RNA PowerPoint.ppt
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RNA is a single-stranded molecule composed of ribose, phosphate groups, and four bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) which transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, transfer RNA (tRNA) which brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which makes up the ribosome. Transcription is the process by which RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, which is then translated into protein during translation with the help of tRNA and rRNA.
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The document discusses protein synthesis which begins with DNA carrying the code for amino acid sequences. During transcription, a copy of the DNA sequence is made into messenger RNA (mRNA) which then leaves the nucleus. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on complementary base pairing between the tRNA anticodon and mRNA codons. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form the polypeptide chain.
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The document summarizes DNA, RNA, the genetic code, and protein biosynthesis. It discusses the central dogma of molecular biology whereby DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Key steps include DNA replication, transcription, translation, and post-translational processing. The genetic code is explained where codons in mRNA specify amino acids. Recombinant DNA technology allows joining DNA from different sources to produce recombinant proteins.
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Genetics is the study of heredity and genetic variation. Key terms include:
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- Genes hold information to build cells and pass traits to offspring. The human genome contains 25,000-35,000 genes located on 23 chromosome pairs in the nucleus.
- DNA is transcribed to RNA and translated to proteins, which determine an organism's traits. Variations in genes and chromosomes can result in genetic disorders. Common methods to study genetics include karyotyping, analyzing pedigrees, and identifying alleles and mutations. Understanding genetics provides insight into inheritance patterns and human health.
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Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. It involves three main steps: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication copies DNA, transcription creates mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins. The central dogma states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. Mutations can occur and change the nucleotide sequence, potentially altering the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
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The document summarizes key concepts about gene expression and regulation:
1. DNA contains genes that encode instructions for proteins; during transcription, genes are copied into mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins.
2. In eukaryotes, mRNA must carry DNA information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis, since DNA is in the nucleus but protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm.
3. Transcription involves copying a gene into mRNA, which then directs ribosomes during translation to synthesize the encoded protein according to the genetic code where RNA codons specify amino acids.
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This document summarizes key concepts in microbial genetics including:
1) Plasmids exist separately from bacterial chromosomes and can transfer genes horizontally.
2) The central dogma of molecular biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into protein.
3) Bacterial gene expression is regulated through operons such as the lac and tryptophan operons which are induced or repressed in response to environmental conditions.
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1. George Beadle and Edward Tatum discovered that mutations in the bread mold Neurospora resulted in deficiencies of specific enzymes, leading them to propose the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis. (2) They identified three classes of arginine-deficient mutants, each lacking a different enzyme in the arginine synthesis pathway.
2. Through later studies, the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis evolved to the "one gene-one polypeptide" hypothesis, as some proteins are made of multiple polypeptide chains encoded by separate genes. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA directs RNA synthesis and RNA directs protein synthesis.
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1. George Beadle and Edward Tatum discovered that mutations in the bread mold Neurospora resulted in deficiencies of specific enzymes, leading them to propose the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis. (2) They identified three classes of arginine-deficient mutants, each lacking a different enzyme in the arginine synthesis pathway.
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The document discusses protein synthesis which begins with DNA carrying the code for amino acid sequences. During transcription, a copy of the DNA sequence is made into messenger RNA (mRNA) which then leaves the nucleus. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on complementary base pairing between the tRNA anticodon and mRNA codons. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form the polypeptide chain.
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The document summarizes DNA, RNA, the genetic code, and protein biosynthesis. It discusses the central dogma of molecular biology whereby DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Key steps include DNA replication, transcription, translation, and post-translational processing. The genetic code is explained where codons in mRNA specify amino acids. Recombinant DNA technology allows joining DNA from different sources to produce recombinant proteins.
Genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity and genetic variation. Key terms include:
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, phenotype is observable traits.
- Genes hold information to build cells and pass traits to offspring. The human genome contains 25,000-35,000 genes located on 23 chromosome pairs in the nucleus.
