2. Fungi are NOT
plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes
(live on dead
organisms)
22
3. Absorptive heterotrophs (digest
food first & then absorb it into
their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to
break down organic material or
their host
Store food energy as glycogen
BREAD MOLDBREAD MOLD
33
4. Important decomposers &
recyclers of nutrients in
the environment
Most are multicellular,
except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or
leaves MULTICELLULARMULTICELLULAR
MUSHROOMMUSHROOM
UNICELLULAR YEASTUNICELLULAR YEAST
44
5. Cell walls are made of chitin
(complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes
or filaments called hyphae
55
6. Some fungi are internal or
external parasites
A few fungi act like predators &
capture prey like roundworms
PredaceousPredaceous
Fungi feeding onFungi feeding on
aa NematodeNematode
(roundworm)(roundworm)
66
7. Some are edible, while others
are poisonous
EDIBLEEDIBLE POISONOUSPOISONOUS 77
8. Produce both
sexual and
asexual spores
Classified by their
sexual
reproductive
structuresSpores comeSpores come
in variousin various
shapesshapes
88
9. Grow best in warm, moist
environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to
kill fungi
FungicideFungicide
kills leafkills leaf
fungusfungus
99
10. Fungi include puffballs,
yeasts, mushrooms,
toadstools, rusts, smuts,
ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is
made by the Penicillium
mold
Penicillium moldPenicillium mold
PuffballPuffball 1010
12. TubularTubular shape
ONEONE continuous
cell
Filled with
cytoplasm & nucleicytoplasm & nuclei
MultinucleateMultinucleate
Hard cell wall of
chitinchitin also in
insect exoskeletons
1212
13. StolonsStolons – horizontal
hyphae that connect
groups of hyphae to
each other
RhizoidsRhizoids – rootlike
parts of hyphae that
anchor the fungus
1313
STOLONSTOLON
RHIZOIDSRHIZOIDS
14. ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPH
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Digested material is then used by
the hypha
Nucleus “directs” the digestive
process
16. REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce AsexuallyAsexually and
SexuallySexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is mostmost
commoncommon method & produces
genetically identicalgenetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when
conditions are poor & nutrientsconditions are poor & nutrients
scarcescarce
1616
17. SPORESSPORES
Spores are an adaptationadaptation to life on
land
Ensure that the species willspecies will
disperse to new locationsdisperse to new locations
Each spore contains a reproductivereproductive
cellcell that forms a new organism
NonmotileNonmotile
Dispersed by windwind
1717
18. SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Used when environmentalUsed when environmental
conditions are poorconditions are poor (lack(lack
of nutrients, space,of nutrients, space,
moisture…)moisture…)
No male or female fungiNo male or female fungi
Some fungi showSome fungi show
dimorphismdimorphism
May grow asMay grow as MYCELIAMYCELIA
or aor a YEAST –LIKEYEAST –LIKE
state (Filament at 25state (Filament at 25oo
CC
& Round at 37& Round at 37oo
C)C)
1818Dimorphic FungiDimorphic Fungi
19. SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Haploid 1n hyphae1n hyphae from 2 mating types2 mating types
(+ and -) FUSE(+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization)(Fertilization)
Forms aForms a hyphae withhyphae with 2 nuclei that2 nuclei that
becomes a ZYGOTEbecomes a ZYGOTE
The zygote divides to make aThe zygote divides to make a SPORESPORE
1919
++ --
SPORE FORMSSPORE FORMS
20. THREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONTHREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
FragmentationFragmentation – part of the mycelium
becomes separated & begins a life of its
own
BuddingBudding – a small cell forms & gets
pinched off as it grows to full size
Used by yeastsUsed by yeasts
Asexual sporesAsexual spores – production of spores by– production of spores by
a single myceliuma single mycelium
2020
21. Spores may be Formed:
Directly on hyphae
Inside sporangia
On Fruiting bodies
Amanita fruiting body
Pilobolus sporangia
Penicillium
hyphae
22. Fruiting BodiesFruiting Bodies are modified hyphae
that make asexualasexual spores
An upright stalk called the
SporangiosphoreSporangiosphore supports the spore
case or SporangiumSporangium
2222
24. Mycelia have a huge surface area
More surface area aids digestion &
absorption of food
mycelium
Germinating spore
2424
25. Fungi are classified by their
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURESREPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES andand
SPORESSPORES
The reproductive structures are:
BASIDIA -BASIDIA - BASIDIOMYCOTABASIDIOMYCOTA
SPORANGIA -SPORANGIA - ZYGOSPORANGIAZYGOSPORANGIA
ASCUS -ASCUS - ASCOMYCOTAASCOMYCOTA
2525
26. SaprobesSaprobes
Decomposers
Molds, mushrooms, etc.
