Reflection of light
Spherical mirrors
Images formation by spherical mirrors
Representation of images formed by spherical mirrors using ray diagrams
Mirror formula and magnification
Reflection of light in spherical mirrorMUBASHIRA M
this slide contains laws and terms of reflection of light. especially the image formation and ray diagrams of spherical mirror that are mainly useful for science students
Mirror - Physics by: Rey San Andrew RimandoRey Rimando
In this PowerPoint Presentation, you will find related topics with explanation like the Three Types of Mirror; it's characteristics and functions. Attached also is the video presentation used under the hyperlink(UNDERLINED WORDS). I'm hoping this will help a lot of students. Thanks! -Rey
Reflection of light in spherical mirrorMUBASHIRA M
this slide contains laws and terms of reflection of light. especially the image formation and ray diagrams of spherical mirror that are mainly useful for science students
Mirror - Physics by: Rey San Andrew RimandoRey Rimando
In this PowerPoint Presentation, you will find related topics with explanation like the Three Types of Mirror; it's characteristics and functions. Attached also is the video presentation used under the hyperlink(UNDERLINED WORDS). I'm hoping this will help a lot of students. Thanks! -Rey
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Consider a glass with a hollow sphere and a reflecting surface. This reflecting hollow surface of sphere of which either sides are polished, forms the spherical mirrors. Spherical Mirrors are of two types: (a) Concave Mirror Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-ray-optics/reflection-of-light-by-spherical-mirrors/
Why convex mirrors are used in vehicles? Why plain mirrors or concave mirrors are not used?How to distinguish by looking at a image if the mirror is convex,concave or plain mirror?
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Consider a glass with a hollow sphere and a reflecting surface. This reflecting hollow surface of sphere of which either sides are polished, forms the spherical mirrors. Spherical Mirrors are of two types: (a) Concave Mirror Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-ray-optics/reflection-of-light-by-spherical-mirrors/
Why convex mirrors are used in vehicles? Why plain mirrors or concave mirrors are not used?How to distinguish by looking at a image if the mirror is convex,concave or plain mirror?
Presentation on Various ideologies and concepts of Light.
Assessment for class X students for 2nd term.
With highly elaborated information on Light and it's properties.
100% Most Accurate Presentation on Light chapter Class X CBSE..
With Transitions and animations..
Unlock the mysteries of light with our comprehensive guide on Light- Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Students. From understanding the laws governing reflection and refraction to exploring the fascinating world of mirrors, lenses, and prisms, this resource provides in-depth insights and practical applications, empowering students to master these fundamental concepts with clarity and confidence.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
ppt of light- physics chapter class 7 . reflection and refraction also included. Anjali Kumari - dps bokaro. ppt by my physics teacher- Md. Obaidullah Ansari.
Similar to Cl10 light reflaction and refraction (20)
Why do we fall ill immunisation priya jhaPriya Jha
Principle of preventions:Immunication
#1 Avoiding risks. #2 Evaluating the risks which cannot be avoided.
#3 Combating the risks at source. #4 Adapting the work environment to the individual.
#5 Adapting to technical progress.
#6 Replacing the dangerous by the non-dangerous, or the less dangerous
Life processes are the series of actions, such as movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition that are essential for a living being to sustain.
The processes, which collectively perform the maintenance of our body system, are known as life processes.
The maintenance processes protect us from damage and break-down; however, to keep these maintenance processes working properly, we need to provide energy to them. Healthy food is the best source of such energy.The processes, which collectively perform the maintenance of our body system, are known as life processes.
The maintenance processes protect us from damage and break-down; however, to keep these maintenance processes working properly, we need to provide energy to them. Healthy food is the best source of such energy.The processes, which collectively perform the maintenance of our body system, are known as life processes.
The maintenance processes protect us from damage and break-down; however, to keep these maintenance processes working properly, we need to provide energy to them. Healthy food is the best source of such energy.
