Chapter 8 Ppp
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The document discusses several theories of motivation including drive theory, arousal theory, and humanistic theories. It also discusses theories of emotion including the James-Lange theory, Cannon's challenge, the two-factor theory, and cognitive-mediational theory. Motivation is influenced by both internal drives and external incentives and is aimed at maintaining homeostasis or an optimal level of arousal. Emotions involve physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, and are expressed through facial expressions.
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Psychology: Motivation And Emotion
Motivation refers to an internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it direction.
Emotion is a state involving pattern of facial and bodily changes, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action.
Emotions are positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physical, psychological arousal and related behavior.
Emotions give life its feeling and meaning. They enrich life. Without emotions, things would be quite a routine and dull.
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This document discusses several theories and methods of measuring personality. It describes trait theory proposed by Allport which categorizes traits based on their breadth of application. It also discusses Cattell's 16 primary personality factors identified through factor analysis. The "Big Five" model consolidates traits into five broad categories. Methods of personality evaluation discussed include self-report tests, projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test, behavioral assessments, and interviewing. Both advantages and limitations of different approaches are presented.
Jung's analytical psychology
Carl Jung founded analytical psychology, which views people as both conscious and unconscious, rational and irrational. He believed occult phenomena and inherited ancestral experiences influence individuals. The psyche contains personal experiences and collective archetypes. Dreams are a source of understanding the unconscious, which aims for wholeness. Jung characterized types by attitudes and functions, and developed stages of life. His theories organized observations but lacked falsifiability.
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The document discusses motivation and its key components. Motivation refers to internal driving forces that compel behavior and goal attainment. It arises from basic needs and is influenced by incentives. Motivation involves deciding on goals, effort toward goals, and persistence. Several theories attempt to explain motivation, such as reinforcement, cognitive, humanistic, and social learning theories. Understanding motivation can help nurses in learning, job performance, and understanding patient behavior.
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Psychology: Motivation And Emotion
Motivation refers to an internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it direction.
Emotion is a state involving pattern of facial and bodily changes, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action.
Emotions are positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physical, psychological arousal and related behavior.
Emotions give life its feeling and meaning. They enrich life. Without emotions, things would be quite a routine and dull.
Personality theories
This document discusses several theories and methods of measuring personality. It describes trait theory proposed by Allport which categorizes traits based on their breadth of application. It also discusses Cattell's 16 primary personality factors identified through factor analysis. The "Big Five" model consolidates traits into five broad categories. Methods of personality evaluation discussed include self-report tests, projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test, behavioral assessments, and interviewing. Both advantages and limitations of different approaches are presented.
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motivation.pptx
The document discusses motivation and its key components. Motivation refers to internal driving forces that compel behavior and goal attainment. It arises from basic needs and is influenced by incentives. Motivation involves deciding on goals, effort toward goals, and persistence. Several theories attempt to explain motivation, such as reinforcement, cognitive, humanistic, and social learning theories. Understanding motivation can help nurses in learning, job performance, and understanding patient behavior.
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Instinct and Incentive Theory of Motivation
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The document discusses how childhood attachment influences adult relationships. John Bowlby proposed that infants form internal working models through their primary attachment with caregivers, which act as templates for future relationships. Studies have found associations between childhood attachment types and relationship styles in adulthood, supporting the continuity hypothesis. However, the theory may be reductionist by not considering other influential factors like life events, personality, and the possibility of learning secure attachments.
Big 5 factors of personality
The document discusses the Big Five personality traits - Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. It defines each trait and provides examples of characteristics associated with where someone falls on each trait's continuum. Openness refers to imagination and independent thinking. Conscientiousness means being responsible and dependable. Extraversion relates to sociability and assertiveness. Agreeableness involves being good-natured and trusting. Neuroticism indicates anxiety and proneness to depression. The document then discusses how these traits relate to motivation and behavior in different situations.
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Gestalt theory proposes that the brain perceives wholes rather than individual parts. It was founded by Max Wertheimer and further developed by Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler. According to Gestalt principles, learning involves understanding objects and concepts as unified wholes rather than as isolated pieces. The theory emphasizes that insight occurs suddenly when all relevant information is perceived together in a new way, rather than through gradual accumulation of facts.
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This document summarizes key concepts related to perception, including:
- Perception involves receiving sensory stimuli through sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, and interpreting and giving meaning to that information.
- It is influenced by both top-down processes like expectations and prior experience, and bottom-up processes like analysis of sensory information.
- Perception is shaped by individual factors like needs and culture, as well as Gestalt principles of proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure that guide how humans group visual elements.
Social psychology
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This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the basic process of receiving sensory information, while perception involves interpreting that information. It discusses the sensory receptors and pathways for different senses. Key aspects of perception covered include thresholds, adaptation, attention, form perception, depth perception, movement perception, constancy, plasticity, and individual differences. Factors that can influence perception like the stimulus characteristics, context, and the individual are also summarized. The document is presented by Dr. Subodh Kumar Sharma on sensation and perception.
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The document summarizes key concepts about temperature regulation and hunger/thirst regulation in the human body. It discusses how the hypothalamus regulates body temperature through mechanisms like sweating, shivering, and blood flow. It also explains how the hypothalamus and hormones regulate hunger, thirst, and satiety in response to glucose levels, stomach distention, leptin, and other factors. Genetic and environmental factors can influence conditions like obesity.
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The document discusses several studies that examine cultural differences in prosocial behavior:
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- Levine et al (2003) observed helping behaviors across 23 countries and found that places like Brazil and Denmark ranked higher than the US, suggesting cultures emphasizing social responsibility over achievement help more.
- Korte & Ayvalioglu (1981) found that small communities and squatter settlements in Turkey helped strangers more than large cities or suburbs, indicating community size impacts prosocial norms.
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I this PPT you can learn about a Person's perceptions, the way people thinks, why they have a specific king of beliefs and mindset etc.
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The document discusses several theories of motivation:
- Instinct Theory proposes that behaviors are genetically inherited and motivated by survival, but cannot explain human variability.
- Drive-Reduction Theory claims humans act to reduce feelings of tension, but this does not explain actions that increase tension.
- Arousal Theory suggests people seek an optimal level of stimulation, but it is difficult to apply to all motivations like sacrificing sleep.
- In conclusion, while theories provide models, human motivation remains complex and cannot be fully simplified. Maslow's Hierarchy presents a more comprehensive approach than previous theories.
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This document discusses several theories of intelligence, including:
- Spearman's two-factor theory which proposed a general intelligence factor "g" and specific factors "s".
- Thurstone's multi-factor theory which identified seven primary mental abilities.
- Cattell and Horn's fluid and crystallized intelligence theory distinguishing between innate and learned capacities.
- Vernon's hierarchical theory proposing intelligence exists at different levels of generality from a general factor "g" to specific factors.
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This document discusses motivation and emotion. It provides definitions of motivation and explains that motivation energizes and directs behavior. It also discusses five major theories of motivation: instinct theory, drive reduction theory, arousal theory, psychoanalytic theory, and humanistic theory. The document then defines emotion and differentiates it from related concepts like feelings and mood. It describes several theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, Schachter-Singer theory, Lazarus theory, and facial feedback theory. Finally, it discusses some similarities between motivation and emotion in how they both activate behavior and are linked to energy levels and the relationship between individuals and their environments.
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The document discusses emotions from several perspectives. It defines emotions and explores the physiological components of emotions as well as theories about how emotions originate from stimuli. The James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Two-Factor theories are described, which propose different relationships between physiological arousal and emotional experience. Disorders of emotion are also reviewed, looking at abnormalities in expression, arousal, and social context evaluation. Primary emotions like joy, fear and anger are identified along with the roles of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex in processing emotion.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in motivation and emotion from Chapter 10 of a psychology textbook. It discusses several theories of motivation, including drives and incentives, seeking optimal arousal levels, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Specific motivations like hunger and belonging are explored in more depth. The roles of arousal, behavior, and cognition in emotion are also introduced. Physiological and cultural influences on both motivation and emotion are examined.
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This document summarizes different theories of emotion. It discusses evolutionary theories which see emotions as adaptations, and social/cultural theories which view emotions as learned. It also outlines theories of the emotion process, including early cognitive appraisal and later bodily responses. Cognitive theories propose that appraisals determine emotions, while non-cognitive and somatic feedback theories disagree on the role of cognition. In conclusion, the document reviews major approaches to understanding the nature and origins of human emotions.
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Adjustment is a continual process by which a person varies their behavior to maintain a harmonious relationship between themselves and their environment. It allows individuals to balance their needs with what their environment can provide and helps them change in response to situational demands. Well-adjusted people are physically and psychologically healthy, socially accepted, self-aware, and have balanced aspirations. Maladjustment occurs when there is disharmony between a person and their environment due to conflicts between their abilities and what their environment can offer. People use defense mechanisms and processes like rationalization, projection, and sublimation to cope with frustration and reduce anxiety.
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This document discusses various theories and concepts related to motivation and emotions. It covers topics like drives and incentives as motivators, arousal theory, humanistic hierarchy of needs, homeostatic and brain theories of drives, short and long-term signals regulating eating behavior and body weight, theories of sexual motivation and response, and self-determination theory. Regarding emotions, it defines emotions and basic emotions, discusses the brain and facial expressions' role, and presents theories like James-Lange, Cannon's challenge, two-factor theory, and cognitive-mediational theory.
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1. The document discusses several theories of motivation including drive theory which proposes that biological needs activate behavior, arousal theory which suggests people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, and humanistic theory from Maslow that motivation comes from a hierarchy of needs.
2. It also covers theories of emotion including the James-Lange theory that proposed emotional experience is a result of physiological arousal, as well as more modern cognitive theories suggesting appraisal and interpretation of situations trigger emotions.
3. Motivation and emotion are influenced by both biological and cognitive factors according to the theories and concepts presented.
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2) Employee performance appraisals serve to retain employees, determine rewards, and encourage better performance.
3) Engaged employees are more productive and feel fulfilled in their work. Effective leaders develop employees' strengths to increase motivation and performance.
4) Motivation comes from needs, drives, incentives, and seeking an optimal level of arousal. A hierarchy of needs prioritizes physiological needs over psychological ones.
Chapter 7
Emotions have four main components - a subjective experience, activation of mental processes, bodily arousal, and characteristic behaviors. They communicate important information to us and help influence our thoughts and actions. While emotions seem universal, displays of emotion can vary significantly between cultures due to different display rules. Theories of emotion propose different combinations of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral factors that contribute to our experience and expression of various emotions.
Motivation refers to the drives and desires that influence behavior. Major theories propose that motivation stems from instincts, drives to reduce internal imbalances, seeking an optimal level of arousal, or anticipation of rewards. Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that more basic physiological and safety needs must be met before higher-level
12 motivation
The document summarizes key concepts from a psychology textbook chapter on motivation. It discusses different theories of motivation including drive-reduction theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and achievement motivation. It also covers eating disorders, sexual motivation, and industrial/organizational psychology approaches to motivation in the workplace.
Motivation and Emotion chapter12
The document discusses different theories of motivation from a psychological perspective. It describes instinct theories proposed by William McDougall and William James, as well as drive-reduction theory which posits that physiological needs create arousal states that motivate behavior. The document also discusses incentive theory and cognitive theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. A number of biological motives are explored like homeostasis, hunger, and eating disorders. Motivation in work settings is examined along with theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Motivation
The document discusses different aspects of motivation including its definition, approaches, classifications of motives, and human needs and motivation related to eating, achievement, affiliation, and power. It defines motivation as the factors that direct and energize behavior and considers it the "why" of behavior. Some key approaches discussed are instinct, drive reduction, and arousal theory. Motives are classified as biological needs, social needs, and sexual motivation. The document also covers the motivation behind hunger and eating, roots of obesity, eating disorders, and needs for achievement, affiliation, and power.
Chapter12
The document discusses various topics related to motivation and work, including:
1) It describes different perspectives on motivation such as instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
2) It covers the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation, including the role of hormones and brain centers.
3) It discusses adolescent sexuality and factors that influence sexual behavior and orientation.
PSY101 Week 7 motivation
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in motivation discussed in Chapter 7 of the PSY101 course. It examines different perspectives on motivation including drive-reduction theory, arousal optimization theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Specific human drives like hunger, sex, and belonging are explored in depth. The challenges of weight regulation and obesity are discussed. Factors influencing sexual behavior and orientation are reviewed. The importance of social belonging and connections is covered. Work motivation in organizational psychology is also summarized.
Motivation and Emotion
This document provides an overview of different theories of motivation and emotion. It discusses drive reduction theory, incentive theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It also covers topics like achievement motivation, intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation, emotions, and stress response. The document aims to describe key concepts and theories related to motivation and emotion.
