The document discusses various concepts related to social stratification and inequality. It defines social stratification as the division of society into hierarchical social classes based on factors like wealth, occupation, and income. It examines different types of stratification systems and the factors that determine social mobility. The document also discusses concepts like gender inequality, ethnic inequality, and global stratification.
Social and Political Stratification Definition
Systems of Stratification
Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification
Social MObility and Social Inequality
Social and Political Stratification Definition
Systems of Stratification
Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification
Social MObility and Social Inequality
Social and Political Stratification Definition
Systems of Stratification
Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification
Social Mobility and Inequality
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I'm a graduating STEM student of Senior High School in Makati Science High School (2018).
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Social and Political Stratification Definition
Systems of Stratification
Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification
Social Mobility and Inequality
Please give credits to the creator of this PPT presentation.
I'm a graduating STEM student of Senior High School in Makati Science High School (2018).
Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of their respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Students of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
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SOC100 v8Reading Guide Deviance, Social Stratification, and In.docxpbilly1
SOC/100 v8
Reading Guide: Deviance, Social Stratification, and Inequality
SOC/100 v8
Page 2 of 2
Reading Guide: Deviance, Social Stratification, and Inequality
This reading guide covers Chapters 7, 9, 11, and 12 in your textbook:
Griffiths, H., Keirns, N., Strayer, E., Cody-Rydzewski, S., Scaramuzzo, G., Sadler, T., Vyain, S., Bry, J., & Jones, F. (2015). Introduction to sociology (2nd ed.). OpenStax College, Rice University.
Review these notes to assist with your assignment this week.
DevianceDeviance and Social Control
Deviance: behavior that does not conform with cultural norms or social standards
· Deviance depends on a person’s culture and subculture; deviant actions may not be considered deviant in a different place or time.
· For example, actions such as smoking indoors, playing loud music, or being nude in public can be considered deviant or not, depending on when and where they happen. Deviance and Crime: Formal and Informal Sanctions
Informal sanctions: forms of punishment for mild violations of social norms
· Examples of mild violations: cutting in line, eating with your fingers at a nice restaurant, texting during a film in a movie theater
· Examples of informal sanctions: nasty looks, rude comments, isolation from social groups
Formal sanctions: forms of punishment for serious violations of social norms that are written laws
· Examples of serious violations: murder, rape, theft, speeding
· Examples of sanctions: fines, jail time, criminal recordTheoretical Perspectives on Deviance
· Functionalist perspective
· A functional society needs deviance to reaffirm current social norms and to set boundaries for social control and morality.
· Conflict theorist perspective
· Deviance and crime are caused by social and economic factors created by a wealthy elite class of people in power who maintain the status quo in society, decide what is deviant, and determine who gets criminalized for deviant behavior.
· Symbolic interactionist perspective
· Deviance is behavior that is learned from social interactions with other people, either as a response to others’ reactions or by modeling their deviance.
Social Stratification
Social stratification: society’s way of categorizing people by socioeconomic status, ranked by tiers based on factors that reflect an unequal distribution of resources
· Sociologists recognize that social stratification is a society-wide system that makes inequalities apparent.
Class system: a way of describing the level of someone’s social standing based on their individual accomplishments and social factors
· Examples of class systems in the U.S.: lower, middle, and higher income
· Primary characteristics of each class serve as social boundaries between them.
· Socioeconomic status (SES) in a class system determines individuals’ life outcomes.
Wealth: the value of assets owned by a household
· Wealth enhances one’s life chances by creating opportunities and desired stature, command over labor and businesses, and the abil.
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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CHAPTER 8 (SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION).pptx
1.
2. It refers to the division of large
social groups into smaller
group based on categories
determined by economics.
3. • Members of society are arranged in a
hierarchy based on their access to or
control over basic economic resources.
• Social stratification gives rise to
inequality in society, as members are
distinguished by their membership in
and relation to social groups and
categories.
4.
5. • This refers to the process by which
individuals are cut off from full
involvement in the wider circle of
society.
• People who are socially excluded due to
poor housing, lack of employment,
inferior schools, or limted transportation,
may lack opportunities for self-
improvement.
6.
