This document discusses properties and uses of metals and non-metals. It begins by stating that most metals are found combined as oxides, sulfides, etc, while some non-metals exist freely. Metallurgy involves extracting metals from ores through concentration, reduction, and refining processes. Metals are malleable, ductile conductors while non-metals vary in state, are brittle, and conduct poorly. The document then covers chemical reactions of metals and non-metals and an activity series, before discussing uses of common metals and non-metals as well as alloys and corrosion prevention.
This document discusses the physical properties and reactions of metals and non-metals. Metals are solid, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas and are not malleable. Metals react differently with oxygen, water, and metal salt solutions depending on their reactivity. Most metals are found naturally as ores and must be extracted from impurities. Corrosion of metals can be prevented through various coatings and by forming alloys.
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements and the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. It states that the periodic table organizes the 118 known elements and can provide information about each element. It describes the properties of metals including their malleability, conductivity, and reaction with oxygen, water and acids. Nonmetals are described as brittle, poor conductors with low melting points that react differently with oxygen and acids compared to metals. Metalloids share some properties of both metals and nonmetals.
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements and the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. It states that the periodic table organizes the 118 known elements and can provide information about each element. It describes the properties of metals such as being solid, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Nonmetals are described as sometimes being gases, brittle, and poor conductors. Metalloids display properties of both metals and nonmetals. Chemical reactions of metals and nonmetals are also summarized.
Metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, or salts. They lose electrons and become positively charged ions. Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides, generally do not react with water or acids, and gain electrons to become negatively charged ions. Corrosion occurs as metals react with substances like oxygen and water, forming coatings like rust. Corrosion can be prevented by applying protective coatings like oil, paint, zinc plating, or by alloying metals.
Metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, or salts. They lose electrons and become positively charged ions. Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides, gaining electrons and becoming negatively charged ions. Corrosion occurs as metals react with substances like oxygen and water in the air, forming coatings or rust. Corrosion can be prevented by applying protective coatings like oil, paint, zinc plating, or by alloying metals.
Metals can be summarized as follows:
1) Metals are malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting points.
2) Alloys are mixtures of metals that are stronger and harder than pure metals due to interfering atomic layers.
3) Metals are extracted from ores via chemical and thermal processes, with the most common being the extraction of iron in a blast furnace.
Chapter 4 materials metals and non metals.pptxAbhisesSingh
This document discusses the properties and classification of elements as metals and non-metals. It provides examples of common metals like iron, copper, and aluminum and non-metals like carbon and oxygen. It describes the physical properties of malleability, ductility, conductivity, luster, strength, and sonority that distinguish metals from brittle non-metals. It also discusses the chemical properties of metals like oxidation and reactions with water and acids, as well as uses of metals and non-metals.
This document discusses properties and uses of metals and non-metals. It begins by stating that most metals are found combined as oxides, sulfides, etc, while some non-metals exist freely. Metallurgy involves extracting metals from ores through concentration, reduction, and refining processes. Metals are malleable, ductile conductors while non-metals vary in state, are brittle, and conduct poorly. The document then covers chemical reactions of metals and non-metals and an activity series, before discussing uses of common metals and non-metals as well as alloys and corrosion prevention.
This document discusses the physical properties and reactions of metals and non-metals. Metals are solid, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas and are not malleable. Metals react differently with oxygen, water, and metal salt solutions depending on their reactivity. Most metals are found naturally as ores and must be extracted from impurities. Corrosion of metals can be prevented through various coatings and by forming alloys.
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements and the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. It states that the periodic table organizes the 118 known elements and can provide information about each element. It describes the properties of metals including their malleability, conductivity, and reaction with oxygen, water and acids. Nonmetals are described as brittle, poor conductors with low melting points that react differently with oxygen and acids compared to metals. Metalloids share some properties of both metals and nonmetals.
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements and the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. It states that the periodic table organizes the 118 known elements and can provide information about each element. It describes the properties of metals such as being solid, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Nonmetals are described as sometimes being gases, brittle, and poor conductors. Metalloids display properties of both metals and nonmetals. Chemical reactions of metals and nonmetals are also summarized.
Metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, or salts. They lose electrons and become positively charged ions. Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides, generally do not react with water or acids, and gain electrons to become negatively charged ions. Corrosion occurs as metals react with substances like oxygen and water, forming coatings like rust. Corrosion can be prevented by applying protective coatings like oil, paint, zinc plating, or by alloying metals.
Metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, or salts. They lose electrons and become positively charged ions. Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides, gaining electrons and becoming negatively charged ions. Corrosion occurs as metals react with substances like oxygen and water in the air, forming coatings or rust. Corrosion can be prevented by applying protective coatings like oil, paint, zinc plating, or by alloying metals.
Metals can be summarized as follows:
1) Metals are malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting points.
2) Alloys are mixtures of metals that are stronger and harder than pure metals due to interfering atomic layers.
3) Metals are extracted from ores via chemical and thermal processes, with the most common being the extraction of iron in a blast furnace.
Chapter 4 materials metals and non metals.pptxAbhisesSingh
This document discusses the properties and classification of elements as metals and non-metals. It provides examples of common metals like iron, copper, and aluminum and non-metals like carbon and oxygen. It describes the physical properties of malleability, ductility, conductivity, luster, strength, and sonority that distinguish metals from brittle non-metals. It also discusses the chemical properties of metals like oxidation and reactions with water and acids, as well as uses of metals and non-metals.
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Physically, metals are typically solid, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas and are not malleable, ductile, or good conductors. Chemically, metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, react with water or acids, and can corrode in air/moisture. Non-metals typically burn when reacting with oxygen to form non-metal oxides. The reactivity series lists metals in order of their reactivity from most (potassium) to least (gold, platinum) reactive.
This document summarizes the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It discusses how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids. It also describes the reactivity series of metals, how ionic compounds form, and how metals are extracted from their ores. Key points include:
- Metals are malleable and conductive while non-metals vary in state and are not usually malleable.
- Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, with water to form hydroxides and hydrogen, and with acids to form salts and hydrogen.
- The reactivity series arranges metals from most reactive (e.g. potassium) to least reactive (e.g. gold
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solid, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas and are not malleable. It also explains how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids, forming ionic compounds. Common extraction methods are outlined, such as electrolysis for reactive metals and roasting/reduction for others. The document concludes by discussing corrosion prevention through methods like galvanization and alloying.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solids, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals can be solids, liquids, or gases and are not malleable. It explains how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, and salts. The reactivity of common metals is ranked in a reactivity series. The document also summarizes how metals are extracted from their ores through concentration, reduction, and refining processes. Electrolytic extraction and refining methods are described for reactive metals.
Metals and non metals without animatiopnBalendu Kumar
The document discusses the properties and classification of metals and non-metals. It states that metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, can be molded and drawn into wires, and react with oxygen to form basic oxides. Non-metals may be solids, liquids or gases, are typically poor conductors, and react with oxygen to form acidic oxides. The document provides examples of chemical reactions to illustrate differences in how metals and non-metals react with water, acids, oxygen, and how displacement reactions occur between metals. It also lists some common uses of metals like iron, aluminum, and silver as well as non-metals like iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Metals are typically solid, malleable, ductile and good conductors of heat and electricity. They form basic oxides and displace less reactive metals from salt solutions. Non-metals can be solid, liquid or gas, are typically soft, brittle and poor conductors. Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, with water to form metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas, and with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. The reactivity of metals determines how they are extracted from their ores.
This document provides information on the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It discusses how metals are generally solids with high melting and boiling points that are malleable and good conductors, while non-metals exist in different physical states and have lower melting/boiling points. It also describes how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, and salts. Common extraction methods for metals from their ores include concentration, reduction, and refining. Corrosion of metals and methods to prevent it are also outlined.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids. A reactivity series of metals is provided from most reactive to least. The document explains how ionic compounds form and their properties. The extraction of metals from ores is summarized including concentration, reduction, and refining steps. Common extraction methods are outlined for metals of high, medium, and low reactivity in the series.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids. A reactivity series of metals is provided. The document also discusses how ionic compounds form and their properties. The extraction of metals from ores and the refining process is explained. Corrosion of metals and methods to prevent it are covered. Alloys are defined as homogeneous mixtures of metals or metals with non-metals.
