Download as PDF, PPTX
Uploaded byAshish Jawarkar
Cancer and its types - an introduction to cancer
This document discusses the history and current state of cancer. It notes that cancer occurs when cells grow out of control and details some key events in cancer's history such as the first descriptions in ancient Egypt and Greece. The document outlines several causes of cancer like tobacco, viruses, and radiation. It discusses how cancer spreads and common screening tests for early detection of breast, cervical, prostate, colon, and lung cancers. The takeaway message is that cancer has affected humanity for millennia but screening and research into molecular mechanisms can help control and potentially cure cancer at early stages.
More Related Content
Similar to Cancer and its types - an introduction to cancer
Cancer and its types - an introduction to cancer
- 1. Cancer and itsTypes Dr. Ashish Jawarkar M.D. Pathologist Parul Sevashram Hospital
- 2. OVERVIEW • • • • • • How common iscancer Understand cancer History How cancer starts How cancer spreads Stop cancer
- 3. How common iscancer • According to national cancer control programme – there are nearly 2.5 million cancer patients in India • About 0.7 million new cases are diagnosed each year, and nearly half of them die • More than 60% of these patients are in the age of 35-60, prime of their life • It is expected that with improved life expectency – the number of cases will triple in the coming years
- 4. • About 1in 4 of us will get cancer • About 1 in 5 of will die due to cancer
- 6. Normal cell division •There are trillions of cells in our body • Healthy cells are programmed to “know what to do and when to do it”.
- 15. What is Cancer •Cancer is a general name for more than 100 different diseases • The common point about all these different diseases is that a particular cell of the body is growing out of control • Cancer cells donot know “what to do, and when to do” • This division uses up all the resources required by other cells of the body
- 16. Some commonly usedterms • Neo-plasm – new growth • Tumor – swelling caused by neoplasm • Benign neoplasm – one which is restricted by its capsule – doesnot spread to other areas of body • Malignant – one which spreads to different parts of the body
- 18. History • The oldestdescription of cancer dates back to 1600 BC in Egypt
- 19. • Papyrus described8 cases of ulcers of breast treated by cauterization by a tool he called – the fire drill • He had said – the disease has no cure
- 21. History • Hippocrates –460-370 BC • Described several types of cancers – called them carcinos (crab) • Cut surface of tumors with veins in all directions
- 22. The father of WesternMedicine
- 23. CELCUS AND GALEN •Celcus (25 BC) translated carcinos into latin – cancer • Galen suggested the word oncos for swelling – Oncology thus was named
- 24. Cause of cancerHumoral theory • Though Hippocrates, Celcus and Galen described cancer, they did not know the cause • Cause of cancer was said to be imbalance of body fluids • black/yellow bile,blood and phlegm • Cancer was said to be caused by excess of black bile • Accordingly treatment was change of diet/blood letting /laxatives
- 26. Morgagni • In 1761,Morgagni first performed autopsies • He studied postmortem findings and suggested causes of diseases • This lead the foundation of scientific study of cancer oncology
- 28. On the sitesand causes of diseases
- 29. Era of cancersurgery • The famous Scottish surgeon John Hunter (1728−1793) suggested that some cancers might be cured by surgery. • If the tumor had not invaded nearby tissue and was “moveable,” he said, “There is no impropriety in removing it.” • He conducted a lot of autopsies and studied cancer
- 30.
- 31. Upcoming TV show– knife man
- 32. Primitive surgery • Noasepsis / anaesthetic techniques were available • Mortality was more due to secondary infections that cancer per se
- 33. RECURRED • It tooknearly a century for the development of anesthesia and asepsis • This allowed surgery to flourish and classic cancer operations such as the radical mastectomy could be done effectively • Any and every cancer was removed – this prolonged life somewhat – but cancer recurred
- 34. • Till thistime – no one had actually seen cancer cells!!!
- 35. Birth of microscopic pathology •The 19th century modern microscope was invented and cancerous tissue could be studied. • Rudolf Virchow, often called the founder of cellular pathology, linked microscopic findings with cancer types.
