This document outlines the course details for a Pathophysiology program. It includes the course objectives, which are to discuss factors that contribute to changes in physiology, relate normal physiology to disease processes, and apply pathophysiology principles in nursing practice. The document describes the teaching methods, which include lectures, discussions, videos and assignments. Evaluation methods are also outlined and include quizzes, presentations, exams and a lab project. Topic areas to be covered include infection, inflammation, cellular changes, trauma, and fluid/electrolyte and acid-base imbalances. References are provided.

1. Pathophysiology - I
Programme
BS-Nursing
Year II Semester III Abdul Rahman
Lecturer in IUNC
MBA,BSN
Credit Hours : 2
Theory Cr = 1.75
Skill Lab Cr = 0.25

2. Introduction
This course provides learners with the opportunities to build
on the concepts and knowledge about the altered
Physiological mechanisms and their impact on the functional
status of the body.
It also deals with the responses of the body that participate
in manifestation of disease.
The usefulness of knowledge, skills and attitudes to the
nurse in his/her problem solving in the hospital, school,
community or home is the determining factor in the selection
and integration of the content.

3. Course Objectives:
Discuss the factors in the environment, which contribute to
produce changes in normal physiological processes of human body.
Relate normal physiology with altered physiological mechanisms
in disease process.
Integrate the knowledge of the basic principles of Pathophysiology
in caring a patient in hospital and community environment.
Apply the knowledge and principles learnt through laboratory
work in their nursing practice.

4. Course Expectations:
 Attend all lectures as per policy.
 Pre-reading and preparation for each class.
 Completion of quizzes and examination on due dates.
 Participates actively in classes and tutorials

5. Teaching/Learning Strategies:
Lecture
Discussion
Class activities
Quizzes
Assignments
Self-study
Group presentation
Video demonstration
Virtual teaching
Viva practice.

6. Evaluation Criteria
Quiz I 5%
Quiz II 5%
Presentation 5%
Lab Project/Assignment 10%
Mid-Term Examination 25%
Final-Term Examination Theory 25%
Final-Term Lab/Exam Viva 25%
Total 100%

7. Iqra University Evaluation Criteria
Class participating 25%
Midterm 25%
Final term 50%
Total 100%

8. Midterm Topic
UNIT I: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Define Pathology & Pathophysiology
Differentiate among Pathophysiology and other biomedical
sciences
Discuss the basic concepts of disease and its development
Briefly discuss each of the five components of the disease process
Prevalence
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical manifestation
Outcomes

9. UNIT II: Mechanism of Infection &
Inflammation
Describe the stages of an infectious disease after the point at which
the potential pathogen enters the body.
List the systemic manifestation of infectious diseases.
Discuss the purpose of inflammation.
Describe the physiological mechanism involved in the production
of five cardinal signs of inflammation.
Differentiate the hemodynamic and cellular phases of
inflammatory response.
Differentiate between chronic and acute inflammation.

10. UNIT III: Cellular Adaptation & Aberrant Cell Growth
Discuss the general changes in cell structure and function that occur as
a result of normal adaptive processes.
Describe cellular changes that occur with Atrophy, Hypertrophy,
Hyperplasia, Metaplasia and dysplasia and general conditions under
which these changes occur.
Differentiate the neoplastic growth from normal adaptive changes
Differentiate between malignant and benign tumors.
Describe the Tumor, Nodes, and Metastasis for cancer staging.
Describe the role of Proto oncogene & Anti-oncogene to transform
normal cell line to cancer cell lina (Carcinogenesis)
Discuss the predisposing factors of aberrant cell growth.
List the characteristics of cancer cells.

11. Final Term Topic
UNIT IV: Trauma & Cell Injury
Discuss trauma
Explain the process of cell injury
Discuss reversible & irreversible cell injury
Describe the mechanisms of cell injury that is;
• hypoxic
• free radical
• chemical
• physical
• nutritional
Discuss cell death in terms of:
• Mechanisms & types of necrosis.
• Mechanism & Significance of apoptosis.