7. • Closed System impose rigid
boundaries between social
groups and limit interaction
among members who
belong to different social
groups or occupy different
levels in the social
hierarchy.
• This system is also resistant
to change, particularly in
the social roles of its
members.
8. Stratification in an open
system is based on
achievement, allowing
more flexibility in social
roles, increased social
mobility and better
interaction among social
groups and classes.
9.
10.
11. • Is a stratification system
based on the ownership of
resources and the
individual's occupation or
profession.
• Class system base social on
achievement rather than
ascription and are thus
more open in terms of
social mobility.
12. • Members of society are arranged in a
hierarchy based on their access to or
control over basic economic resources.
• Social stratification gives rise to
inequality in society, as members are
distinguished by their membership in
and relation to social groups and
categories.
13. Marriages between people from different
social classes
Marriages betweenpeople from same social
class
14. System of stratification that
is determined by personal
effort and merit . Social
standing advancements are
determined by how well a
person performs his or her
social role. However it
remains an ideal and is only
implemented in business or
industry
15. SOCIETY IN GENERAL, STILL
REMAINS STRONGLY
INFLUENCED BY OTHER
FACTORS SUCH AS
INHERITANCE AND PRESSURE TO
CONFORM.
18. • Examines how the different aspects
of society contribute to ensuring its
stability and continued function.
• Each part or aspect of society
serves an important purpose
• Stratification is based on intrinsic
value of social activities or roles
19. Davis-Moore Thesis
• Social role that has greater
functional purpose will result in
greater reward.
• Certain tasks in society are more
valued than others, and those who
perform highly valued work are
rewarded with greater income,
prestige and power
20. • Takes critical view of social
stratification
• Considers society as benefitting
only a small segment
• Stratification causes inequality
• Drawn from ideas of Karl Marx
21. Karl Marx
• social stratification is influences by
economic forces and relationships in
society are defined by factors of production.
• Two groups:
- Bourgeois (capitalists) – own factors of
production ( land, resources, business and
ploretariat ); UPPERCLASS
- Ploretariat – workers who provide manual
labor; LOWERCLASS
22. Karl Marx
• INEQUALITY CAUSES WORKERS TO
EXPERIENCE ALIENATION,
ISOLATION, AND GREAT MISERY
DUE TO POWERLESS STATUS. THIS
LEADS TO CLASS CONFLICT.
23. • Microlevel perspective
• Attempts to explain how people’s social
standing affects their everyday
interactions
• Leads to interaction within the same
class.
• Stratification becomes a System that
GROUPS people (interests, background,
way of life)
24. • People’s appearance reflects
their perceived social standing
• Theory of Conspicuous
Consumption
- Buying certain products to
make a social statement about a
status
25. • Ability of individuals or groups to change
their positions within a social
stratification system
• How individuals progress from a lower
to a higher class, or how they lose their
status and occupy much lower position
in society
• Major factor: Economic status
(accumulation of wealth)
26. TWO MAIN TYPES:
a) Upward Mobility – upward
movement in social class. May be
through education, employment or
marriage.
b) Downward Mobility – lowering of
social class. Brought by economic
setbacks, unemployment, illness and
dropping out of school.
27. 2 TYPES OF MOVEMENT:
• VERTICAL MOBILITY
- refers to how people would
move up and down the social
hierarchy.
2. HORIZONTAL MOBILITY
- refers to a person were to move
in an equally ranked position.
28. 2 TYPES OF SYSTEM BASED ON SOCIAL
MOBILITY:
• OPEN CLASS SYSTEM - is a person’s
status is based on their achievement.
• CLOSED CLASS SYSTEM - in these
societies people are born into their
classes and they will usually remain
in their ascribed status for the rest of
their life.
29. • Classification based on GENERATION:
a) Intragenerational
- focuses on experiences of people who
belong to same generation.
- changes in mobility throughout the
person’s lifetime
b) Downward Mobility
- Changes in individuals belonging to
different generations
30. •STRUCTURAL MOBILITY
- large-scale changes
resulting in improvement or
decline of the conditions and
status of a large group of people.
- Main example: Industrial
Age
31. • People having unequal access to various resources
and privileges in society.
3 FACTORS CHARACTERIZED BY SOCIAL INEQUALITY:
• Wealth -Refers to the amount of resources that you
have.