- 37. First actual causeof cancer discovery • In 1713, Bernardino Ramazzini, an Italian doctor, reported the virtual absence of cervical cancer and relatively high incidence of breast cancer in nuns • This was linked to their celibate life style • This observation was an important step toward identifying and understanding the importance of hormones and cancer risk
- 39. Scrotal cancer • In1775, Percival Pott of Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital in London described an occupational cancer in chimney sweeps, cancer of the scrotum • was caused by soot collecting in the skin folds of the scrotum.
- 41. Tobacco • Thomas Vennerof London was one of the first to warn about tobacco dangers in his Via Recta, published in London in 1620. • He wrote that “immoderate use of tobacco hurts the brain and the eye and induces trembling of the limbs and the heart.”
- 42. • And 150years later, in 1761, only a few decades after recreational tobacco became popular in London, John Hill wrote a book entitled Cautions Against the Immoderate Use of Snuff.
- 43. • Inspite ofthis, tobacco use continued unabeted • Lead to an epidemic of sorts, of tobacco related cancers
- 44. • These firstobservations linking tobacco and cancer led to epidemiologic research many years later (in the 1950s and early 1960s) which showed that smoking causes lung cancer and led to the US Surgeon General’s 1964 report Smoking and Health.
- 45. • This reportlead to some regulations on tobacco companies • They had to affix warnings on their products
- 46. Powerful tobacco lobby •Still they avoided the word - CANCER
- 47. Genetic cause • Thegenetic basis of cancer was proposed by German zoologist Boveri in 1902 • He suggested the mutations of chromosomes lead to cancer
- 48. Radiotherapy • Marie curiediscovered radium, and radiation at the end of 19th century • This marked the discovery of first non surgical mode of cancer treatment
- 49.
- 51. Complete cancer cure •During World war II, the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki took place • It was observed that the radiation of the bombings destroyed the marrow of the victims • This in turn gave a hope of curing cancer completely by radiation
- 54. How cancer starts •Cancer starts with damage to the DNA
- 55. Causes of DNAdamage
- 57.
- 58. Fast food (fibrefree)
- 59.
- 60. Due to viruses(HPV)
- 61. UV rays –sun tanning
- 62. Signs and symptomsof cancer • Depends on the location – – – – – – – Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty in swelling Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness
- 63. Spread of cancer •Local spread • Lymphatic spread • Metastasis
- 64.
- 65.
- 66.
- 67.
- 68.
- 69. Can we treatcancer?? • Cancer cells are our cells – • killing them = killing ourselves • Main treatments available – Surgery – Recurs – Chemotherapy – damages normal cells – Radiotherapy – damages nearby areas
- 70. Newer treatments • Imatinib– revolutionized treatment of CML • Herceptin – for treatment of breast cancer • Rituximab – against NHL
- 71. Still… Prevention iscure • • • • • Limiting tobacco exposure Limiting alcohol intake Modifying diet Limiting exposure to UV rays Screening programs
- 72. What is screening?? •looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms • When abnormal tissue is found early stage, it may be possible to treat it completely • Following cancers are amenable to screening – – – – – Breast Prostate Cervix Colon and rectum Lung
- 73.
- 74. Breast cancer screening •Has lead to a 15-20% reduction in deaths due to breast cancer • American cancer society recommends breast cancer screening for all women more than age 40 , every year • Includes – Mammography – Clinical breast examination – Breast self examination
- 75.
- 76.
- 77.
- 79.
- 80.
- 82. Prostate Cancer screening •Screening can be started for – Moderate risk males – age 50 – High risk males – age 45 – Very high risk males – age 40 • Screening consists of – Digital rectal examination – PSA examination
- 84.
- 85.
- 88. Lung cancer screening •Guidelines recommending annual low-dose CT lung cancer screening have been approved by the US Preventive Services Task Force. • The recommendations apply to individuals aged between 55 and 80 who are at high risk for lung cancer as a result of heavy smoking.
- 90. Take home message •Cancer is a group of diseases affecting human kind since ages • It is controllable – not yet completely curable at early stages • Screening programs help in reducing morbidity and mortality from cancer • Gearing cancer research towards knowing the molecular mechanisms of cancer can help in developing treatment modules
- 91. References • The Emperorof all maladies - by Siddhartha Mukherjee • Robbins pathology • A lot of wikipedia • Google baba ki Jai Ho!!