Lesson Objective: After this lesson students will be able to -
a) comprehend the necessity of using frameworks while conducting legal research;
b) distinguish between theoretical and conceptual framework, and
c) use theoretical and conceptual frameworks within their research
A journal which discusses the relationship of logic to law; gives reference to previous researches related and provides logical questions which can be a guide for further explorations.
A journal which discusses the relationship of logic to law; gives reference to previous researches related and provides logical questions which can be a guide for further explorations.
These slides are regarding Ratio decidendi, a topic from judicial process.What is ratio. Ratio decidendi. Definitions. Hierarchy of English court. Difference between ratio decidendi and obiter dicta. Shades of meaning to the expression ratio decidendi.
The Role of Ratio Decidendi in Judicial Precedent. Rules of ratio decidendi. When precedent has multiple reasons. Where there are multiple judges. Determination of ratio decidendi. Ratio decidendi in Indian Scenario. Stare decisis and Article 141 Overruling Conclusion.
The doctrine of judicial precedent developed in common-law legal system centered on the notion of ratio decidenti of a case. According to the preliminary statement of the English rules of precedent, every court is bound to follow any case decided by a court above it in the hierarchy and appellate courts(other than House of Lords) are bound by their previous decisions. The decision or judgement of a judge may fall into two parts: The ratio decidendi (reason for the decision) Obiter dictum(something said which is not part of the judgement or said by the way).
What is ratio? • Meaning of ratio is the measure of a quantity in terms of another and decidendi means decision. • Ratio is a ruling on a point of law and the decision on a point of law depends on facts of a case. Culling out / obtaining ratio from a judgment is difficult. • A thorough reading of an entire judgment is required to identify a ratio. • Essence of the decision is the ratio. Every observation found in a judgement is not the ratio.
RATIO DECIDENDI Ratio decidendi is a legal rule derived from, and consistent with, those parts of legal reasoning within a judgment on which the outcome of the case depends. The ratio decidendi is "the point in a case that determines the judgment" or "the principle that the case establishes“. Ratio decidendi is a Latin phrase meaning "the reason" or "the rationale for the decision".
7. DEFINITION • According to Salmond “the ratio decidendi may be described roughly as the rule of law applied by and acted on by the court, or the rule which the court regarded as governing the case." • Sir Rupert Cross defined the ratio decidendi as ”any rule of law expressly or impliedly treated by the judge as a necessary step in reaching his conclusion, having regard to the line of reasoning adopted by him”(Precedent in English Law).
Ratio decidendi • Ratio decidendi ordinarily means the reason for deciding the case . The reason here is not; The fact of the case. The law that the case applies. The order of the case.
HIERARCHY OF ENGLISH COURTS
MAGISTRATES COURTS TRIBUNALS COUNTY COURT HIGH COURT SUPREME COURT (House of Lords) COURT OF APPEAL CROWN COURT CIVIL CRIMINAL DIVISIONAL COURT
Introduction to Legal Research MethodologyPreeti Sikder
Learning Objective: After completion of this lesson students will
a) learn about the definition of research;
b) identify the basic characteristics of research
This law is heavily influenced by Philippine law (PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 968). Individuals convicted of a crime may be excused from their punishments for a specified period of time, and the court will monitor them. The court will agree that it is preferable for the offender to avoid prison and instead be monitored by the judge. Because the law's objective is not only to punish criminals by imprisoning them, but also to assist them in changing for the better in settings other than prison, such as those on probation.
Practical Research 1 :This course develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through qualitative research.
This power point made possible by : Prof. JOBIEN S.DAYAO, MA, Prof. Roel Jumawan MTP,MAEM AND Prof. Penn T.Larena ,CPS,MPA
• Generally speaking, qualifying words restrict or modify only the words or phrases to which they are immediately associated. They do not qualify words or phrases which are distantly or remotely located.
• In other words, in the absence of legislative intent to the contrary, preferential and qualifying words and phrases must be applied only to their immediate or last antecedent, and not to the other remote or preceding words or association of words. This rule of legal hermeneutics is commonly known as the doctrine of last antecedent.
