topographic positions: regular increasing
trend along the transversal section of the valley is characterizing the upper stream position while the highest
amount is accounting for the FV at middle and downstream positions. Nevertheless, the lowest amount of SOC
often accounts for the HZ (Fig 1a and 1b).
b)
a)
b)
5. Soil organic carbon as observed in lowlands of continuous rice cropping in guinea …
*Corresponding Author: Konan Kouamé Firmin1
29 | Page
Figure 2: Soil contents of sand (SEM’be = 13.31, ESLok = 13.73) and organic carbon (SEM’be = 0.48, ESLok= 0.50)
in different topographic positions across the valley for each of longitudinal position at the localities of (a) M’bé
(n = 93) and (b) Lokakpli (n = 93)
There is no parallelism between SOC and the content of sand particle (Fig 2a and 2b). In turn,
difference in the variation of SOC content is noticeable according to the localities (M’be and Lok) and lowest
value of about 0.8% accounts for M’bé in the soil of VB of median position (Fig 2a).
3.2. Soil carbon relevant parameters and particle size
The mean values of SOC stability (MVC) in top soil (0 – 20 cm) are presented in the table 1 for each of
the longitudinal sections of the valley and according the transversal position:
Table 1: Maximum values of carbon stability in 0 – 20 cm soil depth according to topographic positions along
and across (HZ: Hydromorphic zone; FV: Fringe valley; VB: Valley Bottom) the valley
Maximum value of C stability (%)
Upper stream Median Down stream
HZ 23.86c 22.89c 24.56c
FV 31.02a 31.66a 31.28a
VB 26.24b 27.62b 28.78b
GM
P>F
27.24
˂0.0001
27.39
˂0.0001
28.21
˂0.0001
Letters a, b and c are indicated value with significant difference
The highest values (31.02% – 31.66%) are significantly (P <0.0001) observed in the soil of fringe
valley (FV) contrasting with the soil of hydromorphic zone (HZ) which is characterized by lowest values
(22.89% – 24.56%) indifferently to the longitudinal section of the valley. In turn, the moderate levels account
for the soil of the valley bottom (VB).
In the Table 2, soil content of clay (R = 0.42) and the MVC (R = 0.26) are positively and significantly
correlated with the rate of C:N especially at upper stream position while, negative correlation values are
observed for soil contents of sand (R = -0.24) and silt (R = -0.50) in the VB. Similar relations are significantly
observed between C:N and soil content of sand as well as the values of MVC in the valley bottom of
downstream position. No significant correlation is observed in the soil of HZ at upper stream position while
significant correlations are observed for all the studied parameters in the downstream position, though, different
in magnitude with positive values for sand (R = 0.46) and silt (R = 0.96) when negative for clay (R = -0.66) and
MVC (R = -0.37). The correlation values observed in the soil of FV are inconsistently positive or negative for
the studied parameters depending to the longitudinal section of the valley.
Table 2: Pearson correlation coefficient between C:N and soil particle sizes as well as the maximum value of
carbon saturation (MVC) according to the topographic positions
Upper stream Downstream
HZ FV VB HZ FV VB
Clay R -0.08 -0.71 0.42 -0.66 -0.03 0.17
P>ǀ rǀ 0.4088 ˂0.0001 ˂0.0001 ˂0.0001 0.7689 0.1180
Sand R 0.08 0.08 -0.24 0.46 -0.41 -0.28
P>ǀ rǀ 0.4030 0.425 0.0180 ˂0.0001 0.0001 0.0101
Silt R -0.05 0.70 -0.50 0.97 -0.18 0.12
P>ǀ rǀ 0.5776 ˂0.0001 ˂0.0001 ˂0.0001 0.1037 0.2763
MVC R -0.11 0.02 0.26 -0.37 -0.28 0.50
P>ǀ rǀ 0.2582 0.7940 0.0112 0.0006 0.0109 ˂0.000
1
3.3 Influence of soil nutrients on organic carbon and rice yield implication
Soil content of exchangeable sodium (Na) is at least twice greater than that of the potassium (K) across
the valley as presented in table 3: highest content of K is often significantly observed in the soil of the FV while
richest soil in Na accounts for the VB though, no significant difference is noticed between the mean values of
this nutrient at downstream position.
