This document discusses motivation and emotions. It defines motivation as the internal drive that initiates and directs behavior towards goals. Several motivation theories are described, including those proposed by Maslow, Skinner, and Herzberg. Motives are classified into organic, biogenic, general, sociogenic, and unconscious categories. Emotions are defined as feelings that involve physiological arousal, behavior, and conscious experience. Theories on emotions proposed by James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer are summarized. Factors influencing emotions and methods of measuring emotions are also outlined.

1. By Karishma Singh Rajput

2. Motivation
 Motives is a state within the individual that
under appropriate circumstance initiates
regulates behavior in relation to goal .
 The word itself comes from latin
word,movere ,which means , ‘to move’ .
Motivation is what ‘moves’ people to do the
things they do.
 For e.g. when a person is relaxing in front
of the television and begins to feel
hungry,the physical need for food might
cause the person to get up , go into the
kitchen ,and sea.

3. Cont…
 Motivation is the force within the
individual that influence or directs
behavior .
 Motivation is an inferred process within
an animal or person that causes that
organism to move towards a goal .
 They may be conscious or unconscious.
 Motives also help in making predictions
about behavior .

4. Characteristics of motivated
behavior
persistence
Energy
Mobilization
Variability
Restlessness
for the
attainment of
the goal
Extinction of
restlessness
after the
attainment of
the goal.

5. Motivation theory
 Traditional management philosophy ,
which emphasizes paternalism, worker
subordination ,and bureaucracy as a
means to predictable but moderate
productivity .

6. Abraham maslow (1970)
 a/c to maslow he believed that people
are motivated to satisfy certain needs
,ranging from basic survival to complex
psychological needs , and that people
seek a higher need only when the lower
needs have been predominantly met .

8. BF SKINNER (1953)
 he has contributed to the understanding
of motivation ,dissatisfactions, and
productivity .
 Behavior that is rewarded will be
repeated , and behavior that is punished
or goes unrewarded is extinguished .

9. Frederick Herzberg (1977)
 He believed that employees can be
motivated by the work itself and that
there is an internal or personal need to
meet organizational goals . This
distinction between hygiene or
maintenance factors and motivator
factors was called the motivation .

10. Cont…
Motivators Hygiene factors
Achievement
Recognition
Work
Responsibility
Advancement
Possibility of growth
Salary
Supervision
Job security
Positive working conditions
Personal life
Interpersonal relationships and
peers
Company policy
Status

11. Classification of motives
 Motivation involves the action people
take to satisfy unmet needs . It is
willingness to put effort into achieving a
goal or reward to decrease the tension
caused by the need .
 Intrinsic motivation comes from within
the person ,whereas when the
motivation comes from outside is known
as external .

12. Cont…
 RS Woodworth has divided into the
following three categories :
 Organic needs –
 Emergency motives
 Objectives motives

13. Cont…
 Biogenic motives –
 This are also called as biological or
innate motives .
 Its innate are not learned ,they are
inborn .
 They are primary ,vital ,physiological
and biological needs which the person
brings with him upon his entry into this
world .

14. Cont…
 Some of biogenic motives are :-
 Homeostasis
 Regulation of temperature
 Sleep
 Hunger
 Thirst
 Sex
 Maternal behavior

15. Cont…
 General motives –
 Escape
 Combat motives
 Curiosity
 Urge to play
 Humor or laughter

16. Cont…
 Sociogenic motives :
 A) general sociogenic motives –praise
and blame
 Mastery motive
 Aggression self submission
 Imitation
 Sympathy
 Gregariousness

17. Cont…
 Personal social motives –
 Life goal
 Level of aspiration
 Interests
 Attitudes
 Force of habits
 Drug addiction

18. Cont…
 Unconscious motives
 a/c Freud –the unconscious motives that
governs human life and behaivor,its very
big part of the human mind and its
activities ,though unknown to us ,control
and guide many of the activities of the
conscious mind .

19. Emotions
 Emotions is an acute disturbance of the
organism, as a whole psychological in
origin involving behavior , conscious
experience and visceral functioning .
 The word ‘emotion’ is a derivative of the
latin word ‘Emovere’ which means’ to
move away from ‘to excite’ , ‘to
shoulder’.

20. Definition
Emotions – is defined as the feeling
aspect of consciousness ,characteristics
by a certain physical aroused ,a certain
behavior , that reveals the feelings to
outside world, and an inner awareness
of feelings .
‘Feeling’ can be defined as pleasant or
unpleasant experience associated with
an idea .

21. Nature of emotions
 Emotions mostly occur when our safety
of our social prestige .
 Even in such a challenging situation if
we meet the situation by reasoning and
thinking .
 Each emotion has certain definite
muscular and outward behavior.
 It has also been found that when we
have emotions there are certain internal
activities and disturbances .

22. Significance of feelings
 It is pointed out that each feeling
whether anger ,pleasure ,desire or
sadness can be said to have a certain
pleasant .
 All these feelings are also found to have
a certain tone of excitement or
numbness.
 We also find that most feelings have a
tone of tenseness .

23. Importance of emotions
 Survival
 Decision making
 Boundary setting
 Communication
 Happiness
 Unity

24. Theories of emotions
 James lange theory –
Event Arousal and physiological changes
Interpretation of the
physiological changesemotion

25. Cannon bard theory
Event/stimulus
Physiological
changes both
visceral and
skeletal
Emotions
Stimulus
Sends
impulses
to
hypothala
-mus

26. Schachter singer theory
 thalamus
• sends impluses
• to cortex
Event
/stimulus
Awareness of
physiological arousal
Intrepretation of arousal as
particular emotion in light of
situational cues
Physiological charges
both visceral

27. Three theories of emotionsJames lange theory Cannon –bard theory Schacter –singer
theory
Perception of an
enviromental situation
which might result in
emotion
Perception of an
enviromental situation
which might result in
emotion
Perception of an
enviromental situation
which might result in
emotion
Reaction to the situation
with specific patterns of
bodily activity .
Pattern of acitivity
produced in lower brain
areas(e.g. the
hypothalamus ) .
•Patterns of lower brain
activity perceived in
cerebral cortex as felt
emotions.
•Pattern of bodily activity
exopressing the emotion.
A generalized state of
bodily arousal which is
perceived.
Perception of pattern of
bodily activity results in a
felt emotion – a different
one for each pattern of
bodily activity .
Interpretation of the
reason for the
generalized arousal state
Felt emotion depends
upon the reason given
for the generalized
arousal stage .

28. Factors controlling emotions
 Culture influence the experiece and
expression of emotions.
 Body language
 Gender
 Other factors

29. Measurement of emotions
 Non verbal instruments to measure
emotions.
• For expressive reactions
• For physiologic reactions.
 Verbal instruments to measure emotions

30. Emotional states of expression
 Positive emotions –
 Joy
 Love
 Laughter
 Hope
 Negative emotions-
 Fear
 Anger or rage
 Sadness
 Anger
 surprise