• The maxim expressive of this rule is ad proximum antecedens fiat relatio nisi impediatur sententia or relative words refer to the nearest antecedents, unless the context otherwise requires.
These slides are regarding Ratio decidendi, a topic from judicial process.What is ratio. Ratio decidendi. Definitions. Hierarchy of English court. Difference between ratio decidendi and obiter dicta. Shades of meaning to the expression ratio decidendi.
The Role of Ratio Decidendi in Judicial Precedent. Rules of ratio decidendi. When precedent has multiple reasons. Where there are multiple judges. Determination of ratio decidendi. Ratio decidendi in Indian Scenario. Stare decisis and Article 141 Overruling Conclusion.
The doctrine of judicial precedent developed in common-law legal system centered on the notion of ratio decidenti of a case. According to the preliminary statement of the English rules of precedent, every court is bound to follow any case decided by a court above it in the hierarchy and appellate courts(other than House of Lords) are bound by their previous decisions. The decision or judgement of a judge may fall into two parts: The ratio decidendi (reason for the decision) Obiter dictum(something said which is not part of the judgement or said by the way).
What is ratio? • Meaning of ratio is the measure of a quantity in terms of another and decidendi means decision. • Ratio is a ruling on a point of law and the decision on a point of law depends on facts of a case. Culling out / obtaining ratio from a judgment is difficult. • A thorough reading of an entire judgment is required to identify a ratio. • Essence of the decision is the ratio. Every observation found in a judgement is not the ratio.
RATIO DECIDENDI Ratio decidendi is a legal rule derived from, and consistent with, those parts of legal reasoning within a judgment on which the outcome of the case depends. The ratio decidendi is "the point in a case that determines the judgment" or "the principle that the case establishes“. Ratio decidendi is a Latin phrase meaning "the reason" or "the rationale for the decision".
7. DEFINITION • According to Salmond “the ratio decidendi may be described roughly as the rule of law applied by and acted on by the court, or the rule which the court regarded as governing the case." • Sir Rupert Cross defined the ratio decidendi as ”any rule of law expressly or impliedly treated by the judge as a necessary step in reaching his conclusion, having regard to the line of reasoning adopted by him”(Precedent in English Law).
Ratio decidendi • Ratio decidendi ordinarily means the reason for deciding the case . The reason here is not; The fact of the case. The law that the case applies. The order of the case.
HIERARCHY OF ENGLISH COURTS
MAGISTRATES COURTS TRIBUNALS COUNTY COURT HIGH COURT SUPREME COURT (House of Lords) COURT OF APPEAL CROWN COURT CIVIL CRIMINAL DIVISIONAL COURT
Introduction to Legal Research MethodologyPreeti Sikder
Learning Objective: After completion of this lesson students will
a) learn about the definition of research;
b) identify the basic characteristics of research
This law is heavily influenced by Philippine law (PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 968). Individuals convicted of a crime may be excused from their punishments for a specified period of time, and the court will monitor them. The court will agree that it is preferable for the offender to avoid prison and instead be monitored by the judge. Because the law's objective is not only to punish criminals by imprisoning them, but also to assist them in changing for the better in settings other than prison, such as those on probation.
Practical Research 1 :This course develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through qualitative research.
This power point made possible by : Prof. JOBIEN S.DAYAO, MA, Prof. Roel Jumawan MTP,MAEM AND Prof. Penn T.Larena ,CPS,MPA
• Generally speaking, qualifying words restrict or modify only the words or phrases to which they are immediately associated. They do not qualify words or phrases which are distantly or remotely located.
• In other words, in the absence of legislative intent to the contrary, preferential and qualifying words and phrases must be applied only to their immediate or last antecedent, and not to the other remote or preceding words or association of words. This rule of legal hermeneutics is commonly known as the doctrine of last antecedent.
• The maxim expressive of this rule is ad proximum antecedens fiat relatio nisi impediatur sententia or relative words refer to the nearest antecedents, unless the context otherwise requires.
How to Develop Mathematical Theorems Based on Literature Survey for PhD Thesi...PhD Assistance
The main aim of framing any theory is to explain, predict and understand occurrences. Theorem Development Literature Review is designed to hold or support a theory of any research.