1. The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, acids and metal salt solutions.
2. A reactivity series of metals is presented, ranking them from most reactive (potassium) to least reactive (gold). The extraction processes for obtaining metals from their ores is also outlined.
3. Metals are extracted via concentration, reduction, and refining steps. Extraction methods depend on the reactivity of the metal, involving processes like roasting, calcination, or electrolysis of molten ores.
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solids, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, and react with oxygen, water, acids, and displace less reactive metals. It also discusses how non-metals can be solids, liquids or gases, are not malleable, and are generally poor conductors. The document then explains the extraction of metals from ores through concentration, reduction, and refining processes.
Chapter 3.metals and non metals priya jhaPriya Jha
An element is the simplest form of matter that cannot be split into simpler substances or built from simpler substances by any ordinary chemical or physical method. There are 118 elements known to us, out of which 92 are naturally occurring, while the rest have been prepared artificially. Elements are further classified into metals, non-metals, and metalloids based on their properties, which are correlated with their placement in the periodic table.Metals
With the exception of hydrogen, all elements that form positive ions by losing electrons during chemical reactions are called metals. Thus metals are electropositive elements with relatively low ionization energies. They are characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability to resonate sound and are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are solids under normal conditions except for Mercury.Nonmetals
Elements that tend to gain electrons to form anions during chemical reactions are called non-metals. These are electronegative elements with high ionization energies. They are non-lustrous, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite). Non-metals can be gases, liquids or solids.Metalloids
Metalloids have properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. Metalloids are useful in the semiconductor industry. Metalloids are all solid at room temperature. They can form alloys with other metals. Some metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, can act as electrical conductors under the right conditions, thus they are called semiconductors. Silicon for example appears lustrous, but is not malleable nor ductile (it is brittle - a characteristic of some nonmetals). It is a much poorer conductor of heat and electricity than the metals. The physical properties of metalloids tend to be metallic, but their chemical properties tend to be non-metallic. The oxidation number of an element in this group can range from +5 to -2, depending on the group in which it is located.
This document provides information on the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It discusses how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids. A reactivity series of metals is presented from most reactive to least reactive. The document also describes how ionic compounds form and their properties. Extraction and refining of metals from their ores is outlined, including concentration, reduction, and electrolytic processes. Corrosion of metals and methods to prevent it are also summarized.
The document describes the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Physically, metals are malleable and ductile, have metallic luster, and are good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals lack these properties. Chemically, metals are reactive and form basic oxides, reacting with acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas. They also react with water. Metals exist higher in the reactivity series and must be extracted through electrolysis, while less reactive metals can be extracted from their ores by heating. Common metals like iron, copper and aluminum are used to make containers and wires, while non-metals like silicon, sulfur and hydrogen have various industrial applications.
This document provides an introduction and overview of metals and non-metals. It discusses that metals make up about two-thirds of the known elements and have properties like luster and conductivity. Non-metals lack metallic properties and include gases and some solids. Most metals are found combined as oxides or sulfides, while some non-metals exist freely or combined. Metals are typically hard, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals are brittle, low density insulators. Common metals like iron, aluminum, and copper have many applications, while non-metals like sulfur, oxygen, and chlorine are used in industries like chemical production. The document concludes with a brief discussion
Metals and non-metals differ in their physical and chemical properties. Physically, metals are typically solid, hard, shiny, malleable and ductile with high melting and boiling points, while non-metals can be solid, liquid or gas with varying hardness, luster, malleability and melting/boiling points. Chemically, metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, with water to form metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas, and with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. Metals also displace less reactive metals in salt solutions. Non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions while metals lose electrons to form positive ions. Ionic bonds form when positive metal ions attract negative non-
This document discusses the properties and chemical reactions of metals and metal oxides. It explains that metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, are malleable and ductile. Metals form positive ions and react with oxygen, water and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides and salts respectively. It provides examples of the reactions of metals like sodium, calcium and zinc with water and acids. Metal oxides are basic in nature and alkali metal oxides dissolve in water to form strong bases.
