2. The adrenal gland are paired organs
present on both kidneys consisting of
both cortex and medulla which differ in
their structure and function
The adrenal cortex mainta
-ins the E C F, blood volume ,ionic concen
-tration ,glucose and fat metabolism and
plays major role in foetal development till puberty for development of
gonads
3.
4.
5. Zone of glomerulosa... Secretes
minerocorticoids
zone of fasciculata..... Secretes
glucocorticoids
Zone of reticularis....secretes
androgens
6. Steroid harmones are produced from adrenal cortex
from choletrol
LDL in plasma containing high concentration of
cholestrol provides 80% of cholestrol and attach on
coated pits
Entered cholestrol is delivered to mitochondria where it
is cleaved by enzyme cholestrol DESMOLASE
This step depends on feedback mechanism for
conversion of cholestrol to pregnenolone.
9. MINERALCORTICOID example
aldosterone.....increases absorption of sodium and
simultaneously increases secretion of potassium by
renal tubular epithelial cells
The absorption of sodium causes osmotic pressure
change and cause water to enter if present if less level of
water is present it causes thirst stimulation
Increase in extracellular fluid volume ultimately cause
increase in arterial pressure
The increase in arterial pressure causes excreation of
salt water i.e pressure natriuresis and pressure diuresis
calledALDOSTERONE ESCAPE
10. The aldosterone when enters in cell
cytoplasm combines with highly receptor
protein that will ultimately form m RNA to
the process of sodium and potassium
transport.
The diffusion of RNA into cytoplasm cause
formation of membrane transport protein for
exchange of sodium potassium and hydrogen
through cell in renal tubules.
11. Increased potassium ion concentration in the
extracellular fluid increases aldosterone
secretion
Increased activity of renin angiotensin system
also increases aldosterone secretion
Increased sodium level in E.C.F
ACTH has low effcet to release aldosterone
12.
13. Glucocorticoids released from zone of fasciculata which
helps in carbohydrate ,protein and fat metabolism.
Carbohydrate metabolism
Glucocorticoids cause stimulation of gluconeogenesis i.e
formation of carbohydrate from protein and some other
substances by liver
Mobilization of amino acids from muscles to cause more
gluconeogenesis
Protein metabolism
Reduction of protein stores in all parts of body except liver
which is caused by cortisol [increased catabolism of
protein]
The increased amino acid from muscle cells cause increase
in synthesis of plasma protein from hepatic cells in liver.
14. Fat metabolism
Cortisol enhances the oxidation of fatty acids in the cell hence
cause fat mobilization which helps in shift the metabolic system
of cells utilization of glucose for energy to utilize fats in times of
starvation or other stresses
RESULTS UNKNOWN FOR INCREASE IN RED CELLS AND
DECREASE IN IMMUNE CELLS
The excess cortisol secretion by adrenal gland cause
polycythemia and also when adrenal gland secrets no cortisol
cause anemia
TheT cells and antibodies release from lymphoid tissue is
decreased due to cortisol secretion from adrenal gland hence
decrease in immunity but ability of cortisol to suppress immunity
which acts as a drug in preventing immunological rejection of
transplanted hearts ,kidney etc
15. ACTH also called corticotropin or
adrenocorticotropin harmone secreted by
anterior pituatry which is controlled by releasing
factor of hypothalamus [corticotropin releasing
factor CRF].The ACTH cause activation of adenyl
cyclase in adrenal cells which cause formation of
CAMP
Which cause activation of protein kinase which
causes conversion of cholestrol to pregnenolone
which regulates synthesis of adrenocorticoid
harmones
16.
17. Androgens are sex harmones which are secreted from
zone of reticularis like dehydroepiandrosterone,
progesterone and estrogen etc
Secretes during fetal development, sexual organ
development and secondary sexual characteristics
Testosterone cause descent of testis in scrotum
Hypertrophy of laryngeal mucosa and develops
masculine voice
Testosterone cause protein formation and there
deposition in the skin which causes muscle
development
Estrogen is released in females and progestrone cause
mantainance of pregnancy in females