An element is the simplest form of matter that cannot be split into simpler substances or built from simpler substances by any ordinary chemical or physical method. There are 118 elements known to us, out of which 92 are naturally occurring, while the rest have been prepared artificially. Elements are further classified into metals, non-metals, and metalloids based on their properties, which are correlated with their placement in the periodic table.Metals With the exception of hydrogen, all elements that form positive ions by losing electrons during chemical reactions are called metals. Thus metals are electropositive elements with relatively low ionization energies. They are characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability to resonate sound and are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are solids under normal conditions except for Mercury.Nonmetals Elements that tend to gain electrons to form anions during chemical reactions are called non-metals. These are electronegative elements with high ionization energies. They are non-lustrous, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite). Non-metals can be gases, liquids or solids.Metalloids Metalloids have properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. Metalloids are useful in the semiconductor industry. Metalloids are all solid at room temperature. They can form alloys with other metals. Some metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, can act as electrical conductors under the right conditions, thus they are called semiconductors. Silicon for example appears lustrous, but is not malleable nor ductile (it is brittle - a characteristic of some nonmetals). It is a much poorer conductor of heat and electricity than the metals. The physical properties of metalloids tend to be metallic, but their chemical properties tend to be non-metallic. The oxidation number of an element in this group can range from +5 to -2, depending on the group in which it is located.

1. METALS AND NON METALS
Priya Jha
KV NO3 Delhi Cantt

3. 1a) Physical properties of metals :-
• Metals are solids. (except mercury)
• Metals are hard. (except Lithium, Potassium, Sodium)
• Metals have metallic lusture. (shine)
• Metals are malleable. (can be beaten into thin sheets)
• Metals are ductile. (can be drawn into wires)
• Metals have high melting points. (Gallium and Ceasium
have low melting points. They melt in the palm of the
hand)
• Metals have high boiling points.
• Metals are good conductors of heat. ( Best conductors
are silver and copper. Poor conductors are Lead and
Mercury)
• Metals are good conductors of electricity. ( Best
conductors are Silver and Copper)
• Metals are sonorus. (produce sound when beaten)

4. b) Physical properties of non metals :-
• Non metals may be solids, liquids or gases. (Solids –
Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorus etc. Liquid – Bromine,
Gases – Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen etc.)
• Non metals are soft. (except diamond which is the hardest
natural substance)
• Non metals do not have lustre.( except iodine cryatals)
• Non metals are not malleable.
• Non metals are not ductile.
• Non metals which are solids and liquids have low melting
points.
• Non metals which are solids and liquids have low boiling
points.
• Non metals are bad conductors of heat.
• Non metals are bad conductors of electricity. (except
graphite)
• Non metals are not sonorus.

5. Q)Which of the following property is
generally not shown by metals?
• (a) Electrical conduction
• (b) Sonorous in nature
• (c) Dullness
• (d) Ductility

6. (c) Dullness

7. Q).The ability of metals to be drawn into thin
wire is known as
• (a) ductility
• (b) malleability
• (c) sonorousity
• (d) conductivity

8. (a) ductility

9. Q). Aluminium is used for making
cooking utensils. Which of the
following properties of aluminium
are responsible for the same?
(i) Good thermal conductivity
(ii) Good electrical conductivity
(iii) Ductility
(iv) High melting point
• (a) (i) and (ii)
• (b) (i) and (iii)
• (c) (ii) and (iii)
• (d) (i) and (iv)

10. (d) (i) and (iv)

11. Q)Generally, non-
metals are not
lustrous. Which of
the following
nonmetal is
lustrous?
• (a) Sulphur
• (b) Oxygen
• (c) Nitrogen
• (d) Iodine

12. (d) Iodine

13. 2) Chemical properties of metals :-
i) Reaction with oxygen :-
Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides.
When copper is heated it combines with oxygen to form copper oxide.
2Cu + O2 2CuO
When aluminium is heated it combines with oxygen to form aluminium
oxide. 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
Some metal oxides are basic oxides because they react with water to
form bases.
4Na + O2 2Na2O
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH
K + O2 K2O
K2O + H2O 2KOH
Some metal oxides show acidic and basic properties. They are called
amphoteric oxides. Eg :- Aluminium oxide, Zinc oxide etc.
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
(basic)
Al2O3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + H2O
(acidic) (Sodium aluminate)

14. The reactivity of different metals with oxygen is different :-
• Metals like potassium and sodium react vigorously with
oxygen and catch fire if kept in open. Hence they are
stored in kerosene to prevent burning.
• If magnesium is heated, it burns with a bright flame.
• If iron is heated it glows brightly.
• If copper is heated it does not burn but forms a black
coating of copper oxide.
• Silver and gold does not react with oxygen even at high
temperature.
• Some metals like magnesium, aluminium, zinc, lead etc.
forms an oxide layer over it which prevents further
oxidation. They are called self protecting metals.

15. Q)Although metals form
basic oxides, which of the
following metals form an
amphoteric oxide?
• (a) Na
• (b) Ca
• (c) Al
• (d) Cu

16. (c) Al

17. ii) Reaction with water :-
Metals react with water to form metal oxides or metal hydroxides and
hydrogen.
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
2K + H2O 2KOH + H2
Ca + H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
2Al + 3H2O Al2O3 + H2
3Fe + 4H2O Fe2O3 + 4H2
The reactivity of different metals with water is different :-
- Sodium and potassium react violently with cold water to form sodium
hydroxide and hydrogen and catches fire.
- Calcium reacts less violently with water to form calcium hydroxide
and water and does not catch fire.
- Magnesium reacts only with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide
and hydrogen.
- Metals like aluminium, iron and zinc react only with steam to form
the metal oxides and hydrogen.
- Metals like lead, copper, silver and gold do not react with water.

18. Q). Which one of the
following metals do
not react with cold as
well as hot water?
• (a) Na
• (b) Ca
• (c) Mg
• (d) Fe

19. (d) Fe

20. Q). Which of the
following oxide(s) of
iron would be obtained
on prolonged reaction
of iron with steam?
• (a) FeO
• (b) Fe2O3
• (c) Fe3O4
• (d) Fe2O3 and Fe3O4

21. (c) Fe3O4
Hint—
3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g) → Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)

22. Q). What happens when
calcium is treated with water?
(i) It does not react with water
(ii) It reacts violently with water
(iii) It reacts less violently with
water (iv) Bubbles of hydrogen
gas formed stick to the surface
of calcium
• (a) (i) and (iv)
• (b) (ii) and (iii)
• (c) (i) and (ii)
• (d) (iii) and (iv)

23. (d) (iii) and (iv)

24. iii) Reaction with acids :-
Metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen.
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
2Al + 6 HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
The reactivity varies from metal to metal. For the above
metals the decreasing order of reactivity is Mg > Al > Zn > Fe.
Copper, silver and gold do not react with dilute HCl.
Hydrogen gas is not evolved when metals react with
nitric acid (HNO3) because it is a strong oxidising agent and
it oxidises the H2 produced to water and is itself reduced to
oxides of nitrogen.
3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO2

25. Q)Generally, when metals are treated with
mineral acids, hydrogen gas is liberated but
when metals (except Mn and Mg), treated
with HNO3, hydrogen is not liberated, why?
Ans)It is because HNO3 is a strong oxidising
agent. It oxidises the H2 produced to H2O.

26. iv) Reaction of metals with metal salt solutions :-
A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt
solution. (Displacement reaction)
Magnesium displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu
Zinc displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
after 15 – 20 minutes

27. 3) Reactivity series of metals :-
The arranging of metals in the decreasing order of their
reactivity is called reactivity series of metals.
K - Potassium Most reactive
Na - Sodium
Ca - Calcium
Mg - Magnesium
Al - Aluminium
Zn - Zinc Reactivity decreases
Fe - Iron
Pb - Lead
H - Hydrogen
Cu - Copper
Hg - Mercury
Ag - Silver
Au - Gold Least reactive

28. Q)Which of the following
metals exist in their native
state in nature?
(i) Cu (ii) Au (iii) Zn (iv) Ag
• (a) (i) and (ii)
• (b) (ii) and (iii)
• (c) (ii) and (iv)
• (d) (iii) and (iv)

29. (c) (ii) and (iv)

30. Q)Which one of the
following four metals
would be displaced from
the solution of its salts
by other three metals?
• (a) Mg
• (b) Ag
• (c) Zn
• (d) Cu

31. . (b) Ag
(Hint— Reactivity series Mg> Zn> Cu> Ag

32. Q)2 mL each of concentrated HCl, HNO3
and a mixture of concentrated HCl and
concentrated HNO3 in the ratio of 3 : 1
were taken in test tubes labelled as A, B and
C. A small piece of metal was put in each
test tube. No change occurred in test tubes
A and B but the metal got dissolved in test
tube C respectively. The metal could be
• (a) Al
• (b) Au
• (c) Cu
• (d) Pt