A theory gives a complete and complex conceptual understanding of things which cannot be listed down like how societies work, how certain organization functions and why people interact in a particular way. Theories provide a Researcher with a different angle, from which they can look at complex problems and social issues, allow them to focus their attention on a different aspect of data and provide them with a framework within which they can conduct their analysis. All scientific theory starts as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a recommended solution for an undiscovered occurrence which does not fit into a currently acknowledged scientific theory.
Ph.D. Assistance:
Ph.D. Assistance serves as an external mentor to brainstorm your idea and translate that into research model. Hiring a mentor or tutor is common and therefore let your research committee known about the same. We do not offer any writing services without the involvement of the researcher.
Learn More: https://bit.ly/2WPwuku
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
How to Develop Mathematical Theorems Based on Literature Survey for PhD Thesi...PhD Assistance
The main aim of framing any theory is to explain, predict and understand occurrences. Theorem Development Literature Review is designed to hold or support a theory of any research.
A theory gives a complete and complex conceptual understanding of things which cannot be listed down like how societies work, how certain organization functions and why people interact in a particular way. Theories provide a Researcher with a different angle, from which they can look at complex problems and social issues, allow them to focus their attention on a different aspect of data and provide them with a framework within which they can conduct their analysis. All scientific theory starts as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a recommended solution for an undiscovered occurrence which does not fit into a currently acknowledged scientific theory.
Ph.D. Assistance:
Ph.D. Assistance serves as an external mentor to brainstorm your idea and translate that into research model. Hiring a mentor or tutor is common and therefore let your research committee known about the same. We do not offer any writing services without the involvement of the researcher.
Learn More: https://bit.ly/2WPwuku
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Theoretical and Conceptual framework in ResearchIkbal Ahmed
A presentation on Theoretical framework and conceptual framework of a research.From this presentation you can know -
1) About theory and 4 types of theory
2) How to choose a suitable theoretical framework for your research
3) How to make a good conceptual framework for your research
4) Find out Independent variable and dependent variable of your problem statement
5) Relation between TF & CF relative to Quantitative and Qualitative methodology
Mention the Challenges Researchers Face While Developing a Theoretical Frame ...PhD Assistance
PhD Literature Review Theoretical Framework is always found in the initial section of a dissertation, and it acts as the foundation for investigating a problem statement associated with your research. The theoretical framework is also considered as the conceptual structure that guides the research work. It acts as a background that supports your research and shows the reader that you have sound knowledge in the particular research area. It plays a significant part in proving the originality of the research problem. The theoretical framework plays a significant role in guiding the process of a research study.
Ph.D. Assistance:
Ph.D. Assistance serves as an external mentor to brainstorm your idea and translate that into research model. Hiring a mentor or tutor is common and therefore let your research committee known about the same. We do not offer any writing services without the involvement of the researcher.
Learn More: https://bit.ly/34AIryK
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Mention the Challenges Researchers Face While Developing a Theoretical Framew...PhD Assistance
PhD Literature Review Theoretical Framework is always found in the initial section of a dissertation, and it acts as the foundation for investigating a problem statement associated with your research. The theoretical framework is also considered as the conceptual structure that guides the research work. It acts as a background that supports your research and shows the reader that you have sound knowledge in the particular research area. It plays a significant part in proving the originality of the research problem. The theoretical framework plays a significant role in guiding the process of a research study.
Ph.D. Assistance:
Ph.D. Assistance serves as an external mentor to brainstorm your idea and translate that into research model. Hiring a mentor or tutor is common and therefore let your research committee known about the same. We do not offer any writing services without the involvement of the researcher.
Learn More: https://bit.ly/34AIryK
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
What is the Theoretical Framework? Mention the Strategies Used for Developing...PhD Assistance
The Theoretical Framework explains the path of research and ground it in the theoretical construct.
Theoretical Framework of a Dissertation or Thesis consultation explores unstudied areas by observing previous research to identify the purpose of work and discuss existing knowledge.
The theoretical framework is a structure that holds support from the theory that is closely related to your research. While developing your Theoretical Framework we Help to describe and introduces the theory which explains why the research problem is important to do research.
