This document discusses the anatomy and diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It covers the structure and function of the digestive system, as well as common diseases that can affect the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. Specific GI diseases mentioned include esophageal achalasia, peptic ulcers, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancers. The document provides an overview of evaluating and understanding diseases of the GI system.

1. Dr. Ashish Jawarkar
M.D.

2.  Digestive system
 GI tract & its anatomy
 Billiary tract
 How to assess GI tract
 GI disease
◦ Esophageal diseases
◦ Gastric disease
◦ Small intestinal disease
◦ Colonic disease
 Billiary diseases

3. Digestive system

4. How food moves into GI tract

5. ◦ Mucosa (Inner most)
 Absorptive and secretary
(mucus)
◦ Sub mucosa
 Absorbed molecule of
mucosa picked up by BC
◦ Muscularis
 Controlled peristalsis
◦ Serosa (outer most)
 Protective layer & secretary

7. Upper esophageal
sphinct er
Lower esophageal sphinct er
Sphincters

8. - Mechanical digestion:
breaking food in small particles
so they are easily broken down
by enzymes  mouth and
stomach
Chemical digestion:
pancreas and duodenum
Nutrient absorption:
small intestine
Water reabsorption:
colon
Functional anatomy of the GI system

9.  Congenital
 Esophagus
 Stomach

10. ◦ Atresia
◦ Fistula
◦ Duplication

11.  diverticulum is a blind outpouching of the alimentary tract
that communicates with the lumen and includesall three
layers of the bowel wall.

12.  Hyperplasia of the pyloric muscularis propria,
which obstructs the gastric outflow tract.

14.  Presents with a failure to pass meconium in the
immediate postnatal period.
 Obstruction or constipation follows
 Happens due to absence of neuronal cells in the
affected segment

16.  Esophagus –
◦ Esophageal obstruction
◦ Achalasia
◦ Tears/lacerations
◦ Reflux Esophagitis
◦ Metaplasia (Barret’s)
◦ Varices
◦ Tumors (Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell)

17.  Symptom known as dysphagia
◦ Functional
 Due to abnormal contractions of esophageal muscle
◦ Mechanical
 Webs
 Rings

18.  Nut cracker DES

19.  Webs Rings

20.  Achalasia is characterized by the triad
 of incomplete LES relaxation, increased LES tone,
and aperistalsis
 Symptoms include dysphagia for solids and
liquids, difficulty in belching, and chest pain.

23.  Due to GERD

24.  Metaplasia
 reversible

25.  Portal hypertension

26.  Adenocarcinoma

28.  Gastritis
 Peptic ulcer disease
 Polyps and tumors

29.  Acute – chronic – Peptic ulcer

31.  Antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor

39.  Benign
◦ Polyps
 Malignant
◦ Adenocarcinoma
◦ Lymphoma
◦ Carcinoid
◦ GIST

48.  Neuro endocrine tumors
 Produce hormones

51.  Non inflammatory/non infective
 Ischemic bowel disease
 Malabsorption
 Infective diarrhoeas
 Inflammatory bowel disease
 Irritable bowel syndromes
 Tumors
◦ Benign
 Polyps
◦ Malignant
 adenocarcinoma

57.  Malabsorption
 Increased secretion
◦ Infectious

58.  defective absorption of fats, fat- and
water-soluble vitamins, proteins,
carbohydrates, electrolytes and minerals,
and water

60.  Bacterial
◦ Cholera
◦ Typhoid
◦ E coli
 Viral

62.  Vibrio cholerae

71.  Chronic condition resulting from inappropriate
mucosal immune activation