• Power - Refers to the ability to influence other people.
It is getting what they want despite the unwillingness
of others to give in their desires.
• Prestige - Refers to the person’s position in the society.
This refers to having a certain status that enables you
to have resources or opportunities that others without
your status cannot have.
32. • Absolute Poverty - refers to the lack of
basic resources like food, clean water,
safe housing and access to health care
needed to maintain a quality lifestyle.
• Relative Poverty - applies to those who
may be able to obtain basic
necessities but are still unable to
maintain an average standard of living
compared to the rest of society.
33. • Gender - Refers to the culturally - imposed
characteristic that define masculinity and femininity.
• Sex - refers to biological and anatomical differences
that distinguish males from females.
• Gender Role - refers to specific tasks and behaviors
expected of person by virtue of his or her sex.
• Gender Identity - refers to how a person identifies
himself or herself as belongings to a particular gender.
• Patriarchy - refers to the socially sunctioned and
systematic domination of males over females, and this
expressed in various aspect of society.
34. • Is characterized by having some people
deprived of privileges such as some
occupations, equal pay, education, rights
that others enjoy due to their sex or gender.
• Some of the researchers that study gender
inequality would question on whether
women have had subordinate roles in all
societies but they all believe that most
communities, men have held the dominant
roles.
35. • Liberal feminist - explain gender inequality in terms of social
stability and integration. They believe that sexism and
discrimination can be countered by political, social and
economic reforms like giving equal access to both men and
women.
• Radical Feminist - argue that men are responsible for the
exploitation of women through patriarchy. From this
perspective, nothing short of a "sexual revolution" could
transform socity and end gender inequality.
• Black Feminist - identifies factors such as class and
ethnicity, in addition to gender, as essential for
understanding the oppresion experienced by non-white
women.
36. • There will always be groups of people in a
society that will be classified as minorities.
• Their civil, political, economic and social and
cultural rights are sometimes violated
because they are discriminated due to their
ethnicity.
• Ethnic inequality is present throughout the
globe.
• Aside from the social discrimination felt by
these people, the global economy is also
affected.
37. • Ethnicity - is the feeling of affinity or loyalty towards a
particular population, cultural group, or territorial area.
• Race - refers to a group of people who share common
ancestry.
• Racism - refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs and practices used
to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group
and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.
• Prejudice - involves holding "stereotypes" or preconcieved
views that are often based on faulty generalizations about
members of a race or a particular ethnic or other groups.
• Discrimination - refers to actions or behavior of members of a
dominant social group that negatively impacts other
members of society that do not belong to the dominant group.
38. • Displacement and Scapegoating are
psychological mechanism associated
with prejudice and discrimination. In
Displacement, feelings of hostility
become directed agaisnt objects that
are not the real origin of these anxieties;
those at the recieving and became
scapegoats.
39. • Inequality and discrimination exists in
societies across the globe. The
discriminatory practices in these
communities can cause significant
alarm in the global scale.
2 main figures affecting international
activities:
a. State
b. Non-state factors
40. • Global Stratification - refers to the
unequal distribution of wealth, power,
and prestige on a global basis,
highlighting patterns of social
inequality and resulting in people
having vastly different lifestyles and
opportunities both within and among
the nations of the world.
41. • a ranked system of inequality among the world’s
nations that has come about with globalization
processes.
• The entire world is divided into segments much
like the social classes that we previously studied
in the United States.
• While some progress has been made toward
changing global inequalities, the positive changes
are meager compared to the vast efforts and
money that have been devoted to attempted
solutions.
42. • Market-oriented theories such as
modernization theory claim that cultural and
institutional barriers to development explain
poverty in low-income countries. This theory
believes that poverty can be eliminated by
overcoming or adjusting cultural values like
negative attitudes regarding work, limiting
government intervention in economic affairs
and encouraging high rates of savings and
investments.
43. • Dependency theories - claims that global poverty
is the result of exploitation of poor countries by
wealthy ones, thereby creating a cycle of
dependence.
• World-systems theories - focuses on the
relationship among the "core", "peripheral", and
"semi-peripheral" countries in the global
economy.
• State-centered theories - emphazise the role of
governments in fostering economic development.