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The document discusses stress, health, and coping. It covers the biopsychosocial model of health and defines stress. It describes different types of stressors like life changes, daily hassles, and catastrophes. It also discusses the endocrine and immune system responses to stress as well as the general adaptation syndrome. Finally, it examines factors that influence stress and coping such as social support, explanatory style, and problem-focused versus emotion-focused coping strategies.
Chapter 11 Ppp
Social psychology studies how people think, feel and behave in social situations. There are two main areas of study: social cognition, how people make sense of their social environment, and social influence, how behavior is affected by situations and other people. Some key topics in social psychology include social perception, attitudes, stereotypes, prejudice, conformity and obedience.
Chapter 10 Ppp
Personality refers to unique patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. There are several perspectives on personality including psychoanalytic, humanistic, social cognitive and trait theories. The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes unconscious motivations and was developed by Sigmund Freud who described the id, ego and superego. Defense mechanisms and psychosexual stages are also part of psychoanalytic theory. Personality is assessed using both projective tests and self-report inventories which each have strengths and weaknesses.
Chapter 9 Ppp
The document discusses key concepts in lifespan developmental psychology including:
1) Development involves biological, social, cognitive, and personality changes across the lifespan from conception to death.
2) There are debates around nature vs nurture and whether development is continuous or occurs in distinct stages.
3) Early prenatal development and environmental influences can impact lifelong physical and psychological development.
4) Infants progress from reflexes to language development and form attachments with caregivers that shape social and emotional development.
Chapter 7 Ppp
1. The document discusses various topics related to thinking, language, intelligence, and problem solving including concepts, problem solving strategies, intuition, functional fixedness, biases, intelligence testing, and theories of intelligence.
2. It examines research on animal communication and cognition as well as the nature vs nurture debate regarding intelligence.
3. The text also explores factors that influence IQ scores such as culture, environment, heredity, and social discrimination.
Chapter 6 Ppp2
The document discusses the key stages and types of memory:
1) Sensory memory briefly stores sensory information, working memory actively processes information, and long-term memory stores information more permanently.
2) There are three main types of memory - implicit procedural memory which affects behavior unconsciously, and explicit episodic and semantic memory which can be consciously recalled.
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The document summarizes several key concepts in learning psychology, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. It describes Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs and the development of conditioning processes. It also outlines B.F. Skinner's work on operant conditioning and how reinforcement and punishment affect behavior. Observational learning through modeling behavior is discussed through Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment.
Chapter 4 Ppp
The document discusses various states of consciousness and related topics including circadian rhythms regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, stages of sleep as measured by EEG waves, functions of sleep, individual differences in sleep needs, common sleep disorders, dreams and their relation to REM sleep, hypnosis and its effects on memory, meditation techniques, properties of psychoactive drugs including depressants, opiates, stimulants and psychedelics, and areas of the brain affected by fetal alcohol syndrome.
Chapter 3 Ppp
The document discusses sensation and perception. It covers the major senses including vision, hearing, touch, taste, pain and smell. It describes principles of sensation such as transduction, absolute threshold and difference threshold. It discusses light as a visual stimulus and properties of color vision including hue, saturation and brightness. It covers anatomy and processing of vision and hearing. It also discusses other senses such as taste, skin senses, movement, position and balance. It describes perceptual organization, depth perception, perceptual constancy and several perceptual illusions.
Chapter 14 Ppp
Therapies can be categorized as either psychotherapies, which use psychological techniques, or biomedical therapies, which use medications. Common psychotherapies include psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies like client-centered therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Biomedical therapies include various types of antidepressants, antipsychotics, lithium, electroconvulsive therapy, and others. Research shows that psychotherapy is generally more effective than no treatment, and factors like the therapeutic relationship and client characteristics influence success.
Chapter 13 Ppp
The document discusses several types of psychological disorders as defined by the DSM-IV-TR. It describes anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias. It also covers mood disorders such as major depression, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. Finally, it summarizes personality disorders including antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder as well as dissociative disorders like dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue.
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The document summarizes key aspects of neuroscience and the nervous system in 3 paragraphs:
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This document provides an overview of the key concepts in psychology including its history, perspectives, research methods, and ethical guidelines. It discusses how psychology emerged as a separate field from philosophy in the 19th century with pioneers like Wundt, James, and Freud establishing different approaches. Modern psychology incorporates various perspectives including biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and cross-cultural views. Research methods range from descriptive studies to experimental designs, with correlational research examining relationships between variables. Ethical standards aim to protect participants through informed consent and confidentiality.
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