33. (b) Au

34. Q)Silver articles become black on prolonged
exposure to air. This is due to the formation
of
• (a) Ag3N
• (b) Ag2O
• (c) Ag2S
• (d) Ag2S and Ag3N

35. (c) Ag2S

36. 4) How do metals and non metals react ?
Metals :- lose electrons and become positive ions. So they are
called electropositive elements.
Eg :- The atomic number of sodium is 11, its electronic configuration is
2,8,1, it has 1 valence electron. It loses 1 electron and forms a sodium
ion Na +
Na Na + + 1 e-
AN = 11
EC = 2,8,1 2,8
Mg Mg 2+ + 2 e-
AN = 12
EC = 2,8,2 2,8
Non metals :- gain electrons and become negative ions. So they
are called electro negative elements.
Eg:- The atomic number of chlorine is 17, its electronic configuration is
2,8,7, it has 7 valence. It gains 1 electron and forms a chloride ion Cl -
Cl + 1 e- Cl -
AN = 17
EC = 2,8,7 2,8,8
O + 2e- O 2-
AN = 8
EC = 2,6 2,8

37. 5a) Formation of sodium chloride molecule – NaCl
Na . + Cl Na Cl NaCl
AN = 11 AN = 17
EC = 2,8,1 EC = 2,8,7
The atomic number of Na is 11, its electronic
configuration is 2,8,1, it has 1 valence electron, it loses 1
electron to form Na + ion. The atomic number of Cl is 17, its
electronic configuration is 2,8,7, it has 7 valence electrons,
it gains 1 electron to form Cl - ion. Then the attraction
between the Na + ion and Cl - ion results in the formation of
sodium chloride molecule – NaCl.
x
xx
x
x
xx
.
x
xx
x
x x
x
+ -

38. b) Formation of Magnesium chloride molecule – MgCl2
Mg Mg 2+ + 2e -
AN = 12
EC = 2,8,2 2,8
Cl + 1e - Cl -
AN = 17
EC = 2,8,7 2,8,8
Mg + Mg MgCl2
The AN of Mg is 12, its EC is 2,8,2, it has 2 valence electrons, it loses
2 electrons to form Mg 2+ . The AN of Cl is 17, its EC is 2,8,7, it has 7
valence electrons, it gains 1 electron to form Cl -. Then the attraction
between Mg 2+ ion and 2 Cl - ions results in the formation of Magnesium
chloride molecule – MgCl2 .
..
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
xx
x
xx
2+
-
x
xx
x
x
xx
.Cl
Cl
-
x
xx
x
x
xx
.
Cl
Cl

39. Q)The electronic
configurations of three
elements X, Y and Z are
X — 2, 8;
Y — 2, 8, 7 and
Z — 2, 8, 2. Which of the
following is correct?
• (a) X is a metal
• (b) Y is a metal
• (c) Z is a non-metal
• (d) Y is a non-metal and Z is a metal

40. (d) Y is a non-metal
and Z is a metal

41. 6) Ionic compounds (Electrovalent compounds) :-
Ionic compounds are compounds formed by the transfer of
electrons from a metal to a non metal.
Properties of ionic compounds :-
i) They are formed by the transfer of electrons and are made up of
ions.
ii) They are crystalline solids.
iii) They have high melting points and boiling points.
iv) They are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents (like
petrol, kerosene etc.)
v) They conduct electricity in molten state or in solution.

42. Q)Which of the following
are not ionic compounds?
(i) KCl (ii) HCl
(iii) CCl4 (iv) NaCl
• (a) (i) and (ii)
• (b) (ii) and (iii)
• (c) (iii) and (iv)
• (d) (i) and (iii)

43. (b) (ii) and (iii)

44. Q). Which one of the
following properties
is not generally
exhibited by ionic
compounds?
• (a) Solubility in water
• (b) Electrical conductivity in solid state
• (c) High melting and boiling points
• (d) Electrical conductivity in molten state

45. (b) Electrical conductivity in solid state

46. Q)Generally, non-
metals are not
conductors of electricity.
Which of the following is
a good conductor of
electricity?
• (a) Diamond
• (b) Graphite
• (c) Sulphur
• (d) Fullerene

47. (b) Graphite

48. Q)Electrical wires
have a coating of an
insulting material.
The material,
generally used is
• (a) Sulphur
• (b) Graphite
• (c) PVC
• (d) All can be used

49. (c) PVC

50. STAY SAFE
THANK
YOU