6. Soil organic carbon as observed in lowlands of continuous rice cropping in guinea …
*Corresponding Author: Konan Kouamé Firmin1
30 | Page
Table 3: Mean values of exchangeable K, Na, Ca and Mg in 0 – 20 cm of soil depth according to the
topographic positions along and across (HZ: Hydromorphic zone; FV: Fringe valley; VB: Valley Bottom) the
valley
Upper stream Median Downstream
HZ 0.09c 0.11a 0.09b
K (cmolkg-1
) FV 0.17a 0.10ab 0.05c
VB 0.12b 0.09b 0.16a
GM (cmolkg-1
)
P>F
0.13
<0.0001
0.10
0.06
0.10
<0.0001
HZ 0.21b 0.19c 0.25a
Na (cmolkg-1
) FV 0.25b 0.28b 0.23a
VB 0.55a 0.30a 0.23a
GM (cmolkg-1
)
P>F
0.34
<0.0001
0.26
<0.0001
0.23
0.1942
HZ 1.66b 1.45c 1.74c
Ca (cmolkg-1
) FV 1.76b 1.85b 2.13b
VB 3.34a 2.58a 2.45a
GM (cmolkg-1
)
P>F
2.25
<0.0001
1.96
<0.0001
2.11
<0.0001
HZ 1.94c 0.67c 0.92c
Mg (cmolkg-1
) FV 1.00b 1.02b 1.16b
VB 1.94a 1.49a 1.41a
MG (cmolkg-1
)
P>F
1.22
<0.0001
1.06
<0.0001
1.16
<0.0001
Letters a, b and c are indicated value with significant difference
Roughly, soil contents of Na, Ca and Mg are increasing along the transversal section (from HZ to VB)
of the valley while, soil content of exchangeable K is more prone to accumulation in the FV position.
Although differences are observed in the relation between the MCV and soil contents of exchangeable
cations especially in the VB according to the longitudinal section, lowest value of K2 is consistently
characterizing this transversal section wherever along the valley contrasting with the HZ of upper stream and
median positions (Table 4). Highest value of K2 accounts for the soil of the FV at downstream position of the
valley.
Table 4: Mean value of humus mineralization rate (K2) across and along a valley
K2 (%)
Upper stream Median Down stream
Hydromorphic Zone 2.78a 2.97a 2.72b
Fringe Valley 2.44b 2.47b 2.99a
Valley Bottom 1.62c 1.76c 1.70c
GM (%) 2.28 2.40 2.47
P>F <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
Significant negative values of correlation between K2 and MVC are characterizing all the positions of
the valley except for the soil of FV at downstream position which is showing positive value. Contrasting
correlation values of K2 are only observed along the valley for the soil at FV position (Table 5):
Table 5: Correlation values and probabilities of K2 according to soil contents of clay, sand and silt as well as
MVC and C/N across and along a valley
Upper stream Downstream
HZ FV VB HZ FV VB
Clay R -0.98 -0.98 -0.99 -0.99 -0.99 -0.99
P>ǀ rǀ <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
Sand R 0.96 0.51 0.90 0.98 -0.76 0.84
P>ǀ rǀ <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
Silt R 0.19 0.64 0.98 0.77 0.91 0.82
P>ǀ rǀ <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
MVC R -0.97 -0.40 -0.92 -0.95 0.80 -0.64
P>ǀ rǀ 0.0666 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
C/N R 0.15 0.66 -0.48 0.63 0.08 -0.19
P>ǀ rǀ 0.1452 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0796
Whatever the nature of the relations between the studied parameters, the recorded rice grain yield is increasing
in the transversal section of the valley showing lowest values in the hydromorphic zone (HZ) against highest in
the valley bottom (VB) anywhere of the longitudinal position of the valley (Fig 3).
7. Soil organic carbon as observed in lowlands of continuous rice cropping in guinea …
*Corresponding Author: Konan Kouamé Firmin1
31 | Page
Figure 3: Mean values of rice grain yield along and across the valley (P< 0.0001 for each of the longitudinal
section)
Average rice grain yield is ranging from 4.5 tha-1
to 6.44 tha-1
across the studied valleys.