Chapter 3.metals and non metals priya jhaPriya Jha
An element is the simplest form of matter that cannot be split into simpler substances or built from simpler substances by any ordinary chemical or physical method. There are 118 elements known to us, out of which 92 are naturally occurring, while the rest have been prepared artificially. Elements are further classified into metals, non-metals, and metalloids based on their properties, which are correlated with their placement in the periodic table.Metals
With the exception of hydrogen, all elements that form positive ions by losing electrons during chemical reactions are called metals. Thus metals are electropositive elements with relatively low ionization energies. They are characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability to resonate sound and are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are solids under normal conditions except for Mercury.Nonmetals
Elements that tend to gain electrons to form anions during chemical reactions are called non-metals. These are electronegative elements with high ionization energies. They are non-lustrous, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite). Non-metals can be gases, liquids or solids.Metalloids
Metalloids have properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. Metalloids are useful in the semiconductor industry. Metalloids are all solid at room temperature. They can form alloys with other metals. Some metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, can act as electrical conductors under the right conditions, thus they are called semiconductors. Silicon for example appears lustrous, but is not malleable nor ductile (it is brittle - a characteristic of some nonmetals). It is a much poorer conductor of heat and electricity than the metals. The physical properties of metalloids tend to be metallic, but their chemical properties tend to be non-metallic. The oxidation number of an element in this group can range from +5 to -2, depending on the group in which it is located.
Electricity heating effect of electric current Priya Jha Priya Jha
When an electric current is passed through a conductor, the conductor becomes hot after some time and produce heat. This happens due to the conversion of some electric energy passing through the conductor into heat energy. This effect of electric current is called heating effect of current.The heating effect of current was studied experimentally by Joule in 1941. After doing his experiments Joule came to the conclusion that the heat produced in a conductor is directly proportional to the product of square of current (I2), resistance of the conductor (R) and the time (t) for which current is passed. Thus,
H I2Rt
Derivation of Formula
To calculate the heat produced in a conductor, consider current I is flowing through a conductor AB of resistance R for time t. also consider that the potential difference applied across its two ends is V.
Now, total amount of work done in moving a charge q from point A to B is given by:
W = q X V (1)
Now, we know that charge = current × time
or q = I X t
and V = I X R (Ohm’s law)
Putting the values of q and V in equation (1), we get
W = (I X t) X (I X R)
Or W = I2Rt
Now, assuming that all the work done is converted into heat energy we can replace symbol of ‘work done’ with that of ‘heat produced’. So,
H = I2RT
Applications of Heating Effect of Current
The heating effect of current is used in various electrical heating appliances such as electric bulb, electric iron, room heaters, geysers, electric fuse etc.
Discuss the methods Mendel utilized in his research that led to his success in understanding the process of inheritance
The science community ignored the paper, possibly because it was ahead of the ideas of heredity and variation accepted at the time. In the early 1900s, 3 plant biologists finally acknowledged Mendel’s work. Unfortunately, Mendel was not around to receive the recognition as he had died in 1884.
Science Education now is truly aiming to improve to quality education to develop knowledge and skills required. The need for outcome based science education has been there for decades. Outcome based science education is a practical approach to develop the curriculum with inclusion of learning practices and focus on the students rather than teacher. Outcome-based science education has many intrinsic benefits which must make it an attractive model for educationalist involved in curriculum planning, curriculum developers, teachers, employers, students. The article attempts to describe the concept of outcome based science education and also highlights the relationship of outcome based science education (OBSE) and students' centric learning which is imperative to achieve the desired outcome. Specifically and chronologically, this reflective article attempts clarification of key operational terminologies used, link between Competency Based science Education (CBSE) and OBSE, theoretical underpinnings of OBSE, challenges of OBSE, conclusions and recommendations.
The vision of India’s new education system has accordingly been crafted to ensure that it touches the life of each and every citizen, consistent with their ability to contribute to many growing developmental imperatives of this country on the one hand, and towards creating a just and equitable society on the other. We have proposed the revision and revamping of all aspects of
the education structure, its regulation and governance, to create a new system
that is aligned with the aspirational goals of 21st century education, while remaining consistent with India’s traditions and value systems.The Government had initiated the process of formulating a New Education Policy through the consultation process for an inclusive, participatory and holistic approach, which takes into consideration expert opinions, field experiences, empirical research, stakeholder feedback, as well as lessons learned from best practices.The Committee for preparation of the draft National Education Policy submitted its report to the Ministry on 31.05.2019. The Draft National Education Policy 2019 (DNEP 2019) was uploaded on MHRD’s website and also at MyGov Innovate portal eliciting views/suggestions/comments of stakeholders, including public. The draft NEP is based on the foundational pillars access, affordability, equity, quality and accountability.
