This document provides guidance on developing the theoretical framework and conceptual framework chapters of a research paper. It defines key terms like theoretical framework, conceptual framework, and variables. It explains that a theoretical framework summarizes previous knowledge on a problem from literature and identifies the plan for investigating relationships between variables. A conceptual framework provides a visual model of relationships between concepts and variables. The document offers tips for developing frameworks, like describing known relationships and identifying theories to explain problems. It emphasizes that frameworks should be supported by citations and help readers understand the researcher's perspective.

1. CHAPTER 1 – THE PROBLEM
AND ITS SCOPE

2. PARTS AND CONTENTS OF THE
CHAPTER
1. RATIONALE
• Consists of 4 – 5 paragraphs in at least 3 pages
1st paragraph – contains Global views of the problem being studied
2nd paragraph – contains national views of the problem
3rd paragraph – Discussion in detail of the problem or gap being studied
citing emphasis of the latter in the local setting
4th paragraph – supporting studies or claims on the problem(maximum
of 2 only)
5th paragraph – discussion of the main reason of the conduct of the
study, what to do about it, how it will be processed (concisely) and
concluding statement of the rationale.

3. What is a theoretical framework?
• A theoretical framework is a summary of the researcher’s theory regarding a
particular problem that is developed through a review of previously tested
knowledge of variables involved. It identifies a plan for investigation and
interpretation of the findings.
• It relates to philosophical basis on which the research takes place and form
the link between the theoretical aspects and practical components of the
investigation undertaken. Therefore it’’ has implications for every decision
made in the research process’’(Mertens,1998,3)
2. Theoretical Background of the Study

4. WHAT IS A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK?
(CON’T)
• Theoretical framework can be considered as a conceptual model
that establishes a sense of structure that guides the research
process. It includes the variables a researcher intends to measure
and relationships he/she seeks to understand. Essentially, this is
where a researcher develops a “theory” and build his/her case
for investigating that theory.
• The theoretical framework is the researcher’s presentation of a
theory that explains a particular problem and it is not based on
his/her suspicions alone.

5. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK IN A RESEARCH
REPORT
• Theoretical framework is presented in the early section
of a thesis or dissertation chapter one of the report and
provides the rationale for conducting your research to
investigate a particular research problem.
• It involves a well-supported rationale and is organized
in a manner that helps the reader understand and asses
the perspective of the researcher.

6. WHEN DEVELOPING A THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK:
• The researcher start by describing what is known about
the variables involved, what is known about their
relationship, and what can be explained thus far.
• One need to investigate other researchers’ theories
behind these relationships and identify a theory (or a
combination of theories) that explain his/her major
research problem.

7. WHEN DEVELOPING A THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK: (CONT’D)
• The researcher need to consider alternative theories that
might challenge his/her perspective.
• One also considers the limitations associated with
his/her theory and quite possibly that problem could be
better understood by other theoretical frameworks.

8. SIGNIFICANCE OF A THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
• It helps the researcher to consider other possible
frameworks and to reduce biases that may sway the
researcher’s interpretation.
• It clarifies researcher’s implicit theory in a manner that is
more clearly defined.

9. SIGNIFICANCE OF A THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
• It demonstrates that the relationships proposed by the
researcher are not based on his/her personal instincts or
guesses, but rather formed from facts obtained from
authors of previous research.
• The theoretical framework allows a researcher to
present the research problem in light of summary of the
literature.

10. SIGNIFICANCE OF A THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
• It shows the reader why the researcher thinks that the
variables involved are related and the inclusion of
previous research and theories that support researcher’s
belief are essential to defending the rationale.
• It determines how the researcher perceives, make sense
of, and interpret his/her data. Explanation of theoretical
framework helps the reader understand the researchers'
perspective and context.

11. CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK

12. WHAT IS A CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK?
• Mugenda and Mugenda (2003), define a conceptual framework as
a hypothesized model identifying the concepts under study and
their relationships. It provides an outline of the preferred approach
in the research and also outlines the relationships and the desired
effects, forming independent and dependent variables respectively.
• It also a schematic representation showing the relationship
between different types of variables involved in the study such as
relationship between independent variables and the dependent
variable. (Tidwell,2012)

13. WHAT IS A CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK?
• It’s the researcher’s own position on the problem and
gives direction to the study.
• Consists of concepts that are placed within a logical and
sequential design. It represents less formal structure and
used for studies in which existing theory is incapable or
insufficient. Its based on specific concepts and
propositions, derived from empirical observation and
intuition.

