This document summarizes key aspects of RNA and DNA, including that RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose and uracil, and comes in three main types: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. It also compares RNA and DNA, noting DNA is double-stranded, contains deoxyribose, and remains in the nucleus, while RNA can leave the nucleus. The document then discusses gene expression and protein synthesis, including the roles of transcription, translation, and messenger RNA carrying codons that determine the amino acid sequence of proteins.

1. RNA Ribonucleic acid Single stranded Sugar is ribose Uracil replaces thymine Types of RNA mRNA – messenger – transcription tRNA – transfer - translation rRNA – ribosomal – makes up part of ribosome

3. DNA vs RNA Contains deoxyribose sugar Is double stranded Bonds A-T and C-G Never leaves the nucleus Contains ribose sugar Is single stranded Bonds A-U and C-G Can leave the nucleus

4. gene expression mRNA copies DNA in nucleus – transcription Takes copy to ribosome tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome - translation Transcription Translation

6. Messenger RNA Codons

8. What does the chain of amino acids represent? Polypeptide Chain – A Protein Threonine Arginine Glycine Glycine Proline Asparagine Proline Alanine

9. Protein Review What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? What are the functions of protein? Name examples of proteins. amino acids structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

10. Mutations In somatic cells – not passed on to offspring, but could damage person UV radiation In gametes – occurring during fertilization, new gene is part of offspring Could make a non-functional protein Could be a positive or negative effect

11. Gene Mutations Substitution Insertion Deletion

12. Chromosomal Mutations Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation