Chapter 10 Psych 1 Online Stud
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This document summarizes key topics related to sex and gender, including: 1) It defines sex as biological makeup (XX or XY chromosomes) while gender refers to behaviors, characteristics, roles, and appearance that are largely culturally defined. 2) It discusses early fetal development and factors like hormones that determine sex. 3) It lists common sexual dysfunctions and health issues for both men and women, including screening recommendations. 4) It briefly outlines gender roles and stereotypes that children learn at an early age, influenced by culture and media.
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Sexlinked1
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Helpful Reference
Long, N. J. (2015). Perspectives on conflict in the classroom after fifty years. Reclaiming Children & Youth, 24(1), 9–14.
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Sex, Gender, and Gender RolesSex: whether one is biologically female, male, or intersexGenetic sex: chromosomal and hormonal sex characteristicsAnatomical sex: our physical sex; gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, or penisGender: social and cultural characteristics associated with being male or femaleGender identity: gender one believes self to be
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Gender-RolesGender-role stereotype: A rigidly-held oversimplified belief concerning all males or all femalesGender-role attitude:The belief one has for self and others concerning what’s appropriate for male or female traitsGender-role behavior:Activities or behaviors a person engages in as a female or male
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Sex, gender, and sexuality
Jo-Anne D. Petrie, M.Ed. Psychology 260 Fall 2018
Big Questions
How does biology make us male or female?
Why do we act masculine or feminine?
How do we vary in sexual orientation?
What motivates us to have sexual relations (or not to)?
How does biology make us male or female?
Biological sex refers to physical factors that determine the sex of a person
Sex chromosomes-xx Female/ xy male
Sex glands-ovaries (F) release more estrogen and develop mature eggs
Males testes (M) release more androgens (testosterone) and develop mature sperm cells.
Biological sex
Refers to physical factors that determine one’s sex as male or female
NOT the same as gender
Social differences between being male or female
Humans are more than just male or female
Gender nonconformity
Some people don’t feel especially male or female
Some may feel more male in some situations and more female in other situations (i.e., gender nonconformity)
Secondary Sex characteristics
Female
increased release of estradiol
defining in the waist
increase in fat
breast development
body hair (arm pits)
pubic hair
Secondary Sex characteristics
Male
Greater muscle mass
Facial hair
Deepening voice
Angular jaw
Body hair (armpits and chest)
Pubic hair
Primary Sex Characteristics
Female-
Mature internal organs (uterus and ovaries with egg cells)
Mature genitals (vagina)
Menarche- woman's first menstrual period
Males
Mature internal organs (testes with sperm cells)
Mature genitals (penis)
Spermarche -is the beginning of development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty.
Brains
Female
Less reactive amygdala –(a roughly almond-shaped mass of gray matter inside each cerebral hemisphere, involved with the experiencing of emotions) - larger and more reactive orbito-frontal cortex create a tendency toward less physical aggression
Male
More reactive amygdala smaller obrito-frontal cortex and reduced coupling of amygdala and prefrontal cortex create a tendency toward physical aggression.
Biological sex
Sex chromosomes
Genetic material determined at conception by the 23rd pair of chromosomes in fertilized egg
Mother’s egg cell always donates X chromosome
Father’s sperm cell either donates X or Y chromosome
Female XX sex chromosomes
Male XY sex chromosomes
Sex determined by whether a sperm that fertilizes egg carries X or Y chromosome
What happens as in the case of Coy Mathis?
Gender is not the same as biological sex.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJZYquakPkk
What happens when children’s genitals are not fully developed and their parents decide the sex for them?
Hormonal abnormalities 1 in every 1,500 children are born with no clarity of either a vagina or penis
Reason being maybe exposed to androgens in utero.
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
-body doesn't respond to testosterone
-not fully developed penis, test.
Gender and Sexuality Disorders
This document discusses various psychological disorders involving gender and sexuality. It begins by outlining disorders involving sexual identity and atypical sexual interests or behaviors that cause distress. It then defines key terms such as gender, gender identity, and sex. It proceeds to explain the concepts of gender dysphoria and transgender identity. It also describes sex reassignment surgery and theoretical perspectives on transgender identity development. The document then discusses various sexual dysfunctions involving problems with sexual interest, arousal, orgasm, and pain during intercourse. It outlines psychological, biological, and sociocultural perspectives on the development of sexual dysfunctions.
Gender development and disorder
The document discusses gender identity development from childhood through adulthood. It covers several theories of gender development including psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive theories. It defines key terms like sex, gender, gender identity and discusses factors that influence gender identity formation such as parenting, socialization, and cognitive development. The document also covers gender dysphoria and criteria for diagnosis. It discusses treatments for gender dysphoria at different stages of life as well as for intersex conditions.
Prenatal Develepment & Birth
This document summarizes key aspects of prenatal development from conception through birth in 3 stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. It discusses genetics, factors that influence development, potential complications, and the birth process. Common tests like the Apgar test are also outlined.
