Steroids have a wide distribution in nature and serve important physiological functions. They act as sex hormones, anti-inflammatory agents, cardiac steroids, and diuretics. Steroids contain four fused rings and have a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene structure. They are classified based on this core structure and include gonane, estrane, androstane, pregnane, and cholestane derivatives. Steroids bind to receptors in target cells and trigger protein synthesis that mediates their physiological effects. Major classes of steroids include glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, estrogens, progestogens, and androgens.
INTRODUCTION OF STEROIDS,
SAR OF STEROIDS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLASSIFICATION OF STEROIDS
STEROLS
SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
BILE ACIDS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION OF STEROIDS,
SAR OF STEROIDS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLASSIFICATION OF STEROIDS
STEROLS
SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
BILE ACIDS
CONCLUSION
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
Just the type of presentation a top presenter would look for.
The topic is well introduced, the designs of the slides are simple yet the explanation is very powerful.
Anabolic steroids promote protein synthesis and increase muscle mass, resulting in weight gain.
Testosterone is secreted by the testis and is the main androgen in the plasma of men. In women, testosterone (in small amounts) is secreted by the ovary and adrenal glands. Many of the androgens are modified forms of testosterone
Kinetics: Absorbed orally and from of injection site and undergoes rapid first pass metabolism and quick metabolism respectively. In order to retard the rate of absorption, testosterone esters in oil are used which are less polar than the free steroid.
Atropine is a core medicine in the World Health Organization's (WHO) "Essential Drugs List", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.
this presentation is about adrenal gland steroidogenesis and it also includes pathways of testosterone synthesis and its enzymes and mecahnism of actions
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
Just the type of presentation a top presenter would look for.
The topic is well introduced, the designs of the slides are simple yet the explanation is very powerful.
Anabolic steroids promote protein synthesis and increase muscle mass, resulting in weight gain.
Testosterone is secreted by the testis and is the main androgen in the plasma of men. In women, testosterone (in small amounts) is secreted by the ovary and adrenal glands. Many of the androgens are modified forms of testosterone
Kinetics: Absorbed orally and from of injection site and undergoes rapid first pass metabolism and quick metabolism respectively. In order to retard the rate of absorption, testosterone esters in oil are used which are less polar than the free steroid.
Atropine is a core medicine in the World Health Organization's (WHO) "Essential Drugs List", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.
this presentation is about adrenal gland steroidogenesis and it also includes pathways of testosterone synthesis and its enzymes and mecahnism of actions
Introduction of Steroids
Nomenclature
Sex Hormones
Biosynthesis of sex hormones
Structure, synthesis of Testosterone, Oestriol, Oestradiol, Diethyl stilbestrol, Progesterone
Reference
introduction of Depression
what is Depressant
Anti depressant drugs example
1.Amitriptyline
2. Nor-tryptyline
3. Phenelzine
4. Tranylcypromine
5. Imipramine
Agents used for radiographic purpose /Radiopaque substance
Iopanoic acid
Propyl iodone
2. Agents used to test organ function
Sulphobromopthalein sodium
Indigo carmine/ Indigotin disulphonate sodium
Evans blue
Congo red
Fluorescein sodium
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Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers,
Applications of biopolymers,
Biopolymers used in advanced drug delivery systems-
Cellulose and its derivatives,
chitosan,
PLGA,
Polyanhydride,
polycaprolactone.
An introduction Aseptic processing facility design, Innovations in aseptic processing technology, Sterile product manufacture using form fill seal technologies, Aseptic processing transfer systems, Qualification/validation of aseptic processing environments, systems and equipment.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Steroids has a wide distribution in nature and are formed by
similar biochemical pathways.
Steroids have broad functions in physiology, they act as
1. Male sex hormone .Eg: testosterone.
2. Female sex hormone. Eg: estradiol, progesterone.
3. Anti inflammatory agent Eg: cortisone.
4. Cardiac steroids Eg: digitoxigenin.
5. Diuretics Eg: spironolactone.
6. Digestants .Eg:dihydrocholic
3. Steroids consists of 4 fussed rings designated as
A,B,C and D.
The 4 ring structure is cyclo
pentanoperhydrophenanthrene.
It consist of cylopantane ring D and 3 ring structure
of perhydrophenanthrene
4. Steroids are named as derivatives of
Gonane (C17)
Estrane (C18)
7. The target cell contain receptor in cytoplasm which
react with steroid.
The steroid receptor complex enter the cell nucleus by
translocation.
The complex binds with chromatin and this triggers the
synthesis of mRNA.
The mRNA moves out into cytoplasm and acts as a
template for protein synthesis.
8. 1) Adrenocorticoid
a) Mineralocorticoids
Eg: Aldesterone ,deoxycorticosterone,
Fludrocortisone.
b) Glucocorticoids
Eg: cortisone , hydrocortisone,
corticosterone, prednisone ,
prednisolone
9. 2) Sex hormones
a)Estrogens
Eg : estrone , erstradiol, estratriol
b) Progestin
Eg:progesterone and derivatives,
testosterones
c) Androgens
Eg: testosterone
10. a)Mineralocorticoids
They affect mainly the metabolism of electrolytes and water.
Eg: aldesterone ,deoxycorticosterone.
They cause retention of Na+, PO4, Ca ,HNO3 and reduction
of serum K+
Mineralocorticoids are useful in treatment of Addison’s
disease.
Deoxycorticosterone and fludrocortisone are used as
replacement for aldosterone.
13. Mainly affect carbohydrates, protein metabolism and
lipid metabolism.
Eg: cortisone, Hydrocortisone, corticosterone.
They causes deposition of glycogen.
They promote gluconogenesis, i.e formation of
carbohydrate from non-carbohydrate molecule.
The affect muscle tone, gastric secretion etc.
16. All the Adrenocorticoid have parent structure of
pregnane C21, all trans backbone is essential for
activity.
Replacement of OH group at C21 with F increases
activity, while replacement with Cl or Br decreases
activity.
The 11 beta OH group is involved in drug receptor
binding, cortisone may be reduced to hydrocortisone as
the active agent.
The 9 alpha- flouro group increase glucocorticoid
activity.
17. Substituent's which increase both glucocorticoid and
mineralocorticoid activity.
16 alpha methyl group and 16 beta methyl group
decreases mineralocorticoid activity.
18. a)Estrogen
It brings about the development of secondary sexual
characteristics in females such as growth of hairs,
growth of breast mainly produced by ovary, placenta,
adrenal cortex.
Eg :Estrone
20. Estrogen does not require a strict steroidal structure for
activity hence compound with non steroidal nucleus
can also posses estrogenic activity.
DES can be viewed as a form of estradial with ring B &
C open & 6C and D ring.
i.e.
21. Reduction of double bonds of DES results in two
diasteromers of hexesterol.
USES OF ESTROGENS
Prevention and treatment of post menopausal
osteoporosis and other deficiency diseases.
In abnormal uterine bleeding.
In failure of ovarian development.
As oral contraceptive with progestins.
22. b. Progestogens
After ovulation takes place, corpus luteum is formed.
It produces the hormone progesterone which maintains
pregnancy and prevents ovulation during pregnancy.
Progestin are compound that have biologic activities
similar to progesterone.
They include 2 structural classes
a)progesterone and derivatives
b)testosterones
25. Steroidal nucleus is important for progestational
activity.
The synthetic progestin's are of different types:
a. prognane derivatives
b. androthane derivatives
c. estrane derivatives
Ethisterone has a progestational as well as androgenic
activity.
Removal of 19 CH3 group decreases androgenic
activity.
26. In male , FHS &LH are released under the regulation of
hypothalamus.
FSH promotes sperm development or spermatogenesis
& LH stimulates the interstitial leying cells to secrete
androgens.
The important androgen is testosterone.
Testosterone
27. Testosterone has 2 main activities
1. Androgenic or male sex characteristic promoting
activity.
2. Anabolic or muscle building activity.
It increase rate of protein synthesis & decrease rate of
protein breakdown.
29. Androgens are regarded as derivatives of aldosteron.
Steroidal nucleus is essential for the androgenic
activity.
Introduction of 3 keto & 17 alpha group increases
androgenic activity.
Increase in the length of alkyl side chain at C17 alpha
decrease activity.
Esterification of testosterone at C17 with no. of acids
results in a long DOA