In, many cases, the theories formulated to explain, predict and understand phenomena and to extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical assumption. The theoretical framework is framed by collecting information from the various literature review, analytical models, theories that are relevant to your study
PhD Assistance is a Best Academic Dissertation Writing Service & Consulting Support Company established in 2001.
Learn More: https://bit.ly/3dUKG3q
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical bounded assumptions or predictions of behavior. The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. The theoretical framework encompasses not just the theory, but the narrative explanation about how the researcher engages in using the theory and its underlying assumptions to investigate the research problem. It is the structure of your paper that summarizes concepts, ideas, and theories derived from prior research studies and which was synthesized in order to form a conceptual basis for your analysis and interpretation of meaning found within your research.
Abend, Gabriel. "The Meaning of Theory." Sociological Theory 26 (June 2008): 173–199; Kivunja, Charles. "Distinguishing between Theory, Theoretical Framework, and Conceptual Framework: A Systematic Review of Lessons from the Field." International Journal of Higher Education 7 (December 2018): 44-53; Swanson, Richard A. Theory Building in Applied Disciplines. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers 2013; Varpio, Lara, Elise Paradis, Sebastian Uijtdehaage, and Meredith Young. "The Distinctions between Theory, Theoretical Framework, and Conceptual Framework." Academic Medicine 95 (July 2020): 989-994.
Importance of Theory and a Theoretical Framework
Theories can be unfamiliar to the beginning researcher because they are rarely applied in high school social studies curriculum and, as a result, can come across as unfamiliar and imprecise when first introduced as part of a writing assignment. However, in their most simplified form, a theory is simply a set of assumptions or predictions about something you think will happen based on existing evidence and that can be tested to see if those outcomes turn out to be true. Of course, it is slightly more deliberate than that, therefore, summarized from Kivunja (2018, p. 46), here are the essential characteristics of a theory.
It is logical and coherent
It has clear definitions of terms or variables, and has boundary conditions [i.e., it is not an open-ended statement]
It has a domain where it applies
It has clearly described relationships among variables
It describes, explains, and makes specific predictions
It comprises of concepts, themes, principles, and constructs
It must have been based on empirical data [i.e., it is not a guess]
It must have made claims that are subject to testing, been tested and verified
It must be clear and concise
Its assertions or predictions must be different and better than those in existing theories
Its predictions must be general enough to be applicable to and understood within multiple contexts
Its assertions or predictions are relevant, and if applied as predicted, will result in the predicted outcome
The assertions and predictions are not immutable, but subject to revision and improvement as researchers use
AIS 2102 Legal Framework of Trade UnionismPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome: After completion of this lesson, students will be able to -
a) define workers and trade unions;
b) identify the statutory and constitutional framework of trade unions in Bangladesh,
c) identify unfair labour practices on part of employers and workers
Restrictions on Articles and Activities Injurious to Environment: Polythene BanPreeti Sikder
Lesson Outcome: Learning Objective: After completing this lesson, students will
a) be acquainted with the relevant legal provisions existing in Bangladesh relating to plastic pollution
b) be able to critically analyse the steps taken by Bangladeshi Government in imposing absolute ban on polythene
Core Elements of Environmental Rule of LawPreeti Sikder
Lesson Outcome: After completion of this lesson, students will be able to -
a) dissect own opinions about implementation techniques of environmental laws;
b) identify the core elements of environmental rule of law
Introduction to Environmental Rule of LawPreeti Sikder
Lesson Outcomes: After completion of this lesson students will be able to -
a) Define environmental rule of law
b) Define environmental governance
c) Distinguish between environmental rule of law and environmental governance
Laws and Policies on Climate Change in BD: BCCSAPPreeti Sikder
After completion of this lesson, students will be able to -
a) understand the adaptation and mitigation measures taken by Bangladesh government;
b) describe the six pillars of BCCSAP
AIS 2102 Examples of Negotiable InstrumentsPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome: After completion of this lesson students will be able to -
a) define promissory notes;
b) define bills of exchange;
c) define cheques;
d) distinguish between promissory notes and cheques.