Metal-and-Non-metal-10 BEST FOR CBSE STUDENTS.pptxravisharma1308
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solid, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, and react with oxygen, water, and acids. Non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas, are not malleable, conduct heat and electricity poorly, and do not react the same as metals. The reactivity of different metals is explained through the activity series. Common extraction methods include concentration, reduction, and refining. Corrosion and prevention methods are also outlined.
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Physically, metals are typically solid, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas and are not malleable, ductile, or good conductors. Chemically, metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, react with water or acids, and can corrode in air/moisture. Non-metals typically burn when reacting with oxygen to form non-metal oxides. The reactivity series lists metals in order of their reactivity from most (potassium) to least (gold, platinum) reactive.
This document summarizes the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It discusses how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids. It also describes the reactivity series of metals, how ionic compounds form, and how metals are extracted from their ores. Key points include:
- Metals are malleable and conductive while non-metals vary in state and are not usually malleable.
- Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, with water to form hydroxides and hydrogen, and with acids to form salts and hydrogen.
- The reactivity series arranges metals from most reactive (e.g. potassium) to least reactive (e.g. gold
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solid, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas and are not malleable. It also explains how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids, forming ionic compounds. Common extraction methods are outlined, such as electrolysis for reactive metals and roasting/reduction for others. The document concludes by discussing corrosion prevention through methods like galvanization and alloying.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solids, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals can be solids, liquids, or gases and are not malleable. It explains how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, and salts. The reactivity of common metals is ranked in a reactivity series. The document also summarizes how metals are extracted from their ores through concentration, reduction, and refining processes. Electrolytic extraction and refining methods are described for reactive metals.
Metals and non metals without animatiopnBalendu Kumar
The document discusses the properties and classification of metals and non-metals. It states that metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, can be molded and drawn into wires, and react with oxygen to form basic oxides. Non-metals may be solids, liquids or gases, are typically poor conductors, and react with oxygen to form acidic oxides. The document provides examples of chemical reactions to illustrate differences in how metals and non-metals react with water, acids, oxygen, and how displacement reactions occur between metals. It also lists some common uses of metals like iron, aluminum, and silver as well as non-metals like iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Metals are typically solid, malleable, ductile and good conductors of heat and electricity. They form basic oxides and displace less reactive metals from salt solutions. Non-metals can be solid, liquid or gas, are typically soft, brittle and poor conductors. Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, with water to form metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas, and with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. The reactivity of metals determines how they are extracted from their ores.
This document provides information on the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It discusses how metals are generally solids with high melting and boiling points that are malleable and good conductors, while non-metals exist in different physical states and have lower melting/boiling points. It also describes how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, and salts. Common extraction methods for metals from their ores include concentration, reduction, and refining. Corrosion of metals and methods to prevent it are also outlined.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids. A reactivity series of metals is provided from most reactive to least. The document explains how ionic compounds form and their properties. The extraction of metals from ores is summarized including concentration, reduction, and refining steps. Common extraction methods are outlined for metals of high, medium, and low reactivity in the series.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids. A reactivity series of metals is provided. The document also discusses how ionic compounds form and their properties. The extraction of metals from ores and the refining process is explained. Corrosion of metals and methods to prevent it are covered. Alloys are defined as homogeneous mixtures of metals or metals with non-metals.
1. The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, acids and metal salt solutions.
2. A reactivity series of metals is presented, ranking them from most reactive (potassium) to least reactive (gold). The extraction processes for obtaining metals from their ores is also outlined.
3. Metals are extracted via concentration, reduction, and refining steps. Extraction methods depend on the reactivity of the metal, involving processes like roasting, calcination, or electrolysis of molten ores.