Post submission of Draft Report States/UTs Governments and Government of India Ministries were invited to give their views and comments on Draft National Education Policy 2019. A brief summary of the Draft National Education Policy 2019 was circulated among various stakeholders, which was also translated in 22 languages and uploaded on the Ministry’s website. Meetings with State Education Secretaries of School Education and with State Secretaries of Higher & Technical Education were held.An Education Dialogue with Hon’ble MPs of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Kerala, Karnataka & Odisha.Currently exercise of formulation of National Education Policy is ongoing and it will be finalised shortly.
Soap nut powder has been in use for almost 3,000 years. And still in many parts of India, soap nut powder is using as a natural soap to remove oil.Soap is a sodium salt or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids having cleansing action in water. They are using as cleansing agents to remove dirt, oil from the skin and clothes.Examples:Sodium stearate, sodium oliate and sodium palmitate formed using stearic acid oleic acid and palmitic acid.
Soap nut powder has been in use for almost 3,000 years. And still in many parts of India, soap nut powder is using as a natural soap to remove oil.Soap is a sodium salt or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids having cleansing action in water. They are using as cleansing agents to remove dirt, oil from the skin and clothes.Examples:Sodium stearate, sodium oliate and sodium palmitate formed using stearic acid oleic acid and palmitic acid.
Gifted children are, by definition, "Children who give evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership capacity, or specific academic fields, and who require services or activities not ordinarily provided by the school in order to fully develop such capabilities."
By
Dr. Gail Gross, Contributor
Human Behavior, Parenting, and Education Expert, Speaker, Author. Ph.D., Ed.D., M.Ed.
Common characteristics
There are some common characteristics the gifted child may possess. The gifted child may be:
• Self-disciplined, independent, often anti-authoritarian.
• Zany sense of humor
• Able to resist group pressure, a strategy that is developed early
• More adaptable and more adventurous
• Greater tolerance for ambiguity and discomfort
• Little tolerance for boredom
• Preference for complexity, asymmetry, open-endedness
• High in divergent thinking ability
• High in memory, good attention to detail
• Broad knowledge background
• Need think periods
• Need supportive climate, sensitive to environment
• Need recognition, opportunity to share
• High aesthetic values, good aesthetic judgement
• Freer in developing sex role integration; lack of stereotypical male/female identification.
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Differences between the sexes
However, studies have shown that the characteristics of the gifted child can differ on the basis of sex.
The following are common characteristics of the female gifted child:
• She likes school, especially courses in science, music, and art.
• She likes her teachers.
• She regularly reads news, magazines, an other non-required reading.
• She is active in drama and musical productions.
• She does not go out on dates as often.
• She is a daydreamer.
The following are common characteristics of the male gifted child:
• He dislikes school.
• He dislikes teachers and thinks they are uninteresting.
• He does little homework.
• He dislikes physical education and seldom engages in team sports.
• He is regarded as radical or unconventional.
• He often wants to be a lone to pursue his own thoughts and interests.
Cl 10 management of natural resources p jhaPriya Jha
It is a type of management of natural resources which encourages the utilization of resources that meet current basic needs, while preserving the resources for the needs of future generations.
Quiz Empowerment of girl child - Priya Jha uploadPriya Jha
Quiz Empowerment of girl child
To ensure empowerment in the true sense, we have to build the scope and outreach for girls to make choices through better skills, capabilities, and self-esteem; help them develop equitable relations within the family, the community and other stakeholders in the society.