14. WHAT IS A CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK?
• Miles and Huberman (1994) in Corry and Stella (2012)defined a
conceptual framework as a visual or written product, one that
“explains, either graphically or in narrative form, the main things
to be studied—the key factors, concepts, or variables—and the
presumed relationships among them” (p. 18).1
• Conceptual framework is a network, or “a plane,” of interlinked
concepts that together provide a comprehensive understanding
of a phenomenon or phenomena.

15. FEATURES OF CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORKS
The main features of conceptual frameworks are as follows:
• 1. A conceptual framework is not merely a collection of concepts
but, rather, a construct in which each concept plays an integral
role. According to Miles and Huberman (1994), a conceptual
framework “lays out the key factors, constructs, or variables, and
presumes relationships among them” (p. 440). To discourage
loose usage of the term conceptual framework, I propose basing
conceptual frameworks not on variable or factors but on concepts
alone. When variables or factors are used, I suggest employing
the term model.

16. FEATURES OF CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORKS
• 2. A conceptual framework provides not a causal/analytical
setting but, rather, an interpretative approach to social reality.
• 3. Rather than offering a theoretical explanation, as do
quantitative models, conceptual frameworks provide
understanding.
• 4. A conceptual framework provides not knowledge of “hard
facts” but, rather, “soft interpretation of intentions” (Levering,
2002, p. 38).

17. FEATURES OF CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORKS
• 5. Conceptual frameworks are indeterminist in nature and
therefore do not enable us to predict an outcome. Levering
(2002) has suggested that “the idea that human behavior can be
explained and predicted is roughly based on the concept of
external factors being caught in an accidental cohesion, and the
idea that human actions can be understood, but not predicted,
is based on the concept of freedom” (p. 38).
• 6. Conceptual frameworks can be developed and constructed
through a process of qualitative analysis.

18. • This part should consists of at least 6 pages
• Format
1st page of the Theoretical background of the study should consist of 4 – 5
paragraphs
1st Paragraph – introduction of the theories and legal bases to which the study
is anchored on
2nd paragraph – general discussion of the first theory
3rd paragraph – general discussion of the 2nd theory used or the legal basis
used
4th paragraph – general discussion of the legal basis used or introduction of
the variables in the study
5th paragraph – introduction of the variable in the study

20. • 2nd page – is for the schematic diagram of the theoretical-
conceptual framework of the study
• 3rd page and 4th page – detailed discussion of the first theory with
supporting studies
• 5th page and 6th page – detailed discussion of the 2nd theory with
supporting studies
• 7th – 8th pages – detailed discussion of the legal basis with
supporting studies
• Last page – discussion of the schematic diagram of the
theoretical-conceptual framework with the last paragraph to sum
up the contents of the theoretical background of the study.

21. 3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Format
-Statement of the main problem in one paragraph.
-Should contain the main problem, the respondents
of the study, the research locale and time frame in
a very concise manner
-Statement of the specific problems

22. SAMPLE
•Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this study is to investigate the
relationship between the students’ mathematical
self-efficacy and test anxiety on their performance of
Saint Joseph College Junior High School Department
for SY 2019 -2020.

23. • The following are the specific research questions:
• 1. What is the level of the mathematical self-efficacy and mathematical test anxiety
of the respondents?
• 2. What is the mathematical performance of the
• 2.1. low anxious and
• 2.2 high anxious respondents?
• 3. What are the associations between mathematical test anxiety and mathematical
self-efficacy of the
• 3.1 low anxious and
• 3.2 high anxious respondents?
• 4. What are the associations between mathematical test anxiety and the students’
mathematical performance of the
• 4.1 low anxious and
• 4.2 high anxious respondents?
• 5. What factors causes anxiety during the test?
• 6. What output can be proposed based on the findings of the study?

24. 4. STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS/ES
•Sample
•Statement of Hypotheses
•1. No associations exist between mathematical self-
efficacy and test anxiety of the low anxious and high
anxious respondents.
•2. No associations exist between mathematical test
anxiety and students’ mathematical performance.

25. 5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
•This part of the study the researcher will describe
the possible contributions of his/her study to the
learners, teachers, administrators, School, and
future researchers.
•This should be in one paragraph only.

26. 6. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
• This part contains the purpose of the study, the
respondents, the research locale and the time frame of
the conduct of the study.
• It should also contain the discussion of the possible
limiting factors of the study.

27. 7. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• This part presents the commonly used words in the
study that needs clarification for better understanding of
the study.
• Hint: the words to be defined are taken from the title,
theoretical and conceptual framework and from the SOP
.