AIS 2102 Introduction to Negotiable InstrumentsPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome: After completion of this lesson, the students will be able to -
a) define negotiable instruments
b) describe the characteristics of negotiable instruments under the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
Learning Outcome:
After completion of the lesson students will be able to -
a) comprehend the nature of misrepresentation in contracts
b) distinguish between representation and promise
c) describe the elements of misrepresentation
d) describe the elements of fraud
e) distinguish between misrepresentation and fraud
Learning Outcome: After completion of this lesson, students will be able to -
1) identify and distinguish between conditions and warranties
2) learn about implied conditions and implied warranties available under Sale of Goods Act
3) determine when ownership of a property passes during a sale
Learning Outcome: After completion of this lesson students will be able to-
a) differentiate between sale and agreement to sell
b) define contract for sale of goods
c) define goods
Vitiating Elements in Formation of Contract: Coercion, Fraud and Undue Influe...Preeti Sikder
After completion of this lesson students will be able to:
- define free consent and identify elements of coercion
- define fraud and identify its elements
- define undue influence and identify its elements
Protection of Biodiversity in Bangladesh: ForestsPreeti Sikder
Learning Objectives: After completing this lesson students will be
a) informed about the basic forest management system in Bangladesh
b) informed about the categories of forests in Bangladesh
c) learn about the points of improvement that can be considered in relation to the Forests Act, 1927
Protection of Biodiversity in Bangladesh: ECAPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome: After completion of this lesson students will -
a) learn about the concept of Ecologically Critical Areas,
b) be informed about the legal requirements in protecting the ECAs
c) be informed about judicial activism relating to ECAs in Bangladesh
After completion of this lesson students will be able to:
a) define offer
b) distinguish between offer and invitation to treat
c) explain how a proposal is revoked
World Without Law Professors: Legal Research and EducationPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome: After completion of this lesson, students will be able to -
a) comprehend the necessity of academic legal research
b) identify deep legal research and interdisciplinary legal research
Acceptance in Contract and its CommunicationPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome: After completion of this lesson students will be able to -
a) define acceptance
b) understand and explain the methods of communication of acceptance
c) illustrate the legal provisions relating to communication and revocation of acceptance
World Without Law Professors: Legal TrainingPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome: After completion of this lesson, students will be able to-
a) identify the basic pattern of legal education in both civil and common law countries;
b) describe the counter models presented to address lacunae of legal education
c) understand the benefits of clinical lawyer school
Restrictions on Articles and Activities Injurious to Environment: Plastic pol...Preeti Sikder
Learning Objective: After completing this lesson, students will
a) be acquainted with the relevant legal provisions existing in Bangladesh relating to plastic pollution
b) be able to critically analyse the steps taken by Bangladeshi Government in imposing absolute ban on polythene
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
Visit Now: https://www.tumblr.com/trademark-quick/751620857551634432/ensure-legal-protection-file-your-trademark-with?source=share
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
2. General Aim of the Frameworks
▪ The overall aim of the two frameworks is to make research
findings more meaningful, acceptable to the theoretical
constructs in the research field and ensures generalizability.
▪ They assist in stimulating research while ensuring the extension
of knowledge by providing both direction and impetus to the
research inquiry.
▪ They also enhance the empiricism and rigor of a research.
▪ “Both the theoretical and conceptual frameworks give life to a
research” - Imenda Sitwala (2004)
3. Charles
Kivunja,
Associate
Prof, UNE
“…many authors write about
using theories in their
research, and they, for
instance use the terms theory,
conceptual framework and
theoretical framework as
though they all mean the same
thing, and therefore
interchangeable.”
4. ▪ Why do we need frameworks in conducting research?
▪ What is meant byTheoretical and Conceptual Frameworks?
▪ Purposes served by Theoretical and Conceptual
Frameworks
▪ How should these frameworks be used?
▪ Basic differences between Theoretical and Conceptual
Frameworks
5. A system of coherent, notably non-
contradictory assertions, views and
concepts concerning some area of
reality, which are worded in such a way
that it is possible to deduct testable
hypotheses from them.
WHAT IS A SCIENTIFIC THEORY?
6. What is
meant by
‘theory’
in law?
A theory in law is a system of
coherent, non-contradictory
assertions, views and concepts
concerning some legal system or
part of it, which are worded in such
a way that it is possible to deduct
from them testable hypotheses
about the existence (validity) and
interpretation of legal concepts,
rules or principles.