Girls or women mean half the humanity. Needless to say, no society can be considered truly developed if its women are not active participants and contributors. They are the key catalysts for socio-economic change. However, it is sad to see that despite advancements in other sectors, women still face numerous challenges in not being able to access rightful entitlements or gainful employment
A United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) report found that more women have enrolled in higher education, from 7.5 percent in 2002-03 to 20 percent in 2012-13. According to an ILO paper on employment trends for women in India, about 85 per cent of rural and 59 per cent of urban women workers are illiterate or literate only up to primary level. It further states that just a small percentage of women have benefited from higher education. A majority of women in India who are regularly employed are with the informal sector, undertaking domestic, household work, with no fixed, fair wages or facilities, limited social security benefits, no rights or entitlements and most importantly, no safety. This is perhaps the reason why many girls today are not being receptive to the idea of “working” or “being employed”.
There have to be enabling conditions with progressive policies and ensure these are implemented effectively. It is essential to adopt a lifecycle approach for girls, as the needs vary in each phase of their lives – right nutrition at birth and very young ages, quality early childhood education and care, capacity to address discrimination and help them recognise their rights.
Glands are located throughout various parts of the human body. These glands take on the critical task of releasing hormones, and as a whole, they are most commonly referred to as the endocrine system.
Anything that moves back and forth makes sound. Moving back and forth is called vibrating. Pluck a guitar string and watch it vibrate back and forth. The vibrations make sound waves.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
3. Light
• Our primary source of light is the sun.
• Light travels in straight lines at a speed of
186,000miles per second.
• *Light waves travel faster than sound waves!
• Light energy from the sun travels through
space , reaches earth, and some of it turns to
heat energy and warms the earth’s air.
• Light from the sun also travels to the cells of
green plants (producers) and is stored as
energy.
• When light reaches an object, it is absorbed,
reflected, or passes through it.
4. What is light really?
Electromagnetic radiation waves
• Light waves are three
dimensional.
• Light waves vibrate in all
planes around a center
line.
• The waves have high
points called “crests.”
• Waves also have low
points called “troughs.”
• *The distance from one
crest to the next crest is
called a “wavelength.”
• *The number of waves
passing a given point in
one second is called the
“frequency.”
wavelength
6. We will investigate the following:
• Reflection of light
• Spherical mirrors
• Images formation by spherical mirrors
• Representation of images formed by
spherical mirrors using ray diagrams
• Mirror formula and magnification
8. . The laws of reflection are as
follows
• The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
normal to the reflection surface at the point of
the incidence lie in the same plane.
• The angle which the incident ray makes with
the normal is equal to the angle which the
reflected ray makes to the same normal.
• The reflected ray and the incident ray are on
the opposite sides of the normal.
9. - Reflection
• Reflection from a
mirror:
Incident ray
Normal
Reflected ray
Angle of
incidence
Angle of
reflection
Mirror
Angle of
incidence
Angle of reflection
10. • The Law of ReflectionThe Law of Reflection
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflectionAngle of incidence = Angle of reflection
The
same !!!
The same !!!
Mirror
14. Spherical mirrors
• A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved
reflective surface, which may be either convex
(bulging outward) or concave (bulging inward).
Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are
shaped like part of a sphere, but other shapes
are sometimes used in optical devices. The
most common non-spherical type are
parabolic reflectors, found in optical devices
such as reflecting telescopes that need to image
distant objects, since spherical mirror systems
suffer from spherical aberration.
15. Curved mirror
• A curved mirror can be thought of as
consisting of a very large number of small
plane mirrors oriented at slightly different
angles. The laws of reflection always
apply, regardless of the shape or
smoothness of the surface
16. Spherical mirror
• A spherical mirror consists of a portion of
a spherical surface.
• A converging mirror has a concave
reflecting surface.
• A diverging mirror has a convex
reflecting surface.
17. Rules for drawing ray diagrams for
converging and diverging mirrors:
• (Parenthetical remarks refer specifically to diverging
mirrors. Rules 1 and 2 apply to parabolic mirrors only.)
• An incident ray that is parallel to the principal axis is
reflected such that it passes through the principal focus
(or appears to have originated at the principal focus).
• An incident ray passing through (or heading toward) the
principal focus is reflected such that it travels parallel to
the principal axis.
