The document defines learning targets and their components. Learning targets are statements that describe what students should know and be able to do by the end of a unit of instruction. They include educational goals, which are general statements, and educational objectives, which are more specific statements of expected student performance. Highly precise performance objectives have four elements - performance, condition, criterion, and audience. The document also describes different types of learning targets, including knowledge, reasoning, skills, products, and dispositions. Finally, it outlines some common sources used to develop learning targets, such as Bloom's Taxonomy, professional experience, textbooks, and existing objective lists.

1. LEARNING TARGETS
Chapter 2

2. TARGET
Aim
Objective
Goal

3.  a statement of student performance that
includes both a description of what students
should know, understand, and be able to do
at the end of a unit of instruction
 something that can be observed through
the behavior of students
Learning Target

4.  Educational Goal
- a very general statement of what students
will know and be able to know
- typically written to cover a smaller block of
instructional time, such as an instructional unit
Learning Targets

5.  Educational Objective
- specific statements of student performance
that should be demonstrated at the end of the
instructional unit
- typically written to cover a smaller block of
instructional time, such as an instructional unit
Learning Targets

6. Elements of Highly Precise Performance
Objectives:
1. Performance
2. Criterion
3. Condition
4. Audience
Learning Targets

7.  Performance
a description of the behavior that
learners are expected to perform
describes what the learner will be doing
when demonstrating mastery of an
objective
Learning Targets

8.  Performance
Poor Examples:
• Be able to understand mathematics.
• Develop an appreciation of music.
• Be able to know the concept of diffusion.
• Be able to familiarize indefinite pronouns.
Learning Targets

9.  Performance
Good Examples:
• Be able to dance tinikling.
• Be able to interview licensed teachers.
• Be able to paint a picture of a mountain.
• Be able to write an application letter.
Learning Targets

10.  Condition
a description of the circumstances under
which the performance will be carried out
includes a description of what will be
available to learners when they perform
the desired behavior
Learning Targets

11.  Condition
Examples:
• Using a metric ruler...
• Given a set of whole numbers...
• Without the aid of class notes...
• Using only a screwdriver...
• Given a list of chemical elements...
Learning Targets

12.  Criterion
a description of the criteria for
acceptance of a performance as
sufficient, indicating mastery of the
objective
emphasizes time limits, accuracy, and
quality
Learning Targets

13. Objectives with the four components:
• Given the topic of the development of an
embryo, the BioSci students will be able to
write a short essay in no more than 30
sentences within 30 minutes.
• With the use of the different dried plants
collection, the 3rd year PhySci students will be
able to design a mini herbarium exhibit with
100% accuracy in no more than three hours.
Performance Objectives

14. Objectives with the four components:
• Provided with a list of trigonometric
functions, the students will be able to
prove identities within 30 minutes with at
least 90% accuracy.
Performance Objectives

15. Components of Learning
Targets
CONTENT
What Students should
Know, Understand, and
Be Able to Do
CRITERIA
Dimensions of Student
Performance Used for
Judging Attainment
LEARNING
TARGETS

16. 1. Knowledge
2. Reasoning
3. Skills
4. Products
5. Dispositions
Types of Learning Targets

17. Knowledge
 refers to the facts and concepts we want
students to know
 includes mastery of facts and information,
typically through recall
Types of Learning Targets

18. Knowledge
Content Standard Key Words
 explain, understand, describe, identify, tell,
name, list, define, label, match, choose, recall,
recognize, select, know
Types of Learning Targets

19. Knowledge
Examples:
 Recognizes and describes patterns of human
behaviour.
 Understands long-term physiological benefits
of regular participation in physical activity.
 Knows that energy can be transformed
between various forms.
Types of Learning Targets

20. Reasoning
 Students use what they know to reason and
solve problem
 includes problem solving, critical thinking,
synthesis, comparing, higher order thinking
skills, and judgment
Types of Learning Targets

21. Reasoning
Content Standard Key Words
 Evaluate, judge, discriminate, modify, organize,
formulate, hypothesize
Examples
 Analyses fitness assessments to set personal
fitness goals, strategizes ways to reach goals,
evaluates activities
 Examines data/results and proposes
meaningful interpretation
Types of Learning Targets

22. Skills
 Students use their knowledge and reasoning to
act skillfully
 involves something that a student must
demonstrate in a way other than answering
questions
Types of Learning Targets

23. Skills
Content Standard Key Words
 observe, focus attention, listen, perform, do,
question, conduct, work, read, speak, assemble,
operate, use, demonstrate, measure,
investigate, model, collect, dramatize, explore
Types of Learning Targets

24. Skills
Examples
 Measures length in metric and US units
 Reads aloud with fluency and expression
 Dribbles to keep the ball away from an
opponent
 Participates in civic discussion with the aim of
solving current problems
 Uses simple equipment and tools to gather
data
Types of Learning Targets

25. Product
 Students use their knowledge, reasoning, and
skills to create a concrete product
 includes a sample of student work (i.e. paper,
report, artwork, or other project) that
demonstrates the ability knowledge,
understanding, reasoning, and skills
Types of Learning Targets

26. Product
Content Standard Key Words
 design, produce, create, develop, make, write,
draw, represent, display, model, construct
Types of Learning Targets

27. Product
Examples
 Constructs bar graphs
 Develops a personal health-related fitness plan
 Constructs physical models of familiar objects
 Creates a scripted scene based on improvised
work
Types of Learning Targets

28. Dispositions
 Students’ attitudes about school and learning
 includes attitudes, values, interests, feelings,
and beliefs
Types of Learning Targets

29. 1. Bloom’s Taxonomy of Objectives
2. Professional Preparation
3. Textbooks
4. Existing Lists of Objectives
Sources of Learning Targets
and Standards

30. Bloom’s Taxonomy of Objectives
 Consists of 3 domains:
1. Cognitive
2. Affective
3. Psychomotor
Sources of Learning Targets
and Standards

31. Professional Preparation
 As you master each discipline you will be able
to identify what is most important for learning
 The more you understand, the better the
assessments
Sources of Learning Targets
and Standards

32. Textbooks
 Most textbooks are accompanied by an
instructor’s guide or a teacher’s edition
 Textbook objectives are neither the only nor
the best source for your learning targets
Sources of Learning Targets
and Standards

33. Existing List of Objectives
 A number of sources can be used to locate
these lists
 Yearbooks and handbooks in different
disciplines sometimes contain objectives
Sources of Learning Targets
and Standards