7. A general statement, which is composed
of causal laws, hypotheses, explanation
and antecedent conditions, that
describes and explains the causes and
effects of classes of phenomena
Definition ofTheory
8. Types of Theories in Research
• Researcher attempts to describe
a particular situationDescriptive
• Researcher looks for
relationships among variablesExplanatory
• Researcher wishes to predict a
particular phenomenonPredictive
9. ▪ A theory usually emerges from a long process of research
that uses empirical data to make assertions based on
deductive and inductive analysis of the data.
▪ Overtime, and on the basis of clearly stated assumptions,
the observations from the research produce results that
converge on findings about relationships.
▪ These findings enable the researcher to formulate the
core propositions from which the abstract theory is then
generalised.
10. ▪ The predictions in the theory can provide reason for
research into problems that hitherto have not been
investigated.
▪ They help researchers to consider what is important and
critical in understanding real-life situations, as postulated
by the theory, and how our knowledge and understanding
of contexts in law can be used to explain behaviour and to
solve problems.
11. The theoretical framework is a structure that
summarizes concepts and theories, which you
develop from previously tested and published
knowledge which you synthesize to help you
have a theoretical background, or basis for
your data analysis and interpretation of the
meaning contained in your research data.
What is aTheoretical Framework?
12. Why Theoretical Framework?
▪ It provides an abstract framework for understanding,
explaining, or predicting a social phenomenon
▪ It guides a researcher to examine relationships between
variables.
▪ A logically sound theoretical framework, which is
substantiated by previous studies, can generate strong
predictions.
▪ It provides useful tools to determine –
– Research method appropriate for a study
– Required data and evidence
13. As described by Scott. D. & Usher, R. (2004)
in Researching education: Data, methods, and
theory in educational enquiry
“An existing theory is not likely to provide plausible explanations of the
meaning contained in your data, without modification. This is because,
by definition, a theory, is an abstraction, a generalization, and
therefore, it is not content, or topic specific.
In contrast, by definition, a theoretical framework is an analytical
structure you put together or develop to suit your research purposes,
which are to answer your particular research question and address your
stated problem.
Therefore, the best way to develop your theoretical framework is to
conduct a thorough literature review so that your theoretical
framework can emerge from that literature, as represented in the
theoretical views expressed by leaders in the field in which your thesis
is located.”
14. A theoretical framework
provides a rationale for
predictions about the
relationships between
variables in a research study
Necessity ofTheoretical Framework
16. How to use a Theoretical Framework?
▪ The chosen theoretical framework must accentuate the purpose and
importance of the study dissertation
▪ To make an appropriate selection of a theoretical context, the
researcher must consider the guiding principles of the study and
situate the problem in relation to it.
▪ The research questions of the study and the purpose of the study
must entail noticeable aspects of the theoretical framework and
must agree with the assertions promulgated by the theorists of the
selected theory.
17. The Conceptual Framework
The entire conceptualisation of your research project. represents
all your thinking that goes into the cognitive processing about your
research topic, developing interest in it and defining it accurately
18. A conception or model of what is
out there that you plan to study
and of what is going on with
these things and why a tentative
theory of the phenomena that you
are investigating
What is a Conceptual Framework?
19. Miles and
Huberman
(1994)
“Conceptual framework is a
visual or written product that
explains, either graphically or in
narrative form, the main things
to be studied—the key factors,
concepts, or variables—and the
presumed relationships among
them.”
20. Functions of Conceptual Framework
▪ In a research study, a conceptual framework outlines possible courses
of action.
▪ It tells us how to ‘measure’ the variables.
▪ It requires identifying a set of concepts and exploring relationships
among those concepts.
▪ It also requires developing operational definitions for variables and
concepts.
▪ It provides clearly specified relationships between variables.
21. How to use a Conceptual Framework?
▪ Researchers are at liberty to adopt existing frameworks,
but have to modify it to suit the nature of the context of
their research as well as the nature of their research
questions.