• An incident ray passing through (or heading toward) the
centre of curvature reflects back along the same path.
18. Rules of Reflection for Curved Mirrors
• 1. Any light ray traveling parallel to the principal axis
is reflected by the curved mirror through the
principal focus.
It either actually passes (for a concave mirror) or
appears to pass (for a convex mirror) through the
principal focus.
• 2. Any light ray that passes (for a concave mirror) or
appears to pass (for a convex mirror) through the
principal focus is reflected by the curved mirror
parallel to the principal axis.
• 3. Any light ray that passes (for a concave mirror) or
appears to pass (for a convex mirror) through the
center of curvature retraces its initial path after
reflection by the curved mirror.
19. • 1. Any light ray
traveling parallel to
the principal axis is
reflected by the
curved mirror
through the principal
focus.
It either actually
passes (for a
concave mirror) or
appears to pass (for
a convex mirror)
through the principal
focus.
FocusC
PRINCIPAL AXIS
i
r
20. • Any light ray that
passes (for a
concave mirror) or
appears to pass (for
a convex mirror)
through the
principal focus is
reflected by the
curved mirror
parallel to the
principal axis.
F
21. • Any light ray that
passes (for a
concave mirror) or
appears to pass
(for a convex
mirror) through
the center of
curvature retraces
its initial path after
reflection by the
curved mirror.
C F
23. Centre of Curvature : The centre of curvature of a curved mirror is
defined as the center of the hollow glass sphere of which the curved
mirror was (previously) a part.
Radius of curvature :The radius of curvature of a curved mirror is
defined as the radius of the hollow glass sphere of which the
spherical mirror was (previously) a part. Note that any line drawn from
the center of curvature C to the mirror surface meets it at right
angle and equals the radius of curvature.
Principal Axis :The principal axis of a curved mirror is defined as the
imaginary line passing through its pole P and center of curvature C.
Focus :The principal focus is defined as the point on the principal axis
where the light rays traveling parallel to the principal axis after
reflection actually meet (for a concave mirror) or appear to meet (for a
convex mirror).
Parts of a spherical mirror
24. The principal focus is in front of the concave
mirror and is behind the convex mirror.
The focal length (denoted by FP in the figure) is
the distancebetween the pole P and the principal
focus F of a curved mirror.
Focal length is half the radius of curvature.
Focal Length = Radius of Curvature/2
Pole : The pole is defined as the geometric center
of the curved mirror.
25. Convex mirrors
• A convex mirror,
fish eye mirror or
diverging mirror, is a
curved mirror in which
the reflective surface
bulges toward the
light source. Convex
mirrors reflect light
outwards, therefore
they are not used to
focus light
26. Convex mirror
• A convex mirror, fish eye mirror or diverging
mirror, is a curved mirror in which the reflective
surface bulges toward the light source. Convex
mirrors reflect light outwards, therefore they are
not used to focus light. Such mirrors always form
a virtual image, since the focus (F) and the
centre of curvature (2F) are both imaginary
points "inside" the mirror, which cannot be
reached. As a result, images formed by these
mirrors cannot be projected on a screen, since
the image is inside the mirror
27. Effect on image of object's position relative
to mirror focal point (convex)
Object's
position (S),
focal point (F)
Image Diagram
Virtual
Upright
Reduced
(diminished/sm
aller)
28. Mirror Ray Tracing
• Mirror ray tracing is that rays parallel to
the optic axis and through the focal point
are used. A third useful ray is that through
the center of curvature since it is normal to
the mirror and retraces its path backward.
29. Concave mirrors
• A concave mirror, or
converging mirror, has
a reflecting surface that
bulges inward (away from
the incident light).
Concave mirrors reflect
light inward to one focal
point.They are used to
focus light. Unlike convex
mirrors, concave mirrors
show different image
types depending on the
distance between the
object and the mirror.
30. Effect on image of object's position
relative to mirror focal point (concave)
Object's
position (S),
focal point (F)
Image Diagram
S < F
(Object
between focal
point and
mirror
Virtual
Upright
Magnified
(larger)
31. Effect on image of object's position
relative to mirror focal point (concave)
Object's
position (S),
focal point (F)
Image Diagram
S = F
(Object at
focal point)
Reflected rays are parallel
and never meet, so no
image is formed.