Figure 4: Principal components of rice grain yield according to soil properties for the first and second factors
Soil contents of clay and K are the most yield relevant factors with positive correlations when contrasting with
soil content of silt and it’s K2 (Fig 4). In some extend soil contents of Ca, Mg and Na may have also account for
main component of rice yield (Fig 5).
Figure 5: Principal components of rice grain yield according to soil properties for the first and third factors
8. Soil organic carbon as observed in lowlands of continuous rice cropping in guinea …
*Corresponding Author: Konan Kouamé Firmin1
32 | Page
IV. DISCUSSION
4.1 Soil Organic Carbon anisotropy
There were preferential associations between SOC and its particle sizes according to the topographic
sections along and across the valley. Highest content of SOC was likely associated to clay content in the soil of
VB at upper stream position while, so was observed for silt particle at FV of median and downstream positions.
The poorest soil of the hydromorphic zone (HZ) was also characterized by highest values of sand content
(43.88%) and K2 coupled with lowest MVC in concordance with the lower rice grain yield. Although affected
by seasonal waterlogging of perched ground water, HZ is the most aerobic section of inland valley, more prone
to SOC turnover especially during the dry season. For 1 ton of crop residue as dry matter potentially releasing
up to 70 kgC [28], a minimum amount of 53.36 gCkg-1
[70kg - (70 ×(MVC = 23.77)] can account for
mineralizations (C:N = 10:1; K2) and C loss as dissolved C leached towards the lower topographic positions of
FV and VB. The slope and the high soil content in sand (53–2000 μm) may have contributed to leaching of C
and its mineralization. Therefore, the recorded C-organic amount could not reached 20 gCkg-1
(vs. 53.36 gCkg-
1
) beside of lowest contents of K, Ca and Mg in the soil of HZ. Nevertheless, during the wet season, the
occurrence of waterlogging may increased the turnover time of raw materials between that of active and passive
C-pools [29, 30], resulting a partially decomposed organic matter. These seasonal effects are contributing to the
development of a deepest organic horizon of about 0 – 40 cm compared to that of the subsequent soils of the
upland (middle and upper slopes, and summit).
The SOC associated with silt (FV at median and downstream positions) and clay (VB at Upper stream
position) particles are relatively stable, due to physical protection [31] resulting the highest values of MVC
observed. But, C fractions may be different according to the longitudinal section of the valley when referring to
the prevalence of silt-OC and clay-OC (Fig 1) as well as the contrasting correlation values observed between the
respective particle size and the rate of humus mineralization (K2). Though not clearly identified in the current
study, there is skylight for asserting existence of longitudinal and transversal gradients of SOC in term of
quality.
4.2 Soil Organic Carbon requirements
On basis of the average record of SOC, there was low content (< 40 gkg-1
soil) of SOM indifferently to
the studied valley. SOM deficiency can be estimated about 25.55 gkg-1
, 23.40 gkg-1
and 24.26 gkg-1
for HZ, FV
and VB respectively. To fill these gaps for 1 ton of soil within 0 – 20 cm depth, organic matter requirement
should be 76.650 tha-1
(HZ), 93.600 tha-1
(FV) and 97.040 t ha-1
(VB) corresponding to 224 tha-1
, 269.4 tha-1
and
281.03 tha-1
of raw material to be applied (rice and weed residues) respectively. In the context of organic
material shortage in Africa [32], these practices are unrespectable while emphasizing more suitability of HZ for
large adoption of organic farming in some extend. Nevertheless, there is evidence of different rates of organic
matter requirement for soil at a given topographic section though; they are twenty times greater than the
recurrent recommended rate (12 tha-1
). This finding is pointing out difference in organic farming practices when
referring to the results observed in upland of semi-arid zone of West Africa [33]. Nevertheless, more
investigation involving the kinetic of SOC mineralization [34] is required for underlining the effectiveness of
OM amendment in time scale, especially for rice cropping cycle.
In fact, the source of SOC was mainly composed of weeds (455 kgCt-1
) and rice residues (70 kgCt-1
)
including dead roots and root exudations (negligible in the range of micro-molar) in both lowlands [27, 28].
