This is a series of lectures on general pathology useful for undergraduate and postgraduate pathology students. The ppts here have are enriched with explanatory pictures as well as useful video links.. hope you find them useful
This is a presentation on the topic of Adaptations, Cell injury and cell death, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
Dear all, Pathologybasics is out with a new series of power point presentations on general Pathology.. Following is link presentation on seventh and the most difficult to understand chapter of robbins.. chapter 7,neoplasia. Any suggestions/feedback/constructive criticism are welcome on facebook.com/pathologybasics or pathologybasics@gmail.com
This is a presentation on the topic of Adaptations, Cell injury and cell death, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
Dear all, Pathologybasics is out with a new series of power point presentations on general Pathology.. Following is link presentation on seventh and the most difficult to understand chapter of robbins.. chapter 7,neoplasia. Any suggestions/feedback/constructive criticism are welcome on facebook.com/pathologybasics or pathologybasics@gmail.com
This is a presentation on the topic of hemodynamic disorders, thromboembolic diseases and shock, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
This is a presentation on the topic of Inflammation and repair, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
This is a presentation on the topic of hemodynamic disorders, thromboembolic diseases and shock, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
This is a presentation on the topic of Inflammation and repair, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
Rules for my assignments1. Make separate paperassignment for the.docxkathyledlow2rr
Rules for my assignments:
1. Make separate paper/assignment for the two discussions… Have separate reference list…
2. Kindly follow APA format (American Psychology Association 6
th
edition) for the citation and references! References should be between the period of 2011 and 2016…
3. Please utilize the references I posted below…
Discussion 1: Maladaptive Responses to Immune Disorders
Maladaptive responses to disorders are compensatory mechanisms that ultimately have adverse health effects for patients. For instance, a patient’s allergic reaction to peanuts might lead to anaphylactic shock, or a patient struggling with depression might develop a substance abuse problem. To properly diagnose and treat patients, advanced practice nurses must understand both the pathophysiology of disorders and potential maladaptive responses that some disorders cause.
Consider immune disorders such as HIV, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus E. What are resulting maladaptive responses for patients with these disorders?
To prepare:
·
Review Chapter 5 and Chapter 7 in the Huether and McCance text. Reflect on the concept of maladaptive responses to disorders.
·
Select two of the following immune disorders: HIV, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, or systemic lupus E (SLE).
·
Identify the pathophysiology of each disorder you selected. Consider the compensatory mechanisms that the disorders trigger. Then compare the resulting maladaptive and physiological responses of the two disorders.
·
Select one of the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Reflect on how the factor might impact your selected immune disorders.
Complete the following for my 1
st
Assignment:
1.
Brief description of the pathophysiology of your selected immune disorders.
2.
Explain how the maladaptive and physiological responses of the two disorders differ.
3.
Explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of each disorder.
Discussion 2: Arthritis
While arthritis impacts nearly 50 million adults in the United States, it is not a disease that is limited to adulthood. Consider the case of Ashley Russell. At the age of 14 months, Ashley was diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. As a baby, her parents noticed that her knee was always swollen and that she often wanted to be carried instead of walking on her own (Cyr, 2012). After seeking medical care, Ashley’s underlying disorder was discovered. Arthritis in children is not uncommon. According to the CDC (2011), an estimated 294,000 children under age 18 have some form of arthritis or rheumatic condition. Due to the prevalence of the disorder in both children and adults, you must understand the pathophysiology and symptoms of arthritis in order to properly diagnose and prescribe treatment.
To prepare:
·
Review Chapter 37 in the Huether and McCance text and Chapter 24 in the McPhee and Hammer text. Identify the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid a.
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For any Change in Questions Just Contact us, I will Take care of your Exam
Question 1. What term is used to describe a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst that contains meninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord through a defect in a posterior arch of a vertebra?
An Integrative Approach to Environmental Intolerances, Multiple Chemical Sens...v2zq
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Understanding & Accommodating People with Multiple Chemical Sensitivity in Independent Living - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Module 2 Assignment Case Study AnalysisAn understanding of the .docxhelzerpatrina
Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that these two systems work so closely together. A variety of factors and circumstances that impact the emergence and severity of issues in one system can have a role in the performance of the other.
Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their capacity to work together. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact.
Photo Credit: yodiyim - stock.adobe.com
An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.
In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.
To prepare:
By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following
The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
How these processes interact to affect the patient.
Learning Resources
Required Readings
(click to expand/reduce)
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019).
Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children
(8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems; Summary Review
Chapter 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function (stop at Dysrhythmias); Summary Review
Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System; Summary Review
Chapter 36: Alterations of Pulmonary Function (stop at Disorders of the chest wall and pleura); (obstructive pulmonary diseases) (stop at Pulmonary artery hypertension); Summary Review
Note
: The above chapters were first presented in the Week 3 resources. If you read them previously you are encouraged to review them this week.