- DNA is transcribed to RNA and translated to proteins, which determine an organism's traits. Variations in genes and chromosomes can result in genetic disorders. Common methods to study genetics include karyotyping, analyzing pedigrees, and identifying alleles and mutations. Understanding genetics provides insight into inheritance patterns and human health.
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Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. It involves three main steps: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication copies DNA, transcription creates mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins. The central dogma states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. Mutations can occur and change the nucleotide sequence, potentially altering the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
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The document summarizes key concepts about gene expression and regulation:
1. DNA contains genes that encode instructions for proteins; during transcription, genes are copied into mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins.
2. In eukaryotes, mRNA must carry DNA information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis, since DNA is in the nucleus but protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm.
3. Transcription involves copying a gene into mRNA, which then directs ribosomes during translation to synthesize the encoded protein according to the genetic code where RNA codons specify amino acids.
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This document summarizes key concepts in microbial genetics including:
1) Plasmids exist separately from bacterial chromosomes and can transfer genes horizontally.
2) The central dogma of molecular biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into protein.
3) Bacterial gene expression is regulated through operons such as the lac and tryptophan operons which are induced or repressed in response to environmental conditions.
4) Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by mutagens and can alter bacterial genes and phenotypes.
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1. George Beadle and Edward Tatum discovered that mutations in the bread mold Neurospora resulted in deficiencies of specific enzymes, leading them to propose the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis. (2) They identified three classes of arginine-deficient mutants, each lacking a different enzyme in the arginine synthesis pathway.
2. Through later studies, the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis evolved to the "one gene-one polypeptide" hypothesis, as some proteins are made of multiple polypeptide chains encoded by separate genes. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA directs RNA synthesis and RNA directs protein synthesis.
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1. George Beadle and Edward Tatum discovered that mutations in the bread mold Neurospora resulted in deficiencies of specific enzymes, leading them to propose the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis. (2) They identified three classes of arginine-deficient mutants, each lacking a different enzyme in the arginine synthesis pathway.
2. Through later studies, the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis evolved to the "one gene-one polypeptide" hypothesis, as some proteins are made of multiple polypeptide chains encoded by separate genes. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA directs RNA synthesis and RNA directs protein synthesis.
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The document describes the genetic control of protein synthesis. It discusses how genes in the cell nucleus control protein synthesis through the processes of transcription and translation. There are approximately 30,000 genes in each cell, each composed of DNA. During transcription, the DNA code is transferred to an RNA code, which then directs protein synthesis. The main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and miRNA - are described along with their roles in protein synthesis. Translation and the genetic code are also summarized.
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (.pdf
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (what is the chemistry
underlying each information transfer event, which nucleotide sequences are involved etc.)
Solution
The genetic information is stored in Deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA. DNA contains the information
needed to build an individual. Genetic information is transferred from DNA and converted to
protein.RNA molecules work as messengers.Proteins are the biological workers.Information of
the DNA is copied to a RNA molecule in transcription.RNA directs the protein synthesis in a
translation.Protein’s 3D structure determines it’s function.Information transfer only in one
direction.
The biological information flows from DNA to RNA,and from there to proteins.It is ultimately
the DNA that controls every function of the cell through protein synthesis.As a carrier of genetic
information,DNA in a cell must be duplicated (replicated),maintained and passed dawn
accurately to the daughter cells.
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid,which is found in chromosomes, contains inherited
information,they are made up of nucleotides,and are what make up genes. A nucleotide is
composed of a sugar (deoxyribose),a phosphate group,and a base.There are 4 bases found in
DNA, Adenine (A),Thymine (T),Guanine (G),and Cytosine (C).Adenine and guanine are double
ring bases while thymine and cytosine are single ring bases.Nucleotides are joined to each other
by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3\' carbon atom of the
deoxyribose (sugar) of the next nucleotide.Each DNA molecule is unique because the order of
nucleotides is unique. The order of nucleotides determines the order of amino acids in a
protein.RNA is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides and consists of one strand of
nucleotides.There are three different types of RNA- Ribosomal,Messenger,and
Transfer.Ribosomal RNA is the RNA molecules found in ribosomes. The large subunit RNA
contains the enzymatic activity that makes the peptide bonds between amino acids. Messenger
RNA is what controls the order of amino acids in a protein and determines which gene it codes
for.Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes.The transfer RNA has two recognition sites-
one recognizes an amino acid and the other recognizes one codon.The transfer RNA brings the
the correct amino acid to the ribosome.
Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is replicated
in the form of a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA).Enzymes facilitating the
process include RNA polymerase and transcription factors.In eukaryotic cells the primary
transcript is pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be processed for translation to proceed.Processing
includes the addition of a 5\' cap and a poly-A tail to the pre-mRNA chain,followed by
splicing.Alternative splicing occurs when appropriate, increasing the diversity of the proteins
that any single mRNA can produce.The product of the entire transcription process is a mature
mRNA ch.
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This document provides an overview of transcription and translation. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA sequence. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm. Translation takes place on ribosomes, where tRNA brings amino acids specified by mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code maps codons to their corresponding amino acids.
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
tho.
The Central Dogma: An Introduction
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein. It describes the processes of DNA replication, transcription of DNA to mRNA, and translation of mRNA to proteins using tRNAs and ribosomes. Mutations are explained as changes to the DNA sequence that can alter protein production through frameshift or substitution errors. Recent research has found transcriptional exclusion of mutated alleles at the single-cell level.
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The document summarizes the process of gene expression from DNA to protein. It discusses how genes provide the code for proteins, the central dogma of DNA to RNA to protein, the types and roles of RNA including mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. It then explains the steps of transcription, processing of mRNA, translation, the genetic code and the role of transfer RNA and ribosomes in protein synthesis.
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The document discusses protein synthesis which involves two main phases - transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves the DNA being used as a template to produce mRNA. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm where translation occurs, involving ribosomes and tRNA to link amino acids together using the mRNA as a template to produce a protein.
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This document discusses RNA, ribosomes, and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which directs the process of translation where transfer RNA and ribosomes work together to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA makes RNA makes protein, with three types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - all playing important roles in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein.
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3) The processes of DNA replication, transcription, and translation and how they contribute to storing and expressing genetic information.
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdf
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
Cumulative review dna rna-protein synthesis-mutations
The document summarizes the structure and function of DNA. It discusses how DNA stores and transmits genetic information through its nucleotide sequence, and how this controls protein production and ultimately an organism's traits. It also describes different types of mutations that can occur in DNA, including point mutations, frameshift mutations, and chromosomal rearrangements, and how these can influence cells and organisms.
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Genetic control of protein synthesis
The document describes the genetic control of protein synthesis. It discusses how genes in the cell nucleus control protein synthesis through the processes of transcription and translation. There are approximately 30,000 genes in each cell, each composed of DNA. During transcription, the DNA code is transferred to an RNA code, which then directs protein synthesis. The main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and miRNA - are described along with their roles in protein synthesis. Translation and the genetic code are also summarized.
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (.pdf
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (what is the chemistry
underlying each information transfer event, which nucleotide sequences are involved etc.)
Solution
The genetic information is stored in Deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA. DNA contains the information
needed to build an individual. Genetic information is transferred from DNA and converted to
protein.RNA molecules work as messengers.Proteins are the biological workers.Information of
the DNA is copied to a RNA molecule in transcription.RNA directs the protein synthesis in a
translation.Protein’s 3D structure determines it’s function.Information transfer only in one
direction.
The biological information flows from DNA to RNA,and from there to proteins.It is ultimately
the DNA that controls every function of the cell through protein synthesis.As a carrier of genetic
information,DNA in a cell must be duplicated (replicated),maintained and passed dawn
accurately to the daughter cells.
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid,which is found in chromosomes, contains inherited
information,they are made up of nucleotides,and are what make up genes. A nucleotide is
composed of a sugar (deoxyribose),a phosphate group,and a base.There are 4 bases found in
DNA, Adenine (A),Thymine (T),Guanine (G),and Cytosine (C).Adenine and guanine are double
ring bases while thymine and cytosine are single ring bases.Nucleotides are joined to each other
by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3\' carbon atom of the
deoxyribose (sugar) of the next nucleotide.Each DNA molecule is unique because the order of
nucleotides is unique. The order of nucleotides determines the order of amino acids in a
protein.RNA is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides and consists of one strand of
nucleotides.There are three different types of RNA- Ribosomal,Messenger,and
Transfer.Ribosomal RNA is the RNA molecules found in ribosomes. The large subunit RNA
contains the enzymatic activity that makes the peptide bonds between amino acids. Messenger
RNA is what controls the order of amino acids in a protein and determines which gene it codes
for.Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes.The transfer RNA has two recognition sites-
one recognizes an amino acid and the other recognizes one codon.The transfer RNA brings the
the correct amino acid to the ribosome.
Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is replicated
in the form of a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA).Enzymes facilitating the
process include RNA polymerase and transcription factors.In eukaryotic cells the primary
transcript is pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be processed for translation to proceed.Processing
includes the addition of a 5\' cap and a poly-A tail to the pre-mRNA chain,followed by
splicing.Alternative splicing occurs when appropriate, increasing the diversity of the proteins
that any single mRNA can produce.The product of the entire transcription process is a mature
mRNA ch.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription with their clinical applications
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA transcription with their clinical applications for Medical, dental, Pharma & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Transcription and translation
This document provides an overview of transcription and translation. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA sequence. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm. Translation takes place on ribosomes, where tRNA brings amino acids specified by mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code maps codons to their corresponding amino acids.
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
tho.
The Central Dogma: An Introduction
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein. It describes the processes of DNA replication, transcription of DNA to mRNA, and translation of mRNA to proteins using tRNAs and ribosomes. Mutations are explained as changes to the DNA sequence that can alter protein production through frameshift or substitution errors. Recent research has found transcriptional exclusion of mutated alleles at the single-cell level.
Protein synthesis
The document summarizes the process of gene expression from DNA to protein. It discusses how genes provide the code for proteins, the central dogma of DNA to RNA to protein, the types and roles of RNA including mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. It then explains the steps of transcription, processing of mRNA, translation, the genetic code and the role of transfer RNA and ribosomes in protein synthesis.
Gene expression&regulation part ii
The document summarizes the process of translation, which involves mRNA being decoded by ribosomes to produce a specific amino acid sequence. It describes the three stages of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination. Key components like mRNA, ribosomes, tRNAs, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are discussed. The roles of these components in reading the genetic code contained in mRNA and synthesizing polypeptide chains are explained over multiple paragraphs.
Chapter 20 Molecular Genetics Lesson 2 - Genes_Transcription and Translation
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The central dogma of biology describes the flow of genetic information: DNA is replicated to make more DNA; DNA is transcribed into mRNA; mRNA is translated into proteins. This involves three main molecules - DNA, RNA, and proteins - and three main processes - replication, transcription, and translation. The genetic code stored in DNA is used to direct the synthesis of proteins via mRNA and translation.
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This document covers DNA replication, transcription, translation and gene expression. It discusses how DNA is copied through semi-conservative replication involving enzymes like DNA polymerase and how genes are expressed through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins. It also summarizes control of gene expression in prokaryotes through operons and in eukaryotes at multiple stages. Finally, it briefly touches on gene mutations, cancer and genetic modification of plants.
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This document provides information about transcription and the different types of RNA. It begins with an outline of the topic, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). The document then discusses each type of RNA in more detail, describing their structure, function, and role in protein synthesis. mRNA carries DNA's genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly. rRNA forms the ribosome where protein synthesis occurs. miRNA regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
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The document discusses protein synthesis which involves two main phases - transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves the DNA being used as a template to produce mRNA. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm where translation occurs, involving ribosomes and tRNA to link amino acids together using the mRNA as a template to produce a protein.