In the limit where S
approaches F, the image
distance approaches infinity,
and the image can be either
real or virtual and either
upright or inverted
depending on whether S
approaches F from above or
below.
32. Effect on image of object's position
relative to mirror focal point (concave)
Object's
position (S),
focal point (F)
Image Diagram
F < S < 2F
(Object
between focus
and centre of
curvature)
Real
Inverted
(vertically)
Magnified
(larger)
33. Effect on image of object's position
relative to mirror focal point (concave)
Object's
position (S),
focal point (F)
Image Diagram
S = 2F
(Object at
centre of
curvature
Real
Inverted
(vertically)
Same size
Image formed
at centre of
curvature
34. Effect on image of object's position
relative to mirror focal point (concave)
Object's
position (S),
focal point (F)
Image Diagram
S > 2F
(Object
beyond centre
of curvature)
Real
Inverted
(vertically)
Reduced
(diminished/sm
aller)
35. Image Characteristics
• The image characteristics found in a
converging mirror depend on the location
of the object. The table below summarizes
the characteristics of images found in a
converging mirror based on the location of
the object:
41. i. The object is always placed to the left of the
mirror. This implies that the light from the
objects falls on the from the left-hand side.
ii. All distance parallel to the principal axis are
measured from the pole of the mirror.
iii. All the distance measured to the right of the
origin (along +x-axis ) are taken as positive
while those measured to the left of the origin
(along -x-axis) are taken as negative.
iv. Distance measured perpendicular to and
above the principal axis (along +y-axis) are
taken as positive.
v. Distance measured perpendicular to and
below the principal axis (along -y-axis) are
taken as negative.
42. Mirror equation and
magnification
• Gaussian form
• The Gaussian mirror
equation relates the
object distance =do
and
• image distance =di
to
• the focal length= f:
43. • The magnification of a mirror is defined
as the height of the image divided by
the height of the object:
By convention, if the resulting
magnification is positive, the image is
upright.
If the magnification is negative, the
image is inverted (upside down).
44. Mirror Equations
• 1/f = i/do + 1/di
• Magnification (M) = di/do
• f – Focal length of the mirror
• di Distance of the image from the Pole
• Mirror Equations
• *f is +ve in the case of concave mirror.
• *f is ve
• in the case of a convex mirror.
• * di is +ve if the image is a real image and located on the
object's side of the mirror.
• * di is ve if the image is a virtual image and located
• behind the mirror
45. power of mirrors and lenses (in
dioptres):
where f (metre) is the focal length.
(Some texts use D for the power)
46. curved mirror and lens equation:
,since
(The equations apply for mirrors and lenses.
The derivation of the equations using similar triangles is
optional.)
47. Sign conventions for the use of the
lens equations:
• The focal length (f) is positive for converging mirrors
and lenses, and negative for diverging ones.
• The object distance (do) is positive. (The distance is
negative for a virtual object.)
• The image distance (di) is positive for all real images
and negative for virtual images.
• Heights (Ho and Hi) are positive if measured upward
from the principal axis and negative if measured
downward.
• Magnification (m) is positive if the image is erect and
negative when inverted.
48. Uses of Convex mirror
• Convex mirror lets motorists see around a corner.
• The passenger-side mirror on a car is typically a convex mirror. In
some countries, these are labeled with the safety warning "Objects
in mirror are closer than they appear", to warn the driver of the
convex mirror's distorting effects on distance perception. Convex
mirrors are preferred in vehicles because they give an upright,
though diminished, image. Also they provide a wider field of view as
they are curved outwards.
• Convex mirrors are used in some automated teller machines as a
simple and handy security feature, allowing the users to see what is
happening behind them. Similar devices are sold to be attached to
ordinary computer monitors.
• Some camera phones use convex mirrors to allow the user to
correctly aim the camera while taking a self-portrait.
49. • Light travels VERY FAST –
around 300,000 kilometres per
second.
At this speed it can
go around the world 8
times in one second.