Inamdar, A. A. & Inamdar, A. C. (2016).
Heart failure: Diagnosis, management, and utilization, 5
(7). doi:10.3390/jcm5070062
wk4
Posted on: Sunday, December 20, 2020 12:00:00 AM EST
Scenario 4:
45-year-old woman presents with chief complaint of 3-day duration of shortness of breath, cough with thick green sputum production, and fevers. Patient has history of COPD with chronic cough but states th.
This is a powerpoint presentation on the Topic of Diseases of the immune system, part 1 - Chapter 6, based on Robbin's textbook of pathology. Prepared by Dr. Ashish Jawarkar, who is Assistant professor at Parul institute of medical sciences and research, Vadodara. Please subscribe to our youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwjkzK-YnJ-ra4HMOqq3Fkw . Our facebook page: facebook.com/pathologybasics. Instagram handle @pathologybasics
This is a powerpoint presentation on the Topic of Male and female genital tract, based on Robbin's textbook of pathology. Prepared by Dr. Ashish Jawarkar, who is Assistant professor at Parul institute of medical sciences and research, Vadodara. Please subscribe to our youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwjkzK-YnJ-ra4HMOqq3Fkw . Our facebook page: facebook.com/pathologybasics
This is a presentation on the topic of cytology of the breast, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
This is a presentation covering all techniques in histopathology. Comprehensive coverage of all related aspects.. Useful for postgraduate Pathology students and practitioners.
This is a presentation on most common applications of immunohistochemistry in breast lesions. Prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, Assistant professor in pathology, Parul Institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara
This is a powerpoint presentation of Immunohistochemistry of lesions of prostate. This presentation will be helpful for postgraduate pathology students and practitioners alike. We are also on youtube. Please visit our channel at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwjkzK-YnJ-ra4HMOqq3Fkw
Dear all, Pathologybasics is out with a new series of power point presentations on General Pathology.. Following is link presentation on amyloidosis covered in chapter 6 of Robbins. Remaining topics will be uploaded as a separate presentation soon.
Dear all, Pathologybasics is out with a new series of power point presentations on Systemic Pathology.. Following is link presentation on 12th chapter of robbins - the heart.This presentation includes valvular heart diseases, endocarditis, cardiomyopathies, pericardial diseases and tumors of the heart. Remaining topics will be uploaded as a separate presentation soon.
This is a series of notes on clinical pathology, useful for postgraduate students and practising pathologists. It covers all internal and external quality control techniques. The topics are presented point wise for easy reproduction.
CSF - Cerebrospinal fluid examination - from tapping to pathological diagnosisAshish Jawarkar
This is a series of notes on clinical pathology, useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as practising pathologists. Prepared from standard text books with data in tabular and easily readable format
This is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for both undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students... This lecture covers cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea and dysentry
this is a ppt on histotechniques,, all techniques from receiving samples to block making to sectioning to staining are discusses in detail..useful for postgraduate pathology students and lab technicians
this is a powerpoint presentation on external examination at autopsy, presented during pg program.. useful for both undergraduate and postgraduate students
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Cellular adaptations, injury and death.. Lecture 1
1. Chapter I: Cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
CHAPTER I
CELLULAR RESPONSES TO
STRESS AND TOXIC INSULTS
ADAPTATION, INJURY AND
DEATH
2. Email: pathologybasics@gmail.com, Website: www.pathologybasics.wix.com/notes
Introduction to this lecture series
Welcome to series of lectures through ppts
on General pathology
I, Dr. Ashish Jawarkar am a practising
pathologist based in India.
The very idea behind this came from my
own experience, the difficulty I faced in
understanding general pathology concepts.
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
2
3. Email: pathologybasics@gmail.com, Website: www.pathologybasics.wix.com/notes
Introduction to this lecture series
The first seven chapters of Robbins have
immense weightage not just for exams, but
for understanding pathology as a whole.
I will try here to be brief and precise yet
cover all important aspects with full use of
pictures and multimedia links.
I hope this will help students in becoming
thorough with pathology concepts.
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
3
4. Email: pathologybasics@gmail.com, Website: www.pathologybasics.wix.com/notes
OVERVIEW
1. Homeostasis and other definitions
2. Adaptations of cellular growth and
differentiation
3. Cell injury and cell death
4. Apoptosis
5. Intracellular accumulations
6. Pathologic calcification
7. Cellular aging
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
4
5. Email: pathologybasics@gmail.com, Website: www.pathologybasics.wix.com/notes
Definitions
1. Homeostasis
2. Adaptations
3. Cell injury
4. Cell death
5. Intracellular accumulations
6. Cellular aging
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
5
6. Email: pathologybasics@gmail.com, Website: www.pathologybasics.wix.com/notes
Definitions
Homeostasis
– A normal cell achieves a steady state of
functioning due to its
• Differentiation (genetic)
• State of metabolism
• Effects of neighbouring cells
• Metabolic substrates
– This is called normal homeostasis
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
6
7. Email: pathologybasics@gmail.com, Website: www.pathologybasics.wix.com/notes
That was for the definition
Robbins tries to explain, but still do we get
it? No?
