ppt about parts and functions of the nervous system

2. Students collaboratively review key terms by building a
"chain" of explanations on the board. One student starts
by defining a term, then connects it to another term on
the board, explaining the relationship. This chain
continues with other students adding their explanations
until all terms are connected. