Chapter 6
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The document summarizes the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes. It describes how phospholipids form a bilayer that acts as a fluid "lake" in which various proteins are embedded or float. This bilayer allows for selective permeability and passive diffusion of small molecules through the membrane. The document also discusses different types of membrane proteins, mechanisms of passive and active transport, and large molecule transport via endocytosis and exocytosis.
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Cell Membrane
The cell membrane consists of four main components: a lipid bilayer, transmembrane proteins, a supporting fiber network, and glycoproteins. The lipid bilayer is made up of phospholipids with hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails. This structure forms a barrier that is fluid but stable. Transmembrane proteins span the bilayer and form channels to transport specific molecules. Glycoproteins on the outer surface act as cell markers and receptors to detect signals from the environment. The components of the cell membrane work together to regulate what enters and exits the cell while also providing structure and communication abilities.
Cells membranes and cell
This document discusses cell membrane structure and function. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which consists of a phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins embedded within. Transport across the membrane can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, or active transport mechanisms utilizing protein channels and pumps. Materials are also transported into and out of cells through endocytosis and exocytosis using membrane-bound vesicles.
Chapter3a
This document discusses the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. It notes that the plasma membrane defines the cell boundary, is selectively permeable, and mediates transport of substances and cell-cell interactions. The document also describes different types of membrane transport including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and filtration as well as active transport processes. Specific transport proteins and their roles in channel-mediated, carrier-mediated, and osmotic transport are also outlined.
Membrane transport1
The cell membrane uses both passive and active transport to regulate what passes in and out of cells. Passive transport occurs down a concentration gradient and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport works against a concentration gradient and requires ATP. Transport proteins help move molecules across the membrane during both passive and active transport. The cell membrane is selectively permeable based on factors like lipid solubility, molecular size, polarity, and charge.
transport across cell membranes
Facilitated diffusion is the passive transport of molecules across a cell membrane using carrier proteins. There are two main types of carrier proteins: carrier proteins that bind to specific molecules and undergo a conformational change to transport them across the membrane, and ion channels that have pores lined with charged groups to transport ions. Facilitated diffusion is saturated at high concentration differences because there are a limited number of carrier proteins.
Passive and Active Transport
There are two main types of transport across cell membranes: passive transport and active transport. Passive transport involves diffusion, osmosis, or facilitated diffusion, which move substances down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. Active transport pumps substances against their gradient by using energy from ATP. Some examples of passive transport are oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusing across membranes and water moving through osmosis, while the sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport.
Nuclear Membrane: Active and Passive Transport (Illustrations)
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis allow for the passive movement of particles or molecules down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. Active transport mechanisms, on the other hand, move molecules against their gradient and directly require energy in the form of ATP or the use of electrochemical gradients generated by ATP. There are two main types of endocytosis - phagocytosis and pinocytosis - which allow cells to actively transport dissolved materials and solid particles from outside the cell into vesicles inside the cell. Exocytosis is the reverse process, actively transporting vesicles from inside the cell out to its exterior to release their contents.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Passive Transport system.
Prepared by - Ruhid Hasan
from - University of development alternative
Dept. of Pharmacy [Health Scince]
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Cell Membrane
The cell membrane consists of four main components: a lipid bilayer, transmembrane proteins, a supporting fiber network, and glycoproteins. The lipid bilayer is made up of phospholipids with hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails. This structure forms a barrier that is fluid but stable. Transmembrane proteins span the bilayer and form channels to transport specific molecules. Glycoproteins on the outer surface act as cell markers and receptors to detect signals from the environment. The components of the cell membrane work together to regulate what enters and exits the cell while also providing structure and communication abilities.
Cells membranes and cell
This document discusses cell membrane structure and function. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which consists of a phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins embedded within. Transport across the membrane can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, or active transport mechanisms utilizing protein channels and pumps. Materials are also transported into and out of cells through endocytosis and exocytosis using membrane-bound vesicles.
Chapter3a
This document discusses the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. It notes that the plasma membrane defines the cell boundary, is selectively permeable, and mediates transport of substances and cell-cell interactions. The document also describes different types of membrane transport including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and filtration as well as active transport processes. Specific transport proteins and their roles in channel-mediated, carrier-mediated, and osmotic transport are also outlined.
Membrane transport1
The cell membrane uses both passive and active transport to regulate what passes in and out of cells. Passive transport occurs down a concentration gradient and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport works against a concentration gradient and requires ATP. Transport proteins help move molecules across the membrane during both passive and active transport. The cell membrane is selectively permeable based on factors like lipid solubility, molecular size, polarity, and charge.
transport across cell membranes
Facilitated diffusion is the passive transport of molecules across a cell membrane using carrier proteins. There are two main types of carrier proteins: carrier proteins that bind to specific molecules and undergo a conformational change to transport them across the membrane, and ion channels that have pores lined with charged groups to transport ions. Facilitated diffusion is saturated at high concentration differences because there are a limited number of carrier proteins.
Passive and Active Transport
There are two main types of transport across cell membranes: passive transport and active transport. Passive transport involves diffusion, osmosis, or facilitated diffusion, which move substances down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. Active transport pumps substances against their gradient by using energy from ATP. Some examples of passive transport are oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusing across membranes and water moving through osmosis, while the sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport.
Nuclear Membrane: Active and Passive Transport (Illustrations)
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis allow for the passive movement of particles or molecules down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. Active transport mechanisms, on the other hand, move molecules against their gradient and directly require energy in the form of ATP or the use of electrochemical gradients generated by ATP. There are two main types of endocytosis - phagocytosis and pinocytosis - which allow cells to actively transport dissolved materials and solid particles from outside the cell into vesicles inside the cell. Exocytosis is the reverse process, actively transporting vesicles from inside the cell out to its exterior to release their contents.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Passive Transport system.
Prepared by - Ruhid Hasan
from - University of development alternative
Dept. of Pharmacy [Health Scince]
Nuclear Membrane: Active and Passive Transport
Active transport requires energy to move biochemicals against their concentration gradient from areas of low concentration to high concentration, using techniques like ion pumps and cotransport. Passive transport moves biochemicals down the concentration gradient from high to low concentration through diffusion or osmosis and does not require energy. Both active and passive transport are important biological processes that move nutrients, oxygen, and waste products into and out of cells.
Passive Transport
Passive transport across the plasma membrane can occur through simple diffusion of molecules like water, or through transport proteins. Transport proteins include channel proteins that form channels for molecules to pass through simultaneously without energy input, and carrier proteins that bind molecules and change shape to transport them one by one against the concentration gradient through facilitated diffusion, requiring no energy from the cell. All of these examples of passive transport rely on molecular movement down a concentration gradient without cellular energy input.
Cellular Transport (Active and Passive transports
There are two types of cellular transport: passive transport which does not require energy, and active transport which does require energy. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, where molecules spread from high to low concentration areas. Active transport moves particles against a concentration gradient using protein pumps, endocytosis, or exocytosis. Endocytosis brings material into cells, while exocytosis releases material from cells.
Active and passive transport
This document discusses passive and active transport across the cell membrane. It defines the cell membrane as semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass through. Passive transport uses diffusion and osmosis to move substances down their concentration gradient without energy use, while active transport moves substances against their gradient by using transport proteins and cellular energy. Active transport mechanisms include endocytosis, which transports substances into the cell, and exocytosis, which transports them out.
Transport cell membrane
This document provides information on transport across cell membranes. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the importance of cell membranes, types of transport mechanisms, and details on active transport. It then discusses the structure of the cell membrane and defines different types of transport mechanisms, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Finally, it provides more details on active transport mechanisms, distinguishing between primary and secondary active transport. In summary, the document serves as an introduction to transport across cell membranes, covering both passive and active transport mechanisms at a high level.
Active transport
Active transport moves ions and molecules across cell membranes against their concentration gradient. It requires energy from respiration and uses carrier proteins in the cell membrane that change shape when binding ions. The document gives examples of active transport in plant root hair cells absorbing magnesium from soil water against its gradient, intestinal epithelial cells absorbing glucose from the gut, and kidney cells reabsorbing glucose from filtered blood.
Transport mechanism
This document discusses various mechanisms of transport across the plasma membrane, including diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradient, and can occur passively through the membrane or through carrier proteins. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a lower to higher solute concentration. Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of active transport: primary uses ATP directly and secondary utilizes ion gradients.
Transport across plasma membrane
This document discusses various mechanisms of transport across plasma membranes, including:
1) Diffusion and facilitated diffusion, which involve the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients, or through membrane protein channels.
2) Active transport, which uses energy to transport substances against their gradients via carrier proteins.
3) Bulk transport processes like endocytosis and exocytosis that move large quantities of material into and out of cells.
4) Osmosis, the passive movement of water through semi-permeable membranes down its concentration gradient, influenced by solute concentrations and pressure potentials.
Passive Transport
There are two main types of cellular transport - passive and active. Passive transport does not require energy and includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy from ATP. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport, moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane against their gradients. Large molecules are transported across membranes via endocytosis and exocytosis using vesicles.
Cells
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living things. They contain specialized subcellular structures that allow biochemical activities to occur. The generalized cell contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass through by passive diffusion or active transport processes powered by ATP. Transport mechanisms include facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and phagocytosis. The plasma membrane also maintains the cell's resting membrane potential through ion gradients established by the sodium-potassium pump. Cells interact with their environment through membrane receptors, ligands, and cell adhesion molecules.
Transport Across The Cell Membrane
There are two main types of transport across the cell membrane - passive transport and active transport. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, which move molecules across the membrane down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. Active transport includes the sodium-potassium pump and exocytosis/endocytosis, which all use energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient or to release/take molecules into/out of the cell.
Facilitated Diffusion
This document summarizes different types of transport mechanisms across cell membranes, including facilitated diffusion, passive transport, ion channels, and active transport. Facilitated diffusion and passive transport involve the movement of molecules from high to low concentration areas with or without the help of carrier proteins. Active transport moves materials against a concentration gradient and requires ATP energy, such as the sodium-potassium pump which moves sodium and potassium ions out and in of cells. The document also briefly discusses endocytosis and exocytosis.
Cell Transport 1
Cellular transport occurs through the cell membrane and involves both passive and active transport mechanisms. The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that regulates what enters and exits the cell. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, and does not require energy. Active transport uses energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins. Bulk transport through endocytosis and exocytosis moves larger particles and molecules in and out of the cell. Osmosis, the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane, is important for cellular homeostasis and is affected by the solution's tonicity.
Passive Transport
1) Cells use three main methods of membrane transport - diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion are passive and do not require energy, while active transport is an energy-requiring process.
2) Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to transport molecules across membranes via concentration gradients, as some molecules are too large to pass through the phospholipid bilayer on their own.
3) Osmosis is the passive movement of water across membranes from low to high solute concentration areas, driven by water's tendency to diffuse evenly throughout solutions. Water moves through membrane pores, while solutes are too large to pass through.
Transport of material across the cell membrane
The cell membrane is selectively permeable. There are 2 main types of transport mechanism, Passive transport and Active transport.
Transport Mechanism
The plasma membrane functions as a barrier and for signal transmission. It is composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, integral proteins, and peripheral proteins. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis move substances down their concentration gradients without energy use. Active transport mechanisms like primary and secondary active transport move substances against their gradients by utilizing energy. Bulk transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis transport larger particles and molecules into and out of the cell.
Transport across cell membrane by Dr. Tehmas
Lecture about Transport of different substances across cell membrane. Continued from last two lectures. Lecture delivered on 26-Jan-2018 to First Year MBBS students in Bannu Medical College, Bannu.
Membrane transport
The document summarizes various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes. It describes passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion which do not require energy. Active transport mechanisms like primary active transport using ATP hydrolysis and secondary active transport using ion gradients are also discussed. Specific transport proteins for different mechanisms are outlined, including uniporters, antiporters, and symporters. The mechanism of the glucose transporter GLUT1 is provided as an example of uniporter-mediated transport.
Transport Across Membranes
A cell is in similitude with a fenced house that has a gate. The cell membrane serves to a cell what function does to a house. Just like a gate allows for passage to and fro the house, the cell membrane has adaptions that allow communication between the internal environment with the external environment.
Ap Bio Ch 5 Power Point
The document discusses cell membranes and their structure and functions. It covers the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, including phospholipids and membrane proteins. It describes the different categories of membrane proteins and their roles. It also summarizes different transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
A and P Mod. #1 Plasma membrane
The document discusses the structure and function of the plasma membrane. It notes that the plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that forms a fluid mosaic with embedded proteins. This structure allows the membrane to regulate what passes in and out of the cell while maintaining the cell's shape. The document also outlines the different types of passive transport including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport. It describes active transport processes like pumps and endocytosis that require cellular energy to move molecules against gradients.
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Nuclear Membrane: Active and Passive Transport
Active transport requires energy to move biochemicals against their concentration gradient from areas of low concentration to high concentration, using techniques like ion pumps and cotransport. Passive transport moves biochemicals down the concentration gradient from high to low concentration through diffusion or osmosis and does not require energy. Both active and passive transport are important biological processes that move nutrients, oxygen, and waste products into and out of cells.
Passive Transport
Passive transport across the plasma membrane can occur through simple diffusion of molecules like water, or through transport proteins. Transport proteins include channel proteins that form channels for molecules to pass through simultaneously without energy input, and carrier proteins that bind molecules and change shape to transport them one by one against the concentration gradient through facilitated diffusion, requiring no energy from the cell. All of these examples of passive transport rely on molecular movement down a concentration gradient without cellular energy input.
Cellular Transport (Active and Passive transports
There are two types of cellular transport: passive transport which does not require energy, and active transport which does require energy. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, where molecules spread from high to low concentration areas. Active transport moves particles against a concentration gradient using protein pumps, endocytosis, or exocytosis. Endocytosis brings material into cells, while exocytosis releases material from cells.
Active and passive transport
This document discusses passive and active transport across the cell membrane. It defines the cell membrane as semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass through. Passive transport uses diffusion and osmosis to move substances down their concentration gradient without energy use, while active transport moves substances against their gradient by using transport proteins and cellular energy. Active transport mechanisms include endocytosis, which transports substances into the cell, and exocytosis, which transports them out.
Transport cell membrane
This document provides information on transport across cell membranes. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the importance of cell membranes, types of transport mechanisms, and details on active transport. It then discusses the structure of the cell membrane and defines different types of transport mechanisms, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Finally, it provides more details on active transport mechanisms, distinguishing between primary and secondary active transport. In summary, the document serves as an introduction to transport across cell membranes, covering both passive and active transport mechanisms at a high level.
Active transport
Active transport moves ions and molecules across cell membranes against their concentration gradient. It requires energy from respiration and uses carrier proteins in the cell membrane that change shape when binding ions. The document gives examples of active transport in plant root hair cells absorbing magnesium from soil water against its gradient, intestinal epithelial cells absorbing glucose from the gut, and kidney cells reabsorbing glucose from filtered blood.
Transport mechanism
This document discusses various mechanisms of transport across the plasma membrane, including diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradient, and can occur passively through the membrane or through carrier proteins. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a lower to higher solute concentration. Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of active transport: primary uses ATP directly and secondary utilizes ion gradients.
Transport across plasma membrane
This document discusses various mechanisms of transport across plasma membranes, including:
1) Diffusion and facilitated diffusion, which involve the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients, or through membrane protein channels.
2) Active transport, which uses energy to transport substances against their gradients via carrier proteins.
3) Bulk transport processes like endocytosis and exocytosis that move large quantities of material into and out of cells.
4) Osmosis, the passive movement of water through semi-permeable membranes down its concentration gradient, influenced by solute concentrations and pressure potentials.
Passive Transport
There are two main types of cellular transport - passive and active. Passive transport does not require energy and includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy from ATP. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport, moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane against their gradients. Large molecules are transported across membranes via endocytosis and exocytosis using vesicles.
Cells
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living things. They contain specialized subcellular structures that allow biochemical activities to occur. The generalized cell contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass through by passive diffusion or active transport processes powered by ATP. Transport mechanisms include facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and phagocytosis. The plasma membrane also maintains the cell's resting membrane potential through ion gradients established by the sodium-potassium pump. Cells interact with their environment through membrane receptors, ligands, and cell adhesion molecules.
Transport Across The Cell Membrane
There are two main types of transport across the cell membrane - passive transport and active transport. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, which move molecules across the membrane down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. Active transport includes the sodium-potassium pump and exocytosis/endocytosis, which all use energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient or to release/take molecules into/out of the cell.
Facilitated Diffusion
This document summarizes different types of transport mechanisms across cell membranes, including facilitated diffusion, passive transport, ion channels, and active transport. Facilitated diffusion and passive transport involve the movement of molecules from high to low concentration areas with or without the help of carrier proteins. Active transport moves materials against a concentration gradient and requires ATP energy, such as the sodium-potassium pump which moves sodium and potassium ions out and in of cells. The document also briefly discusses endocytosis and exocytosis.
Cell Transport 1
Cellular transport occurs through the cell membrane and involves both passive and active transport mechanisms. The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that regulates what enters and exits the cell. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, and does not require energy. Active transport uses energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins. Bulk transport through endocytosis and exocytosis moves larger particles and molecules in and out of the cell. Osmosis, the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane, is important for cellular homeostasis and is affected by the solution's tonicity.
Passive Transport
1) Cells use three main methods of membrane transport - diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion are passive and do not require energy, while active transport is an energy-requiring process.
2) Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to transport molecules across membranes via concentration gradients, as some molecules are too large to pass through the phospholipid bilayer on their own.
3) Osmosis is the passive movement of water across membranes from low to high solute concentration areas, driven by water's tendency to diffuse evenly throughout solutions. Water moves through membrane pores, while solutes are too large to pass through.
Transport of material across the cell membrane
The cell membrane is selectively permeable. There are 2 main types of transport mechanism, Passive transport and Active transport.
Transport Mechanism
The plasma membrane functions as a barrier and for signal transmission. It is composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, integral proteins, and peripheral proteins. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis move substances down their concentration gradients without energy use. Active transport mechanisms like primary and secondary active transport move substances against their gradients by utilizing energy. Bulk transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis transport larger particles and molecules into and out of the cell.
Transport across cell membrane by Dr. Tehmas
Lecture about Transport of different substances across cell membrane. Continued from last two lectures. Lecture delivered on 26-Jan-2018 to First Year MBBS students in Bannu Medical College, Bannu.
Membrane transport
The document summarizes various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes. It describes passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion which do not require energy. Active transport mechanisms like primary active transport using ATP hydrolysis and secondary active transport using ion gradients are also discussed. Specific transport proteins for different mechanisms are outlined, including uniporters, antiporters, and symporters. The mechanism of the glucose transporter GLUT1 is provided as an example of uniporter-mediated transport.
Transport Across Membranes
A cell is in similitude with a fenced house that has a gate. The cell membrane serves to a cell what function does to a house. Just like a gate allows for passage to and fro the house, the cell membrane has adaptions that allow communication between the internal environment with the external environment.
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Ap Bio Ch 5 Power Point
The document discusses cell membranes and their structure and functions. It covers the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, including phospholipids and membrane proteins. It describes the different categories of membrane proteins and their roles. It also summarizes different transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
A and P Mod. #1 Plasma membrane
The document discusses the structure and function of the plasma membrane. It notes that the plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that forms a fluid mosaic with embedded proteins. This structure allows the membrane to regulate what passes in and out of the cell while maintaining the cell's shape. The document also outlines the different types of passive transport including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport. It describes active transport processes like pumps and endocytosis that require cellular energy to move molecules against gradients.
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
Membranes organize the chemical activities of cells by separating cells from their environments and controlling the passage of molecules. The cell membrane is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins that forms a selectively permeable bilayer. This structure allows materials to enter and exit cells through passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, or active transport processes like endocytosis and exocytosis. Membrane proteins play important roles in these transport functions.
The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure
The cell membrane is made up of a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins. Phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophobic tails pointing inward and hydrophilic heads facing out. This structure acts as a selective barrier. Embedded and integral proteins carry out important functions like transporting molecules and catalyzing reactions. The fluid mosaic model accounts for the membrane's fluidity and ability to allow movement of components while maintaining selective permeability.
Cell Membranes
The document summarizes key aspects of cell membranes and transport across membranes. It describes the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, including the roles of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins, and glycoproteins. It also outlines various processes of transport across membranes, including diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
Cell Membranes
The document summarizes the fluid-mosaic model of cell membranes. It describes how phospholipids spontaneously organize to form bilayers in water due to their amphipathic structure. Proteins and cholesterol are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, allowing it to be fluid. This structure allows the membrane to regulate what enters and exits the cell while maintaining its fluidity.
Fluid Mosaic Model
The document describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane. It discusses key aspects of the model, including:
- The membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded within it, giving it a mosaic-like structure.
- The lipid bilayer is fluid and allows for lateral movement of proteins and lipids. Integral proteins span the membrane while peripheral proteins are loosely attached.
- Experimental evidence from electron microscopy provides support for the model, showing a mosaic-like structure of particles within a smooth lipid matrix.
- The fluid mosaic model accounts for membrane properties and suggests new ways of thinking about membrane functions based on its structure and dynamics.
Types of movement across the cell membrane
There are three main types of movement across cell membranes: passive transport, which does not require energy and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion; endocytosis and exocytosis, which allow materials to enter and exit cells through membrane vesicles; and active transport, which uses energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins. Whether water moves into or out of a cell depends on if the external solution is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic relative to the cell.
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membrane_structure_and_function.ppt
Membranes are fluid mosaics composed of lipids and proteins that allow for selective permeability. Membrane structure includes a lipid bilayer and integral or peripheral proteins. Membranes regulate the passage of substances through passive diffusion, facilitated transport, active transport, and cotransport. Water balance is maintained through osmosis. Membranes generate voltage through ion pumps and maintain concentration gradients through selective permeability.
membrane_structure_and_function.ppt
Membranes are fluid mosaics composed of lipids and proteins that allow for selective permeability. Membrane structure includes a lipid bilayer and integral or peripheral proteins. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis allow for movement down concentrations gradients. Active transport uses ATP to pump solutes against gradients. Transport proteins facilitate selective passage of solutes. Membranes are bifacial with distinct inner and outer compositions. Membrane proteins are oriented asymmetrically. Membranes regulate traffic through the cell via endocytosis and exocytosis.
Membrane Dynamics1
1. Cell membranes form fluid barriers that regulate what moves in and out of cells using transport mechanisms like passive diffusion and active transport.
2. Passive transport relies on concentration gradients and includes diffusion and osmosis, while active transport uses membrane proteins and cellular energy to move molecules against gradients.
3. Transport proteins like channels and carriers help control what crosses membranes and allow for selective, regulated movement of molecules and ions across membranes.
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Chapter 6
- 1. Chapter 6 – Cell Membranes
- 2. Fluid Mosaic Model Phospholipids form a bilayer which is like a “lake” in which a variety of proteins “float.”
- 3. Phospholipids Bilayer Forms Spontaneously in water Vary in fatty acid chain length, degree of saturation, and phosphate groups Membranes may be up to 25 percent cholesterol Flexible allowing lateral movement of molecules Fluidity depends on temperature and lipid composition.
- 4. Components of the Fluid Mosaic Model • Lipids – Phospholipids/ Cholesterol • Proteins – Intergral – Peripheral • Carbohydrates
- 5. Membrane Bounds Proteins Two types of membrane proteins: • Peripheral membrane proteins lack exposed hydrophobic groups and do not penetrate the bilayer. • Integral membrane proteins have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions or domains.
- 6. Transmembrane Proteins • Type of integral protein • Extend all the way through the phospholipid bilayer.
- 7. Selective Permeability Some substances can Passive transport: pass through, but not no outside energy others required (diffusion). What can pass: - Small Active transport: - Uncharged energy required Examples?
- 8. Diffusion The process of random movement toward equilibrium It is the net movement from regions of greater concentration to regions of lesser concentration.
- 9. What Controls the Speed of Diffusion? - Diameter of the molecules or ions - Temperature of the solution - Concentration Gradient - Electrochemical Gradient - When a cell is involved you also have to consider movement across a membrane.
- 10. Simple Diffusion Small molecules pass directly through the lipid bilayer. Water and lipid-soluble molecules can diffuse across the membrane. Electrically charged and polar molecules can NOT pass through easily.
- 11. Osmosis The Diffusion of Water Osmosis depends on the number of solute particles present, not the type of particles.
- 12. Hypertonic Solutions: High Solute Concentrations Cell Shrinks
- 13. Hypotonic Solutions: Low Solute Concentrations Cell Lyses in Animal Cells Swells in Plant Cells (Turgor Pressure)
- 14. Isotonic Solutions: Equal solute/water concentration Cell Remains the Same
- 15. Facilitated Diffusion Passive Transport across a membrane using an integral membrane protein Channel proteins: have a central pore lined with polar amino acids. Carrier proteins: membrane proteins that bind some substances and speed their diffusion through the bilayer.
- 16. Channel Proteins Specificity Best Example are Ion Channels Most are “Gated” Ligand-Gated Rate and direction of ion movement through channels depends on the concentration gradient and the distribution of electrical charge. Voltage Gated
- 17. Membrane Potential A charge imbalance across a membrane. Represents lots of potential energy Signals volatge-gated channels to open Critical to ATP production during Cellular Respiration or Photosynthesis
- 18. Carrier Proteins Passive Transport Directly binds to molecule Then Changes shape to move the molecule across the membrane
- 19. Active Transport Require Energy Move molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient Uniporters Symporters Antiporters
- 20. Large Molecule Transport Endocytosis: bring Exocytosis: Move material into the cell material out of the cell using vesicles using vesicles
- 21. Endocytosis 3 TYPES Phagocytosis: Engulf large molecules or even whole cells making hagosomes Pinocytosis: Cellular Drinking (small vesicles) Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: binds specific targets