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This document discusses RNA, ribosomes, and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which directs the process of translation where transfer RNA and ribosomes work together to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA makes RNA makes protein, with three types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - all playing important roles in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein.
Central dogma of molecular genetics valerio
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It describes:
1) The differences between DNA and RNA such as DNA being double-stranded and containing thymine while RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil.
2) The Central Dogma which involves DNA replication, transcription of DNA into mRNA, and translation of mRNA into proteins.
3) The processes of DNA replication, transcription, and translation and how they contribute to storing and expressing genetic information.
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdf
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
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RNA PowerPoint.ppt
- 2. Single stranded Ribose Sugar Phosphate group Base: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine Structure of RNA
- 3. Three Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) – transfers DNA code to ribosomes for translation. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – Ribosomes are made of rRNA and protein.
- 4. Transcription RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into complementary sequence in RNA, a process called transcription. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of mRNA.
- 5. mRNA
- 6. The Genetic Code “Words” are 3 RNA sequences called codons. uuugcaagcggg uuu-gca-agc-ggg Lysine – Arginine – Serine - Proline aaacgttcgccc DNA sequence Complimentary mRNA codons Amino acids
- 8. Translation During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. 1.Transcription occurs in nucleus. 2.mRNA moves to the cytoplasm then to the ribosomes. tRNA “read” the mRNA and obtain the amino acid coded for. 3.Ribosomes attach amino acids together using a peptide bond, forming a polypeptide chain. 4.Polypeptide chain keeps growing until a stop codon is reached, creating a protein.
- 10. Mutations Mutations are changes in the DNA code. Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. Chromosomal mutations involve changes whole chromosomes.
- 11. Gene Mutation
- 12. Gene Mutation Point Mutation – Affect one nucleotide thus occurring at a single point on the gene. Usually one nucleotide is substituted for another nucleotide.
- 13. Gene Mutation Frameshift Mutation – Inserting an extra nucleotide or deleting a nucleotide causes the entire code to “shift”.
- 14. Mutations
- 15. More Mutations
- 16. Gene Regulation All (with a few exceptions) of an organism’s cells have the same DNA. Why then are there different cells? The gene expression is different. In other words, cells ‘differentiate’ by expression of some genes and suppression of others. Cells respond to their environment by producing different types and amounts of protein. Can you think of a situation where this might happen?
- 17. Gene Regulation: Producing Proteins Injury repair: cells can adapt to environmental changes such as an injury which requires repair by activating new genes Cancer is a disease of uncontrolled and invasive cell reproduction. Cancers result when the genes responsible for coding the proteins that regulate cell division mutate and divide rapidly.
- 19. Questions Which base in RNA is replaced by uracil? How many mRNA codons are illustrated on the previous slide? What is the name of the enzyme that creates the mRNA copy from DNA? What is the name of the sugar in the mRNA nucleotides? What is the mRNA transcript for the DNA sequence, TTACGC
- 21. Questions What structure assists tRNA in translating the mRNA in the cytoplasm? The role of tRNA is to carry a(n):
- 23. Gene Regulation In simple cells (prokaryotic) lac genes which are controlled by stimuli, turn genes on and off. In complex cells (eukaryotic) this process is not as simple. Promoter sequences regulate gene operation.
- 24. How Does it Work? RNA Polymerase looks for a region on the DNA known as a promoter, where it binds and begins transcription. RNA strands are then edited. Some parts are removed (introns) - which are not expressed – and other that are left are called exons or expressed genes.
- 25. Chromosomal Mutations Deletion – Part of a chromosome is deleted Duplication – part of a chromosome is duplicated Inversion – chromosome twists and inverts the code. Translocation – Genetic information is traded between nonhomologous chromosomes.
Editor's Notes
- Synthesis: to build Transcription: produces an RNA copy of DNA Translation: tRNA supplies appropriate amino acid RNA = Ribonucleic Acid
- The different types of cells in a multicellular organism result from 'cellular differentiation', which can be defined as “the divergence in structure and function of different types of cells as they become specialized during an organism’s development”.