This document provides an overview of emotions, including: 1) It discusses the history of how emotions have been viewed from Aristotle saying they should be overcome to Rousseau saying they make us human. 2) It defines emotions as intense feelings directed at something that involve physiological, behavioral, and cognitive components. 3) Basic emotions include happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust, which can combine to form more complex emotions. 4) Theories of emotion are discussed, such as the James-Lange theory that physiological changes precede emotions and the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological arousal and emotions occur simultaneously.

1. eMÖTiÔN
PRESENTED BY:- SHUBHAM GUPTA
NISHANK VERMA
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2. History
 Aristotle:- People are THINKING ANIMAL. What make people special is
they can overcome their brutish emotions.
 Rousseau:- Emotions are what makes people special and gives us a reason
for living.
 Hippocrates:- Brain is the site of emotion.
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3. Emotion
 The word emotion derived from the Latin word EMOVERE which means
to strip up to get agitated.
 It is a stirred-up state caused by physiological changes occurring as a
response to some event and which tends to maintain or abolish the
causative events.
 Complex feeling state with psychic, somatic and behavioral
components; external manifestations of which is affect.
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4. DEFINITION OF eMOTION
 Emotion is a complex psychological
phenomenon which occurs as animals or people
live their lives.
 It is Intense feeling that are directed at someone
or something.
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5. EMOTIONS INCLUDE THREE THINGS
Emotions are a mix of :-
 1) physiological activation,
 2) expressive behaviors, and
 3) conscious experience.
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6. EMOTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH
 MOOD
 TEMPERAMENT
 PERSONALITY
 DISPOSITION
 MOTIVATION
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7. Overview of Emotion
Emotion have two components:
 Mental
 Physical
Emotion involves:
 Cognition:- an awareness of the sensation.
 Affect:- the feeling itself.
 Conation:- the urge to take action.
 Physical changes:- hypertension, tachycardia & sweating.
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8. 8
Emotion
Cognition
Affect
Physical
Changes
Conation

9. Characteristics of Emotions
 Emotions are accompanied by both physiological and
cognitive changes.
 Emotions are valanced, that is, they are either positive or
negative.
 Emotions influence behavior.
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10. Basic Emotions
 Ekman's findings have led some to propose that there are a set of basic
emotions that are shared cross culturally and that combine to make up
more complex emotions.
Basic Emotions
 Happiness
 Sadness
 Fear
 Anger
 Surprise
 Disgust
There can be combined to yield more complex emotions like-
1. anger + disgust + contempt
2. sadness + surprise + disappointment.
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11. Classification of Emotions
 Primary emotion
 Secondary emotion
 Tertiary emotions
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12. 12

13. 13

14. Types of Emotions
Two types:
 Positive Emotion
 Negative Emotion
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15. Theories of Emotion
 Cannon-Bard Theory
 James-Lange Theory
 Schachter-Singer Theory
( Two-Factor Theory )
 Opponent Process Theory
 Facial feedback Hypothesis
 Emotional set point Theory
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16. Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter B. Cannon and
Phillip Bard
questioned the James-
Lange Theory and
proposed that an
emotion-triggering
stimulus and the
body's arousal take
place simultaneously.
1871-1945
1898-1977
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17. James-Lange Theory
William James
(Eminence = 14th) and
Carl Lange proposed
an idea that was
diametrically opposed
to the common-sense
view. The James-Lange
Theory proposes that
physiological activity
precedes the emotional
experience.
1842-1910
1834 - 1900
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18. Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and
Jerome Singer
proposed yet another
theory which suggests
our physiology and
cognitions create
emotions. Emotions
have two factors–
physical arousal and
cognitive label.
1922-1977
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19. Facial feedback Hypothesis
 It is similar to the James-Lange Theory.
 A hypothesis indicating that facial expression can produce changes in
emotional state.
 It says that we determine our emotions by sensing whether we are smiling
or frowning.
 This suggests that people might be happier if they would just smile more...!
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20. Opponent-Process Theory
 Emotional reactions to a stimulus are followed by an opposite reaction;
repeated exposure to a stimulus causes the initial reaction to weaken and
the opponent process ( opposite reaction ) to strengthen.
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Stimulus GuiltDelight

21. Emotional Set Point Theory
 Some recent research has shown that how happy or unhappy you are on
average may not be a function of what happens to you.
 According to emotional set point theory our happiness is determined by a
Biological Set Point ( perhaps innate ) and average happiness always
returns to that set point.
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22. Why does this occur ?
 Adaptation Level Principle: Emotions are relative to our current state.
 Relative Deprivation Principle: Compare your state to those of others in
your social group.
 The pessimistic view of this finding: It does not matter what you do, you
are never going to be any happier with your life than you are right now.
 The optimistic view of this finding: Happiness is more a matter to how you
feels events in your life than the events themselves. If you want to be
happier than you are now, you should change your outlook on events.
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23. The Biological Basis of Emotion
 Right cerebral hemisphere plays important role in emotional functions.
Right hemisphere is specialized for processing emotional information.
 Activation of the left cerebral hemisphere is associated with positive affect.
 Activation of the right cerebral hemisphere is associated with negative
affect.
 Activation of anterior portion of both hemisphere is associated with
Valence (pleasantness/unpleasantness) of emotion.
 Activation of the posterior portion of both hemisphere is associated with
Arousal- the intensity of emotion.
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24. Emotional Processing & The Brain
Modern affective neuroscience focuses on the four brain regions in the
regulation normal emotion:-
 The Prefrontal Cortex
 The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
 The Hippocampus
 The Amygdala.
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25. 25Papez Circuit :-
Hippocampus Mammillary Body
Cingulate Gyrus Anterior Nucleus of
Thalamus
Fornix
Thalamocortical
fibre
Malliothalamic
fibre
Corticohippocampal
fibre

26. Factors Affecting Emotions
 Genetic
 Cognition
 Memory
 External Stimuli
 Health
 Circadian Rhythm
 Meditation.
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27. Polygraphy
 Measure physiological responses of the autonomic nervous system in an
attempt to detect the feelings of anxiety that often accompany deception.
Types of polygraphy :-
 Guilty/ innocent Test
 Control Question Test
 Guilty Knowledge Test
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28. Expressed Emotion
 Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the
intonation of voice. Is this nonverbal language of emotion
universal?
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29. Detecting Emotion
 Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through
nonverbal communication. In a crowd of faces a single angry
face will “pop out” faster than a single happy face (Fox et al,
2000).
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30. Detecting Emotion
 Hard-to-control facial muscles reveal signs of emotions you may be trying
to conceal. A feigned smile may continue for more than 4-5 seconds while
a genuine smile will have faded by then.
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Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?

31. Hindu Dance
 In classical Hindu dance, the body is trained to effectively
convey 10 different emotions.
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32. Emotions are Adaptive
Darwin speculated that
our ancestors
communicated with
facial expressions in
the absence of
language. Nonverbal
facial expressions led
to our ancestor’s
survival.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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33. Analyzing Emotion
Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.
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34. HOW TO CONTROL
YOUR EMOTION..?
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35. Method 1: Taking Physical Actions
 1. Control your breathing
 2. Keep your head up
 3. Use assertive body language
 4. Get some exercise
 5. Take a break
 6. Meditate
 7. Practice mindfulness meditation
 8. Practice progressive muscle relaxation.
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36. Method 2: Reframing Your Feelings
 1. Learn to recognize your emotional stimuli
 2. Repeat self-calming statements
 3. Find something funny or silly in your situation
 4. Set small goals
 5. Savour the good things in your life
 6. Speak kindly to yourself
 7. Refrain from judging yourself
 8. Reject perfectionism
 9. Talk about how you feel
 10. Consider talking with a counsellor or therapist.
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37. Method 3: Reworking Your Thinking
 1. Look ahead
 2. Stop fighting your emotions
 3. Change the story
 4. Examine what you’re actually reacting to
 5. Challenge negative thoughts by reframing them productively.
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38. Method 4: Fighting Distorted Ways of
Thinking
 1. Learn to recognize cognitive distortions
 2. Challenge “filtering”
 3. Challenge “catastrophizing”
 4. Challenge “personalization”
 5. Challenge “overgeneralization”.
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39. Method 5: Understanding Your
Emotions
 1. Understand how emotions work
 2. Consider whether past experiences are affecting you now
 3. Be aware of “emotional contagion”
 4. Determine your emotional needs
 5. Try STOPP-ing.
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40. Quotes on Emotion:
 “ Colors, like features, follow the changes of the emotions.”
Pablo Picasso
 “ Every role varies greatly, just as emotions vary greatly.”
Corin Nemec

41. Thank You…!
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