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solids, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, and react with oxygen, water, acids, and displace less reactive metals. It also discusses how non-metals can be solids, liquids or gases, are not malleable, and are generally poor conductors. The document then explains the extraction of metals from ores through concentration, reduction, and refining processes.
Chapter 3.metals and non metals priya jhaPriya Jha
An element is the simplest form of matter that cannot be split into simpler substances or built from simpler substances by any ordinary chemical or physical method. There are 118 elements known to us, out of which 92 are naturally occurring, while the rest have been prepared artificially. Elements are further classified into metals, non-metals, and metalloids based on their properties, which are correlated with their placement in the periodic table.Metals
With the exception of hydrogen, all elements that form positive ions by losing electrons during chemical reactions are called metals. Thus metals are electropositive elements with relatively low ionization energies. They are characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability to resonate sound and are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are solids under normal conditions except for Mercury.Nonmetals
Elements that tend to gain electrons to form anions during chemical reactions are called non-metals. These are electronegative elements with high ionization energies. They are non-lustrous, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite). Non-metals can be gases, liquids or solids.Metalloids
Metalloids have properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. Metalloids are useful in the semiconductor industry. Metalloids are all solid at room temperature. They can form alloys with other metals. Some metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, can act as electrical conductors under the right conditions, thus they are called semiconductors. Silicon for example appears lustrous, but is not malleable nor ductile (it is brittle - a characteristic of some nonmetals). It is a much poorer conductor of heat and electricity than the metals. The physical properties of metalloids tend to be metallic, but their chemical properties tend to be non-metallic. The oxidation number of an element in this group can range from +5 to -2, depending on the group in which it is located.
This document provides information on the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It discusses how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids. A reactivity series of metals is presented from most reactive to least reactive. The document also describes how ionic compounds form and their properties. Extraction and refining of metals from their ores is outlined, including concentration, reduction, and electrolytic processes. Corrosion of metals and methods to prevent it are also summarized.
The document describes the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Physically, metals are malleable and ductile, have metallic luster, and are good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals lack these properties. Chemically, metals are reactive and form basic oxides, reacting with acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas. They also react with water. Metals exist higher in the reactivity series and must be extracted through electrolysis, while less reactive metals can be extracted from their ores by heating. Common metals like iron, copper and aluminum are used to make containers and wires, while non-metals like silicon, sulfur and hydrogen have various industrial applications.
This document provides an introduction and overview of metals and non-metals. It discusses that metals make up about two-thirds of the known elements and have properties like luster and conductivity. Non-metals lack metallic properties and include gases and some solids. Most metals are found combined as oxides or sulfides, while some non-metals exist freely or combined. Metals are typically hard, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals are brittle, low density insulators. Common metals like iron, aluminum, and copper have many applications, while non-metals like sulfur, oxygen, and chlorine are used in industries like chemical production. The document concludes with a brief discussion
Metals and non-metals differ in their physical and chemical properties. Physically, metals are typically solid, hard, shiny, malleable and ductile with high melting and boiling points, while non-metals can be solid, liquid or gas with varying hardness, luster, malleability and melting/boiling points. Chemically, metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, with water to form metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas, and with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. Metals also displace less reactive metals in salt solutions. Non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions while metals lose electrons to form positive ions. Ionic bonds form when positive metal ions attract negative non-
This document discusses the properties and chemical reactions of metals and metal oxides. It explains that metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, are malleable and ductile. Metals form positive ions and react with oxygen, water and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides and salts respectively. It provides examples of the reactions of metals like sodium, calcium and zinc with water and acids. Metal oxides are basic in nature and alkali metal oxides dissolve in water to form strong bases.
Metal-and-Non-metal-10 BEST FOR CBSE STUDENTS.pptxravisharma1308
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solid, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, and react with oxygen, water, and acids. Non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas, are not malleable, conduct heat and electricity poorly, and do not react the same as metals. The reactivity of different metals is explained through the activity series. Common extraction methods include concentration, reduction, and refining. Corrosion and prevention methods are also outlined.
Similar to metals and non metals power point presentation (20)
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
2. 2
There is a zig-zag or staircase line that divides the table.
Metals are on the left of the line, in blue.
Nonmetals are on the right of the line, in orange.
3. 3
PROPERTIES OF METALS
Physical Properties:
• Solid at room temperature
- exception: Hg
• Silvery-gray
- exception: Au and Cu
• Good Conductors
• Metallic luster (shine)
• Malleable
• Ductile
Chemical Properties:
• Lose Electrons
(makes positive ion)
• Corrode easily
4. 4
PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS
Physical Properties:
• Can be gas, solid, or liquid at
room temperature
• Come in all colors
• No metallic luster
• Poor conductors
• Brittle
• Odors or pungent
Chemical Properties:
• Tend to gain electrons
(makes negative ion)
5. 5
METALLOIDS
• Properties and characteristics of both metals
and nonmetals
• Along the staircase/steps of the periodic table
• EXCEPT: Al, At
6. 1) Occurrence of metals and non metals :-
• Out of the 92 naturally occuring elements 70
are metals and about 22 are nonmetals.
Some elements show properties of both
metals and non metals. They are called
metalloids.
• Only some metals like gold, silver, platinum
etc are found in the free state. Most metals
are found in the combined states as oxides,
sulphides, carbonates, silicates etc.
• Some non metals are found in the free state
like helium, neon, argon etc. and some are
found in free and combined states like
sulphur, phosphorus etc.
7. 2) Metallurgy :-
• Metallurgy:- is science of extraction of metals from their
ores and their purification.
• Minerals:- are naturally occuring substances containing
one or more elements or their compounds.
• Ore:- is a mineral from which one or more metals can be
extracted profitably.
• Metallurgical processes:- consists of three main steps.
They are :- i) Concentration of the ore ii) Reduction
iii) Refining
• Concentration of the ore:- is the removal of impurities
from the ore.
• Reduction:- the process of obtaining the metal from its
compound.
• Refining:- is the process of purification of the impure
metals to obtain the pure metal.
8. 3) Physical properties of metals and non metals :-
• Metals
• Metals are solids (except
mercury).
• Metals are hard (except sodium,
potassium etc.
• Metals have metallic lustre.
• Metals have high melting points
and boliling points.
• Metals are malleable ( can be
made into thin sheets).
• Metals are ductile (can be made
into thin wires).
• Metals are good conductors of
heat and electricity.
• Metals are sonorus (produces
sound).
• Non metals
• Non metals may be solids,
liquids or gases.
• Non metals which are solids are
brittle (diamond is the hardest).
• Non metals do not have lustre
some have a dull luster.
• Non metals have low melting
points.
• Non metals are not malleable.
• Non metals are not ductile.
• Non metals are bad conductors
of heat and electricity (except
graphite).
• Non metals are not sonorus.
9. 4) Chemical properties of metals and non metals :-
a) Reaction with oxygen :-
Metals react with oxygen to form metallic oxides. These oxides are
basic oxides because they react with water to form bases.
Eg. Magnesium burns in air to form magnesium oxide. Magnesium
reacts with water to form magnesium hydroxide.
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2
Non metals react with oxygen to form non metallic oxides. These
oxides are acidic oxides because they react with water to form
acids.
Eg. Sulphur burns in air to form sulphur dioxide. Sulphur dioxide
reacts with water to form sulphurous acid.
S + O2 SO2
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
10. b) Reaction with water :-
Metals react with water to form metal hydroxides and hydrogen.
Eg. Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and
hydrogen.
2 Na + 2 H2O 2 Na OH + H2
Magnesium reacts with water to form magnesium hydroxide and
hydrogen.
Mg + H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2
Non metals do not react with water.
c) REACTION WITH ACIDS:-
Metals react with acids to form metallic salts and hydrogen.
Eg. Zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride
and hydrogen.
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Most non metals do not react with acids. Some non metals like sulphur
reacts with concentrated nitric acid to forn sulphur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide and water.
S + 4 HNO3 SO2 + 4 NO2 +2 H2O
11. d) Metals replace metals :-
A more reactive metal replaces a less reactive metal from its salt
solution.
Eg. Magnesium replaces copper from copper sulphate solution to
form magnesium sulphate and copper.
Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu
Zinc replaces copper from copper sulphate solution to for zinc
sulphate and copper.
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
Iron replaces copper from copper sulphate solution to form iron
sulphate and copper
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
Based on the reactivity of metals, they can be arranged in the
decreasing order of their activity.
12. 5) Activity series of metals :-
The arranging of metals in the decreasing order of their
reactivity is called activity series of metals.
Potassium
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium Decreasing
Zinc order of
Iron reactivity
Lead
Copper
Silver
Gold
13. 6) Noble metals :-
Metals like gold, silver, platinum etc. retain their lustre
because they do not react with air, water or acids. So
they are called noble metals.
Gold dissolves in aqua regia. Aqua regia is a mixture of
concentrated nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric
acid in the ratio 1:3.
Pure is 24 carat gold. It is very soft and cannot be used
for making ornaments. So it is mixed with some silver or
copper to make it hard.
14. 7) Uses of metals :-
Iron :- is used for making pins, nails, nuts, bolts, tools,
machines, construction of buildings, bridges etc.
Aluminium :- is used for making utensils, wires, furniture,
parts of aircrafts, vehicles, machines, for packing food
and medicines etc.
Copper :- is used for making wires, vessels, electric
gadgets etc.
Gold :- is used for making jewellery, coins medals etc
Silver :- is used for making jewellery. Coins, medals etc.
Platinum :- is used for making jewellery, electric gadgets,
plugs in vehicles etc.
Sodium :- compounds are used as common salt,
chemicals etc.
Calcium :- compounds are used for making cement,
glass etc.
15. 8) Uses of non metals :-
Sulphur :- is used for making sulphuric acid, salts of
metals etc.
Oxygen :- is used for respiration by living things, burning
of fuels etc.
Nitrogen :- is used for making ammonia which is used for
making fertilizers.
Hydrogen :- is used for making ammonia which is used
for making fertilizers, as fuel in rockets, for welding etc.
Chlorine :- is used to kill germs in water.
Iodine :- is used as tincture iodine which is an antiseptic.
16. An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of a metal with other
metals or non metal.
Alloy Constituents Uses
Steel iron, carbon construction of tools, machines,
tanks, vehicles, ships, rails, building,
bridges, dams etc.
Stainless steel iron, chromium utensils, cutlery, surgical
instruments etc.
Brass copper, zinc utensils, handicrafts musical
instruments etc.
Bronze copper, tin statues, medals, bells ornaments etc.
Alnico iron, aluminium making of magnets
nickel, cobalt
Duralium aluminium, copper making utensils, pressure cookers,
magnesium, parts of vehicles, aircrafts etc.
manganese
9) Alloys :-
17. 10) Corrosion :-
The surface of some metals gets corroded when exposed
to moist air for a long time. This is called corrosion.
Prevention of corrosion of metals :-
The corrosion of metals can be prevented by:-
i) Applying oil or grease.
ii) Applying paint
iii) Galvanisation ( coating of metals with non corrosive
metals like zinc)
iv) Electroplating ( coating of metals with non corrosive
metals like chromium tin by passing
electricity)
v) Alloying ( Eg. When iron is alloyed with chromium
and nickel, it forms stainless steel which
is resistant to corrosion)
18. 11) Activity to show that air and water are necessary for
rusting of iron :-
Take three test tubes and put one iron nail in each. Put
some anhydrous calcium chloride in one test tube to
absorb moisture. Pour some boiled water from which
dissolved oxygen has been removed in the second test
test tube. Pour some water in the third test tube. Cork the
three test tubes and leave it for 3 – 4 days. It is seen that
the nail in the first and second test tubes have not rusted.
The nail in the third test tube has rusted.