ParasitesParasites
Harm host
Rusts and smuts (attack plants)
MutualistsMutualists
Both benefit
Lichens
Mycorrhizas
2626
27. MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGIMAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI
BasidiomycotaBasidiomycota –– Club Fungi
ZygomycotaZygomycota –– Bread Molds
ChytridiomycotaChytridiomycota –– Chytrids
AM FungiAM Fungi -- Mycorrhizas
AscomycotaAscomycota –– Sac Fungi
LichensLichens –– Symbiosis (algae & Fungi)
28. Called Club fungi
Includes:
MushroomsMushrooms
ToadstoolsToadstools
Bracket & Shelf fungiBracket & Shelf fungi
PuffballsPuffballs
StinkhornsStinkhorns
Rusts and smutsRusts and smuts
29. Some are used as
food (mushrooms)(mushrooms)
Others damage
crops (rusts &(rusts &
smuts)smuts)
Corn SmutCorn Smut SoybeanSoybean
RustRust
Portobello MushroomsPortobello Mushrooms
30. Called the sporangium
fungi
Commonly called molds
Also includes blights
Hyphae have no cross
walls (aseptate)
Grow rapidly
Includes bread mold
Rhizopus stolonifer
Rhizopus on strawberries
Tomato BlightTomato Blight
31. Called chytridschytrids
Produce motilemotile
sporesspores
Mostly saprobessaprobes
and parasitesparasites in
aquatic habitats
Biodegrade andBiodegrade and
recyclerecycle nutrients
Chytrid that attacks PotatoesChytrid that attacks Potatoes
32. MYCORRHIZASMYCORRHIZAS
Fungus associated with plantassociated with plant
rootsroots
MutualismMutualism between:
FungusFungus (nutrient & water
uptake for plant)
PlantPlant (carbohydrate for
fungus)
Several kindskinds:
Zygomycota – hyphae invade
root cells
Ascomycota & Basidiomycota –
hyphae invade root but don’t
penetrate cells
Extremely important ecologicallyExtremely important ecologically 3232
33. Called Sac fungiSac fungi
Includes Cup fungi, morels,Cup fungi, morels,
truffles, yeasts,truffles, yeasts, and mildewmildew
May be plant parasites (Dutch(Dutch
elm disease and Chestnut blight)elm disease and Chestnut blight)
Reproduce sexually & asexually
AscusAscus - sac that makes
ascosporesascospores in sexual reproduction
Specialized hyphae known as
AscocarpsAscocarps contain the asci
34. TrufflesTruffles and morelsmorels are good
examples of edible
ascomycetes
Penicillium moldPenicillium mold makes the
antibiotic penicillin.
Some ascomycetes also gives
flavor toflavor to certain cheeses.cheeses.
Saccharomyces cerevesiaeSaccharomyces cerevesiae
(yeast) is used to make bread
rise and to ferment beer &
wine.
35. LICHENSLICHENS
Mutualism between:
FungusFungus (structure)
Algae or cyanobacteriaAlgae or cyanobacteria
(provides food)
Form a thallus (body)
FolioseFoliose
FruticoseFruticose
CrustoseCrustose
37. LICHENS AS BIOMONITORSLICHENS AS BIOMONITORS
Thalli act like spongesact like sponges
Some species more sensitivesensitive than
others to pollutantsto pollutants
Which species are present can
indicate air qualityair quality
Most resistant species can also be
analyzed for pollutantspollutants
3737
38. Ecosystems depend on fungi as decomposers and symbionts:
decompose food, wood and even plastics!
Some fungi are pathogens e.g. athlete’s foot, ringworm etc.:
Plants particularly susceptible (e.g. Dutch elm disease)
Ergot - affects cereal crops: causes gangrene,
hallucinations and “St. Anthony’s fire”
Many animals, including humans, eat fungi:
In US, mushroom consumption restricted to Agaricus
We eat a range of cultivated and wild mushrooms
Truffles are underground ascocarps of mycelia that are
mycorrhizal on tree roots
Most enzyme release (and absorption) at tips
Proteins and other materials synthesized by the entire mycelium are channeled by cytoplasmic streaming to the tips of the extending hyphae.
Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually.
The output of spores from one reproductive structure is enormous, with the number reaching into the trillions.
Dispersed widely by wind or water, spores germinate to produce mycelia if they land in a moist place where there is food.
Fungal mycelia can be huge, but they usually escape notice because they are subterranean.
One giant individual of Armillaria ostoyae in Oregon is 3.4 miles in diameter and covers 2,200 acres of forest,
It is at least 2,400 years old, and weighs hundreds of tons.
(Actually noone has seen this of this extent – but cultures have been taken from soil over that area and all isolates have been found to be the same individual)
Ten cubic centimeters of rich organic soil may have fungal hyphae with a surface area of over 300 cm2
fungi absorb nutrients from nonliving organisms.
Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts. Saprobic
Some parasitic fungi, including some that infect humans and plants, are pathogenic.
Mutualistic fungi also absorb nutrients from a host organism, but they reciprocate with functions that benefit their partner in some way
Asexual spores conidia
Ecologically important on wood as decomposers and parasites
Half the mushrooms form mycorrhizas
Most of the 600 zygomycote, or zygote fungi, are terrestrial, living in soil or on decaying plant and animal material.
Asexual reproduction in sporangia
One zygomycote group form mycorrhizas, mutualistic associations with the roots of plants.
Classified in CMR as true fungi (because of their molecular relationships)
Remainder of the phyla are almost exclusively terrestrial (a few molds on wet plant material)
Half of the mushroom-forming fungi (basidiomycota) form mycorrhizas with trees
Some people think that the spongy tissue in roots evolved as a place where fungi could invade to form early links with plants that helped them survive the harsh life on early earth
Mycologists have described over 60,000 species of ascomycetes, or sac fungi.
Ascomycota tend to grow from spore to spore in one year and relate well to living plant tissues
There is diverse form in the growth and fruiting structures – yeasts to morels, many intermediate (and small)
Asexual reproduction by conidia (externally produced, not in sporangia)
Half of the Ascomycota form lichens (evolved 8 or more times in different orders) but not all lichens are Ascomycotes
Thallus is a plant-like body that doesn’t have roots, stems or leaves
Thallus doesn’t look like either partner
Dual nature of thalli was not fully understood until early 1900’s
Fungus gives the name to the lichen (by agreement)
Fungus usually, but not always, an Ascomycote (in 8+ independent orders)
Algae green. If bluegreen bacteria present, lichens fix nitrogen (turn atmospheric nitrogen into amino acid nitrogen in proteins)
The nature of lichen symbiosis is may also be described as mutual exploitation instead of mutual benefit.
Lichens live in environments where neither fungi nor algae could live alone.
While the fungi do not grow alone in the wild, some (but not all) lichen algae occur as free-living organisms.
If cultured separately, the fungi do not produce lichen compounds and the algae do not “leak” carbohydrate from their cells.
In some lichens, the fungus invades algal cells with haustoria and kills some of them, but not as fast as the algae replenish its numbers by reproduction.
Lobaria oregana prefers old-growth conifer canopies in forests with clean air.
Analysis for sulfur and heavy metals in resistant species shows levels relative to levels in the environment