After every definition I will try to explain
the concept in an easier way
So lets understand homeostasis through a
few pictures
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
7
8. Email: pathologybasics@gmail.com, Website: www.pathologybasics.wix.com/notes
nd
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
8
10. Email: pathologybasics@gmail.com, Website: www.pathologybasics.wix.com/notes
For further understanding see the following
youtube video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZxu
Qo3ylII
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
10
11. Email: pathologybasics@gmail.com, Website: www.pathologybasics.wix.com/notes
Hope that clears your mind..
Homeostasis done.. Lets move on..
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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What happens when a cell in
homeostasis is subjected to stress or
injury
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Definitions
Adaptation
– When a cell in homeostasis is subjected to
stress, there is a functional and a structural
response from the cell
– It consists of hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
atrophy or metaplasia
– Due to this it achieves a new steady state
– It is a reversible response (see above chart)
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Definitions
Cell injury
– When cells are exposed to stress/injury and
limits of adaptation are exceeded, a sequence
of events follows termed cell injury
– It is reversible up to a certain point, then
becomes irreversible (cell death)
– Irreversible injury is in form of necrosis or
apoptosis
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Definitions
Intracellular accumulations
– Some types of stresses which are chronic and
sublethal in nature may lead to certain changes
in cells apart from adaptations, necrosis or
apoptosis
– It may lead to accumulation of a number of
different substances including proteins, lipids
or carbohydrates
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Definitions
Pathologic calcification
– Calcium is often deposited at sites of cell
death
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Definitions
Cellular aging
– There is a progressive decline in cellular
function and viability caused by genetic
abnormalities and accumulation of cellular and
molecular damage due to effects of exposure
to exogenous influences
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That was an overview of what is in store
for us in this chapter…
Now lets look at each topic one by one..in
detail…
I will try to be as explanatory as possible
For any queries you can get back to me at
pathologybasics@gmail.com
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ADAPTATIONS
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Hypertrophy
Definition
Examples
Molecular Mechanisms
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Hypertrophy
Definition
– Increase in size of the cells
– due to increased synthesis of structural
components
– Happens when non dividing cells such as
myocardium and skeletal muscle cells are
exposed to stress
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Hypertrophy
Examples
– Pathological hypertrophy
• Myocardium in hypertension
• Skeletal muscle in response to exercise
– Physiological hypertrophy
• Growth of uterus during pregnancy
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Physiological Hypertrophy
Mechanism
Due to cell growth in response to estrogen
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Hypertrophy
Molecular mechanism
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Hyperplasia
Definition
Examples
Molecular Mechanisms
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Hyperplasia
Definition
Increase in number of cells in the organ
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Hyperplasia
Examples
Physiologic hyperplasia
– Hormonal
• Glandular epithelium of the breast during puberty and
pregnancy
– Compensatory
• Liver regeneration
Pathologic hyperplasia
– Hyperplasia of endometrium due to excess estrogen
– Benign prostatic hypertrophy
– Skin warts (papilloma virus)
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Hyperplasia
Examples
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Hyperplasia
Molecular mechnism
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Atrophy
Definition
Examples
Molecular mechanism
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Atrophy
Definition
Atrophy is decrease in size of the organ
due to decrease in cell size and number
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Atrophy
Examples
Physiologic atrophy
– Fetal organs – like notochord and thyroglossal duct
– Uterus after parturition
Pathologic atrophy
– Disuse atrophy after immobilization in fracture cast
– Denervation atrophy
– Ischemic atrophy
– Senile atrophy – heart
– Inadequate nutrition – marasmus, cachexia
– Loss of endocrine stimulation – vaginal, endometrial and
breast atrophy after menopause
– Pressure atrophy – in areas surrounding the tumor
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Atrophy
Molecular mechanism
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Metaplasia
Definition
Examples
Molecular mechanism
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Metaplasia
Definition
It is a reversible change occuring in a
differentiated cell
One cell type is replaced by another cell
type due to stress/injurious stimuli
It is always pathological
If it becomes irreversible, it is called
dysplasia – leads to cancer
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Metaplasia
Examples
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That’s all for this lecture…we shall
continue with remaining part of this
chapter in the next lecture
Keep visiting
facebook.com/pathologybasics for
updates..
Chapter I: Cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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