▪ A researcher can craftily produce a diagrammatic
representation of the main variables of the study
▪ A good conceptual framework must also be expressed in
writing for it to be understood clearly. Researcher has to
explain the relations among the variables and how their
complementation helps in answering the major research
problem defined.
22. Concept Mapping
▪ A concept map of a theory is a visual display of that theory—a picture
of what the theory says is going on with the phenomenon you’re
studying. These maps do not depict the study itself, nor are they a
specific part of either a research design or a proposal. However,
concept maps can be used to visually present the design or operation
of a study
▪ It was originally developed by Joseph Novak (Novak & Gowin, 1984),
first as a way to understand how students learned science, and then
as a tool for teaching science.
▪ A similar strategy is one that Miles and Huberman (1994, pp. 18–22)
called a conceptual framework. Anselm Strauss (1987, p. 170) provided
a third variation, which he called an integrative diagram.
23. Concept Mapping
▪ There are four main sources for the modules that you can use to
construct a conceptual framework for your study:
(1) your experiential knowledge,
(2) existing theory and research,
(3) your pilot and exploratory research, and
(4) thought experiments.
▪ concept mapping is a tool for developing and presenting the
conceptual framework for your design. And like a theory, a concept
map consists of two things: concepts and the relationships among
these.
25. Where to write?
The Position of aTheoretical
Framework in a Research
▪ Many scholars suggest that the
theoretical framework needs to
be shown readers right at the
onset of the thesis writing.
▪ the theoretical framework
influence every decision made
by the researcher in the carrying
out of the research. As such, it
needs an early mention in a
dissertation or thesis writing
The Position of a Conceptual
Framework in a Research
▪ The conceptual framework is
mostly placed in the chapter
where the literature survey was
discussed.
▪ It is in this chapter that the
theoretical perspectives of the
main variables or constructs are
rigorously reviewed.
▪ In most dissertation or thesis
papers, the literature survey is
discussed in chapter two.
26.
27. Basic Differences between Theoretical
and Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework
It is based on existing
theory/theories in the
literature which has been
tested and validated by
other scholars
Conceptual Framework
It is based on the concepts
which are the main variables
in a study
28. Basic Differences between Theoretical
and Conceptual Framework
Conceptual Framework
is a much broader concept
that encompasses,
practically all aspects of your
research.
Theoretical Framework
is drawn from the existing
theoretical literature that
you review about your
research topic.
29. Basic Differences between Theoretical
and Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework
It provides a general or
broader set of ideas
within which a study
belongs
Conceptual Framework
It refers to specific or
narrower ideas a
researcher utilizes in
his/her study
30. Basic Differences between Theoretical
and Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework
It is in the form of a model
that pivots a study, with its
exponents and the results of
their studies.
Conceptual Framework
It is a researcher's own
constructed model that s/he
uses to explain the
relationship that exists
between the main variables
in his/her study
31. Basic Differences between Theoretical
and Conceptual Framework
Conceptual Framework
It is the framework that
shows logically how the
research inquiry is to be
undertaken
Theoretical Framework
It offers a focal point for
approaching the unknown
research in a specific field of
inquiry
32. Basic Differences between Theoretical
and Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework
It is used to test theories, to
predict and control the
situations within the context
of a research inquiry
Conceptual Framework
It is aimed at encouraging
the development of a theory
that would be useful to
practitioners in the field
33. Basic Differences between Theoretical
and Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework
▪ every good thesis should
contain a theoretical
framework for the analysis of
the data.
▪ every dissertation should
contain a section titled
theoretical framework; and if a
doctoral thesis a chapter of this
title
Conceptual Framework
▪ there is no requirement for an
articulation of the conceptual
framework.
▪ there is no requirement that
you have a section
or chapter discussing the
conceptual framework for your
research project
34. Sources for this lecture
• Dr. A.S.M. Ali Ashraf, Associate Professor, Department of
International Relations, University of Dhaka
• Dr. Charles Kivunja, Distinguishing between Theory, Theoretical
Framework, and Conceptual Framework: A Systematic Review of
Lessons from the Field, December 3, 2018
• Adom, Joe and Hussein, Theoretical and Conceptual Framework:
Mandatory Ingredients of a Quality Research, International Journal
of Scientific Research, Jan 2018