Sensation refers to the processing of sensory information, while perception is how the brain interprets and organizes this information. The document discusses several human sensory systems - vision, hearing, taste, smell, vestibular sense, kinesthetic sense, and cutaneous senses. It describes the basic components and processes involved in each system, such as the eye's rods and cones, hair cells in the inner ear, and receptors on the tongue and skin. Perception involves constancies that allow objects to appear consistent despite changes in retinal images, as well as depth cues and Gestalt principles of organization.