12. UNIT V: Homeostasis Imbalances
Fluid Electrolyte Imbalance
Review the physiological mechanism responsible for the movement
of fluid and electrolyte in the following body compartments.
Between Intra Cellular Fluid (ICF) & Extra Cellular Fluid (ECF)
Between Intravascular & interstitial.
Discuss the Starling’s Hypothesis to describe the movement of fluid
across the capillary wall.
Discuss the classification of fluid electrolyte imbalance in terms of:
• Isotonic imbalance
• Osmotic imbalance
• Compositional imbalance

13. Cont..
Acid Base Imbalance:
Review the physiological mechanism responsible to regulate acid base
balance in the body i.e.
a) Buffers (phosphate, hemoglobin, carbonate)
b) Renal mechanism
c) Respiratory mechanism
d) Discuss the classification of acid base imbalance in terms of:
• Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis
Discuss how to interpret the arterial blood gases (ABGs) to identify
four types of acid base imbalance.
Discuss the causes, pathophysiology and clinical manifestation of
• Respiratory acidosis & alkalosis.
• Metabolic acidosis & alkalosis.

14. UNIT VI: Immunological Disorders
Review the following concepts of immune response.
Components of immune response.
Humoral versus cell mediated immunity.
Antigen processing presentation and recognition.
Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity.
Discuss the disorder of immune response including. AIDS (Acquired
Immunodeficiency syndrome) & Hypersensitivity (allergies).
Discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis & clinical manifestation of
HIV infection.
Discuss the pathophysiology of different types of hypersensitivity
(Type I, Type II, Type III & Type IV).

15. Guest Lecture
Guest Speaker : Dr. Syed Ziyad Furqan
Topic : Fluid Electrolyte Imbalance
Week : 12

16. Lab performance
The evaluation of lab performance will be done on the following
basis:-
Safe handling of chemicals and apparatus.
Observation
Interpretation of results.
Cleanliness.

17. Lab Schedule for Pathophysiology
Lab 1 Observe & Interpret Science Phenomenon
Lab 2 Cell Adaptation Slides
Lab 3 Effect of Suspending Red Blood Cell in Different
Concentration of Salt Solutions

18. Online References
https://www.uomus.edu.iq/img/lectures21/MUCLecture_2021_111922687.pdf (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://basicmedicalkey.com/introduction-to-pathophysiology/ (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2468&sectionid=198219786 (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150340/ (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8697421/ (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21660-inflammation (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21660-inflammation (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://scholar.google.com.pk/scholar?q=Cellular+Adaptation+and+Aberrant+Cell+Growth&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1
&oi=scholart (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7171462/ (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-68655-2 (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/cell-injury-and-
death/#:~:text=Types%20of%20cell%20injury%3A,Reversible%20injury&text=Irreversible%20injury%20Irreversible%2
0Injury%20Ischemic%20Cell%20Damage%20(leads%20to%20cell%20death) (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://study.com/academy/lesson/homeostatic-imbalance-definition-
examples.html#:~:text=Homeostatic%20imbalance%20is%20a%20fluctuation,lead%20to%20hyperthermia%20and%20h
eatstroke. (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://wou.edu/chemistry/courses/online-chemistry-textbooks/ch103-allied-health-chemistry/ch103-chapter-9-
homeostasis-and-cellular-function/ (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://www.healthline.com/health/electrolyte-disorders (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/acid-base-imbalance (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000816.htm (Retrieve on 15-03-2023)

19. References:
Peate, I. & Nair, M. (2020) Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses at a Glance. Wiley, Oxford.
Nair, M. & Peate, I. (2019) Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology: An Essential Guide for Nursing and Healthcare
Students, 2e. Wiley, Oxford.
Booth, K. (2018) Anatomy, Physiology and Disease for the Health Professions, 3e. McGraw‐Hill, New York.
O’Kane, M.J., McManus, P., McGowan, N., et al. (2015) Quality error rates in point-of-care testing.
Clinical Chemistry, 57, 1267–1271. Price, C.P., St John, A., & Kricka, L.L. (eds). (2010) Point-of-Care Testing Needs,
Opportunity and Innovation (3rd ed.). AACC Press, Washington, DC.
Rishniw, M., Pion, P.D., & Maher, T. (2012) the quality of veterinary in-clinic and reference laboratory biochemical
testing. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 41, 92–109.
Huether, S.E., McCance, K.L., Brashers, V.L. & Rote, N.S. (2012) Understanding
Pathophysiology, 5e. Elsevier, St Louis.
Carol, P. M. (2000). Pathophysiology concept of altered health states. Philadelphia:J. B. Lippincott
Author D. Fluid & electrolyte made incredibly easy. (2002). 2nd ed). Pennsylvania springhouse.
Sue, Huether E. (2000). Understanding pathophysiology New York: Mosby.
Tortora, G. J., & Anagnostakos, N. P. (2000). Principles of anatomy and physiology New York:Harper & Row.
Wilson, S. A. P & LM. (1997). Clinical concepts of disease processes (5th ed). Mosby.