How humans get motivated and emotions

1. Motivation and
Emotion part 2
Ama De Silva
Lesson 10 and 11

2. Outline
Define motivation.
Different theories of motivation.
Describe intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
Explain and compare the different theories of emotions.

3. Define motivation.
Motivation
The factors that direct and energize the
behavior of humans and other organisms.
Motivation refers to factors that activate,
direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior.
Biological Psychological
Sources of Motivation

4. Analyze the different theories of motivation.
Instincts, (McDougall
,1908)
Drive-reduction
approach(Hull, 1943).
Arousal approaches
to motivation
Incentive approaches
to motivation
Cognitive approaches
to motivation:
• Expectancy theory
• Goal setting theory
Psychosocial needs

5. Motivation and Emotion
part 2

6. Hunger
Hunger Motivation: The motivation to
obtain and consume food.
A closer look at one need/motive: Hunger
Research on hunger is consistent with
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy:
In one study, men whose food intake had
been cut in half became obsessed with
food.
Hunger even changes our motivations as
we plan for the future

7. Physiology of Hunger
Experiments and other investigations show a complex relationship among the stomach,
hormones, and different parts of the brain.
Feeling hungry can include stomach contractions; the feeling can happen even if the
stomach is removed or filled with a balloon.
Receptors in the digestive system monitor levels of glucose and send signals to the
hypothalamus in the brain.
The hypothalamus then can send out appetite- stimulating hormones to tell the body:
time to eat!

8. Regulating Weight
The hypothalamus sends appetite-stimulating
hormones, and later, after eating, sends appetite-
suppressing hormones.
Hormones travel from various organs of the body back
to the brain to convey messages that increase or
decrease appetite.
When a person’s weight drops or increases, the body
responds by adjusting hunger and energy use to bring
weight back to its initial stable amount.
Most mammals, without consciously regulating, have a
stable weight to which they keep returning. This is also
known as their set point.
A person’s set point might rise with age, or change with
economic or cultural conditions. Therefore, this “set
point” of stable weight is more of a current but
temporary “settling point.”

9. Which foods to eat? Taste Preferences
Some taste preferences are universal.
Carbohydrates temporarily raise levels of
serotonin, reducing stress and depression.
Other tastes are acquired and become favorites
through exposure, culture, and conditioning.
Different cultures encourage different tastes.
Some cultures find these foods to be delicious:
reindeer fat and berries, or boiled chick fetus.
Personal and cultural experience, influenced by
biology, play a role.
We can acquire a food aversion after just one
incident of getting sick after tasting a food.
It is adaptive in warm climates to develop a taste
for salt and spice, which preserve food.
Disliking new tastes (neophobia) may have
helped to protect our ancestors.

10. Women’s Body Images

13. Sexual Motivation

14. Sexual Motivation
Sex
a physiologically based motive, like
hunger, but it is more affected by
learning and values
Sexual Response Cycle
the four stages of sexual
responding described by Masters
and Johnson
excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution
Sexual
Motivation
Physiological
Readiness
Imagine
stimuli
External
stimuli
Effects of hormones
• Development of sexual characteristics
• Activate sexual behavior • Estrogen
and Testosterone
External Stimuli
• Erotic Materials
more active Amygdala in males • Women exhibit
nearly as much arousal • More likely to hurt women if
women depicted as enjoying • Devalue partners
Imagined stimuli
• Dreams
Can contain sexual imagery • Sexual Fantasies •
Both sexes, but men more often, more physically and
less romantically

15. Sexual Motivation
• Kinsey’s Studies
Confidential interviews with 18,000
people (in early 1950’s). Sexual Behavior
in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior
in the Human Female
• Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is
exclusively heterosexual and 6
homosexual and 7 is asexual.
It is Interplay of internal and external
Stimuli
Genes way of preserving and
spreading themselves
2 important studies contributed to
our knowledge of sexual motivation
Kinsey Studies
Masters and Johnson
Masters and Johnson Study
William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1960s) set out to explore
the physiology of sex.
382 females and 312 males. After their research was done they
ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight.

16. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

17. Emotions
Emotions:
Feelings that generally have both physiological
and cognitive elements and that influence
behavior.

18. Gender and Expressiveness
Male and female film viewers did not differ
dramatically in self-reported emotions or
physiological responses.
But the women’s faces showed much more
emotion. (From Kring & Gordon, 1998.)

19. Theories of Emotion
Which came first, the chicken or the
egg? Or did they evolve together?
Which happens first,
the body changes that go with an emotion,
or the thoughts (conscious awareness and
labeling of an emotion),
or do they happen together?
James-Lange Theory:
• body before thoughts
Cannon-Bard Theory:
• body with thoughts
Singer-Schachter/Two- factor
theory:
• body plus thoughts/label
Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus:
• body/brain without conscious thoughts

20. James-Lange Theory: Body Before
Thoughts
William James ( 1842-1910): “We feel afraid because we tremble, sorry because we cry.
James–Lange theory is one of the earliest theories of emotion, developed independently by the William
James from the United States and Carl Lange from Denmark.
”The James-Lange theory states that emotion is our conscious awareness of our physiological responses to
stimuli.
Our body arousal happens first, and then the cognitive awareness and label for the feeling: “I’m angry.”
According to this theory, if something makes us smile, we may then feel happy

21. Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon and Philip Bard developed their model of
emotion in the first half of the 20th century.
Cannon-Bard Theory: Simultaneous Body Response and
Cognitive Experience
The Cannon-Bard theory asserts that we have a
conscious/cognitive experience of an emotion at the same
time as our body is responding, not afterward.
Adjusting the Cannon-Bard Theory Emotions are not just a
separate mental experience. When our body responses are
blocked, emotions do not feel as intense. Our cognitions
influence our emotions in many ways, including our
interpretations of stimuli: “Is that a threat? Then I’m afraid.”
Human body responses run parallel to the cognitive
responses rather than causing them.

22. Schachter-Singer “Two-factor” Theory:
Emotion = Body Plus a Cognitive Label
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer developed the
“two-factor” theory of emotion in 1962.
The Schachter-Singer “two-factor” theory suggests
that emotions do not exist until we add a label to
whatever body sensations we are feeling.
In a study by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
in 1962, subjects experienced a spillover effect
when arousal was caused by injections of what
turned out to be adrenaline.
The subjects interpreted their agitation to whatever
emotion the others in the room appeared to be
feeling; the emotional label “spilled over” from
others.
I face a stranger, and my heart is pounding. Is it
fear? Excitement? Anger? Lust? Or did I have too
much caffeine? The label completes the emotion.

23. Robert Zajonc, Joseph LeDoux, and Richard
Lazarus: Emotions without Awareness/Cognition
Joseph LeDoux and Robert Zajonc proposed
their ideas in the second half of the 20th
century.
Richard Lazarus notes that some “top-down”
cognitive functions such as threat-appraisal
can be involved, but these emotional
responses can still operate without conscious
thought. Theory: some emotional reactions,
especially fears, likes, and dislikes, develop in a
“low road” through the brain, skipping
conscious thought.
In one study, people showed an amygdala
response to certain images (above, left)
without being aware of the image or their
reaction.

24. Explain and compare the
different theories of emotions.

26. Is Experienced Emotion as Universal as
Expressed Emotion?

27. Embodied Emotion: The role of the
autonomic nervous system
The physiological arousal felt during various emotions is orchestrated by the
sympathetic nervous system, which triggers activity and changes in various organs.
Later, the parasympathetic division calms down the body.

28. Emotions in practice
Emotional intelligence: How well do
you manage your emotions?
Emotional intelligence The ability to recognize
emotions in yourself and others and to manage
your own emotions effectively.
Polygraph
Polygraph A device used to detect
lying based on analysis of
differences in physiological
responses to control questions and
test questions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzzVrdc3lXc

29. List of References
Baron, R. A., & Misra, G. (2016). Psychology: Indian Subcontinent Edition. Tamil
Nandu: Pearson.
Feldman, R. (2009). Understanding Psychology (8th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill.
Nevid, J. S. (2018). Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications (5th ed.).
Boston: Cengage Learning.