Genetic and Environmental FoundationsChapter 2.docx
Genetic and Environmental Foundations
Chapter 2
Where do we start? What is inherited from our parents and their ancestors and what role does environment contribute? These are but a few of the questions that this chapter will explore.
1
Heredity
DNA
Chromosomes
Genes
Meiosis
Mitosis
Heredity defines one’s nature – which based on the biological transmission of traits and characteristics from one generation to another. The structures we inherit both make our behaviors possible and places limits on them.
Genetic (inherited) influences are fundamental in the transmission of physical traits, such as height, hair texture, and eye color. Genetics also appears to be a factor in intelligence and in the origins of personality traits such as activity level, sociability, shyness, fearfulness etc. Genetic influences are also implicated in psychological problems and disorders such as anxiety and depression, dependence on nicotine and alcohol etc.
Chromosomes and genes – rod shaped structures found in cells. A normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs. Each chromosome contains thousands of segments called genes. Genes carry the biochemical materials that regulate the development of traits. Polygenic – some traits are determined by the combination of pairs of genes.
We begin life as a single cell or zygote. There are 2 types of cell division.
Mitosis – cell division process by which growth occurs and tissues are replaced. Through mitosis, genetic code is carried into new cells in our bodies.
Sperm and ova are produced through meiosis, or reduction division. In meiosis the 46 chromosomes within the cell first line up into 23 pairs. The DNA ladders then unzip, leaving unpaired chromosome halves. As a consequence each new cell only contains 23 chromosomes.
2
Fertilization
Union of egg and sperm
Zygote
Union of egg and sperm - please note sperm with y sex chromosomes seem to swim faster then x one of the reason more boys are conceived then girls. Male fetuses suffer higher rate of spontaneous abortion usually during the first month of pregnancy. Boys also higher rate of infant mortality
The resulting fertilized egg is called a zygote.
3
Male or Female
Autosomes
Twenty-third pair (sex chromosomes)
XX
XY
When a sperm cell fertilizes an ovum we receive 23 from each which combine for the 23 pairs. Twenty-two of the pairs are autosomes – pair that look alike and possess genetic information concerning the same set of traits.
The 23rd pair consists of the sex chromosomes which look different and determine our sex. Males are XY and females are XX
4
Multiple Births
How they occur
Dizygotic twins
Monozygotic twins
Monozygotic or identical twins – one egg fertilized and then the zygote divides into 2.
Dizygotic twins – two eggs fertilized by different sperm.
MZ twins occur with equal frequency in all ethnic groups – but for DZ incidence does vary. European Americans.
Understanding gender
This document outlines a framework for measuring women's access to quality, gender-sensitive health services. The framework includes 5 components: 1) Comprehensiveness of information, 2) Comprehensiveness of women's health services, 3) Respect for women's human rights, 4) Technical competence of providers, and 5) Infrastructure and facilities. Each component contains several indicators to assess gender equality and women's human rights in health services, such as availability of women providers, informed consent practices, integration of related services, and infrastructure meeting gender needs. The framework aims to evaluate health services based on women's experiences and promote equitable, rights-based care for women.
Gender - hormones and genes
The document discusses the biological approach to gender development. It describes how biological factors like genes, hormones and brain differences influence whether a fetus develops as male or female. During development, testosterone exposure affects the formation of sex organs and later impacts behaviors by changing the brain. Studies on animals, intersex individuals and hormone correlations in humans provide some evidence linking biology to gendered behaviors, though methods have limitations. The complexity of influences on gender is exemplified by cases like Caster Semenya.
Gender dysphoria OR GENDER IDENDITY DISORDER DSM 5
The document discusses gender dysphoria and related concepts. It provides information on the prevalence of gender dysphoria, biological and psychosocial theories of causation, and diagnostic criteria according to the DSM-5 which includes a strong and persistent cross-gender identification and discomfort with one's sexual characteristics. The document also outlines various treatment approaches and covers related conditions such as transsexualism, dual-role transvestism, and gender identity disorder of childhood.
Physical Development of the High School Learners (Module 24)
This document discusses physical development during adolescence. It defines adolescence and outlines its three stages: early (ages 10-12), middle (ages 14-16), and late (ages 17-20). Puberty triggers physical changes like growth spurts through hormone activity. Boys and girls experience sexual maturity signs like breast growth, menstruation and wet dreams. Factors like improved nutrition have led to earlier onset of puberty. Adolescents also experience changes in sleep patterns and identity exploration. The document discusses ideal body images and nutrition needs during this critical transition to adulthood.
Sexuality
Topics:
Sexuality
Gender
Gender Roles
Gender Typing
Gender Identity
Sexual Orientation
Sexual Dysfunction
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Introduction to PsychologyHuman Development(Image from w.docx
Introduction to Psychology
Human Development
(Image from www.psychologistworld.com)
Debates in Development
Nature or nurture?
Continuous or stages?
Stability or change?