Thus, there was low input of organic carbon in the studied agrosystems. Nevertheless, the lowest soil carbon
stability values (22 – 24%) of the soil at HZ were relevant to highest mineralization rate of humus (K2) hence,
increasing its suitability for organic matter management. Well, for about 262.5 kgC (mean for weed and rice ) as
input of 1 ton of raw materials, only 63 kgC may be bounded as passive C pool (soil structure component) in
the soil of HZ against 82.21 kgC and 72.29 kgC at the fringe valley and valley bottom respectively. When
referring to labil-pool of 199.7 kgCt-1
at HZ and the maximum rate (K1) of humufication (30%) according to
[35], the extreme scenario (24% for MVC) may results about 59.85 kgC (199.5 × 30%) as humus of which, 1.58
kgC [59.85 × K2] may account for mineralization according to the average value of K2 (2.82%) at HZ position
(Table 4). Hence, the active C-pool within 0 – 20 cm depth of one hectare released by 1 ton of the raw material
should be about 0.5267 μgC/g soil, 0.355 μgC/g soil and 14.2 μgC/g soil for HZ, FV and VB respectively in a
very low range compared to the reference value of 0.60 mgC/g characterizing agricultural lands elsewhere [36].
In the light of these analyses, low input of OM and poor soil properties relevant to organic matter
management are responsible to unsuccessful of OM practice in the studied agro-ecosystems.
9. Soil organic carbon as observed in lowlands of continuous rice cropping in guinea …
*Corresponding Author: Konan Kouamé Firmin1
33 | Page
4.3 Rice productivity
Although 10:1 was accounting for the average rate of SOC rapid mineralization, highest values could
be roughly defined in increasing order (15:1 – 17:1) according to the transversal section of the valleys along
with the trend of the average rice grain yield (Fig 3). In fact, the slowness of nutrients releasing by SOC is more
pronounced with the increase of C:N [37] thus, saving nutrient from the loss as occurring with water dynamic.
Therefore, the HZ was prone to processes of dissolving C and nutrient leaching for gradual enrichment of the
FV and the VB, especially with Na, Ca and Mg while highest amount of soil K was accounting for the FV and
VB at the upper stream and downstream positions respectively (Table 3). Therefore, accumulative dispersion of
soil colloid as occurring with highest amounts of K and Na [38] may occurred in the VB of median and
downstream positions hence, reducing the SOC amount in addition to the dissolving effect of flooding [39].
These fractions of C were probably promoting lowest rate of humification (K2) in the VB in spite of the increase
of soil contents of Ca and Mg and agricultural practice [40]. Therefore, the soil contents of Ca and Mg as well as
the stable fraction of SOC referring to MVC, may have more contribution to the highest rice yield recorded in
VB than the total SOC which was lowest.
In fact, Mg and Ca can extensively and positively affect the mineral nutrition of plants [41] hence,
improving the efficiency of the applied mineral fertilizer (NPK) in the studied lowlands. Local geological
material characterized by orthose (K) and plagioclase (Ca and Na) minerals may be the main sources of K, Na
and Ca with significant contribution of leachates from the HZ.
Overall, the VB is pointed out as the most suitable land for rice production while, the HZ is acting as
ecological service supplier beside of the mineralogical nature of local bed rock.
V. CONCLUSION
There were preferential associations between SOC and its particle sizes according to the topographic
sections along and across the valley. Quantitative and qualitative differences of SOC may be also accounting to
the difference of topographic positions affecting the rate (K2) of humification. Although, different rates of OM
were required according to soil properties, our investigation underlined unsuitability of rice and weed residues
as organic sources for awareness. Dissolved C and leached nutrients (Na, K, Mg and Ca) may be released from
HZ to VB contributing to rice yield gap (4.5 – 6.44 th-1
). Soil contents of clay and K were the most relevant
yield increasing factors contrasting with the contents of sand, silt and K2 value. More enriched organic-C source
was required for improving organic input in the studied agro-systems emphasizing a major constraint for
lowland rice production. The VB most prone to flooding was deemed most suitable for lowland rice production
and HZ was suspected to be ecosystem service supplier to the VB while further investigations are suggested to
improve knowledge of SOC kinetic of mineralization and rice grain yield gap comparing with neighboring
topographic positions.
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