This document summarizes RNA and protein synthesis. It discusses: 1. The three types of RNA - messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA and their roles in protein synthesis. 2. How RNA is synthesized through transcription and the role of RNA polymerase. 3. How proteins are synthesized through translation using ribosomes and tRNA to carry amino acids, forming polypeptide chains. 4. Gene regulation including the lac operon in prokaryotes and transcription factors in eukaryotes that control gene expression.

1. ch. 13 RNA and protein synthesis (making)
I. RNA
II. Ribosmes and protein synthesis
III. Mytations
IV. gene Regulation and Expression
I. RNA
A. The role of DNA
1.Comparing RNA and DNA
2.Function of RNA
what are the three differences deoxyribose thymine and uracil
3 types
messenger RNA - carries info from nucleus to cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA - forms ribosomes
Transfer RNA - carries AA to the ribosomes
B. RNA Synthesis
1. Transcription
2. Promoters
3. RNA Editing
b1. transcription steps
1. RNA polymerase (enzymes) binds to DNA promoters(area of DNA where transcriptions
Begin)
2. DNA unwinds
3. RNA polymerase makes mRNA using the sense strands figure 13-3
I.
II. Ribosomes and protein synthesis
A. the genetic code
1. how to read codons (codons- three letters of the code)
2. start and stop codons
1 3
A,U,G start codons
DNA -----------------> RNA--------------> Proteins
transcription translation
RNA <----x------ Proteins

2. outer layer- amino acids
methionine = AUG or starting piont
b. Translation - RNA to Protiens
1. steps in translation
1. mRNA attatches toribosomes
2. tRNA carries AA to the ribosomes
3. Ribosomes attaches the AA into a polypeptide chain (protein)
2. the roles of the tRNA and rRNA in translation
tRNA- translation
rRNA- makes ribosomes
C. the molecularof heredity
I.
II.
III. Mutations
1 gene mutation frame shift
(three types of genetic mutation----->1 Substitution( 2 Insertion 3 Deletion))
2 chromosomal mutation
64 codons
46 Chromosomes
pairs
23
2N
diploid
(di- meaning two)
Deletion-- erase (part or all)
Duplication-- copy
Inversion-- switch
Translocation-- break off and attaches to another
B. Effects of mutations
1. mutagens
2. Harmful and Helpful mutation
mutagens causes (chemical / physical)

3. 4 Gene Regulation and Expression
A Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
1 the lac Operon
2 promoters and operators
Every thing is express through Proteins
E.coli like sugar from milk called lactose
Operon is a group of genes that regulates
B eukaryotic gene regulates
transcription factors
cell specialization rna