(Image from agapeleaders.com)
2
Domains of Development
Physical
Language
Cognitive
Social/Emotional
Gender and Sexuality
(Image from thepolesworthschool.com)
3
Genetics
Chromosome
DNA
Genes
(Image from publications.nigms.nih.gov)
Prenatal Development
Zygote
(Image from stemedical.com)
(Image from soad.umich.edu)
(Image from reddit.com)
Embryo
Fetus
5
Teratogens
Alcohol
Tobacco
Other drugs – OTC, prescription, illegal
Radiation
Pollution
Infectious diseases
(Image from afairgo.com)
6
Newborns
Reflexes
Temperament differences
Early recognition of mom
Preference for human faces
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyVLD0hl0XY
(Image from parenting.com)
7
Physical Development in
Infancy and Early Childhood
Rapid neural growth, then pruning
Motor development: gross and fine
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/index.html
(Image from urbanchildinstitute.org)
8
Language Development
Crying and cooing
Babbling
Single words
Two-word telegraphic speech
Language Development
Universal grammar
Language acquisition device (Noam Chomsky)
Critical period
Cognitive Development:
Piaget’s Stages
Concrete Operational (7-11)
-Conservation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtLEWVu815o
-Theory of mind
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hLubgpY2_w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDJ0qJTLohM
Formal Operational (12+)
-Abstract logic
-Reasoning
Sensorimotor (0-2)
-Stranger anxiety
-Object permanence https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVqJacvywAQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jW668F7HdA
Preoperational (2-6)
-Egocentric thinking
-Pretend play
(Image from child-development-guide.com)
Cognitive Development:
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
(Image from teach.com)
Knowledge is socially transmitted (scaffolding, cooperative learning)
Zone of Proximal Development
Learning can lead to development
12
Social & Emotional Development:
Attachment Theory
Harry Harlow
(Image from psychology.about.com)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_O60TYAIgC4
Social & Emotional Development:
Attachment Theory
John Bowlby:
Safe base
Stranger wariness and separation anxiety
Emotional referencing
(Image from www.dailymail.co.uk)
14
Attachment Theory:
Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
Attachment Styles:
Secure
Insecure - Avoidant
Insecure - Anxious/ Ambivalent/Resistant
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QquZxJhuSg8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGRT6VjnTm8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rdrp-0GLzws
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSAPfiSw_Ic
15
Parenting Styles
(Image from footnotescounselin.com)
Moral Development
(Image from momiliesandmore.wordpress.com)
Goals for Moral Education
Recognizing and regulating emotions
Developing empathy
Controlling impulses
Delaying gratification
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9614HQ
Psyc.
Strong6 ppt ch05-07-23-09-13-44
This document discusses gender and gender roles from biological, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives. It defines key concepts like sex, gender, gender identity and explains theories around gender development and socialization. Specific topics covered include gender variation and ambiguity, masculinity and femininity, as well as changing and contemporary views of gender roles.
Evolve 7
The document discusses several key ideas from evolutionary psychology and human sociobiology, including:
1) E.O. Wilson's 1975 book introduced sociobiology and sparked controversy over the influence of biology vs culture on human behavior.
2) Evolutionary psychology views the mind as composed of specialized modules adapted for survival in our ancestral environment.
3) Studies provide evidence that human mate preferences, jealousy, and other behaviors may reflect evolutionary adaptations related to reproductive success.
4) Parental investment varies based on the certainty of biological parenthood.
Picture power point
1. Teenage is a period of physical, physiological, and mental changes during puberty for females aged 13-19. This includes the growth of breasts and pubic/axillary hair, the start of menstrual periods, and a desire for the opposite sex.
2. Teenage pregnancy rates vary widely between countries and within India. Risk factors include early marriage, lack of family planning education, poverty, and sexual abuse. Signs of teenage pregnancy include missed periods and morning sickness.
3. Effects of teenage pregnancy include risks to both mother and child like high blood pressure, low birth weight, and mortality. Prevention strategies incorporate sex education, access to contraceptives, and addressing social determinants
SEX ED
Sex education provides instruction on issues relating to human sexuality including relationships, anatomy, sexual activity, reproduction, consent, and health. Traditionally, these topics were considered taboo but progressive education led to their introduction in school curricula. While early information came informally, deficiencies led to programs being introduced to address issues like teenage pregnancy. Comprehensive sex education in schools can help children by answering questions, encouraging responsibility and awareness, and reducing risks like abuse, myths, and STDs. However, barriers include opposition, lack of skilled teachers, and conflicting with some religious views. Parent-child communication is also important for healthy development.
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- 1. Sex and Gender Chapter 10
- 13. Similarities and Differences Between Males and Females More differences
- 19. Social Issues
- 20. Gender and Career Choices: Women’s Work U.S Census Data, 2005
Editor's Notes
- Prepared by Michael J. Renner, Ph.D. These slides ©1999 Prentice Hall Psychology Publishing.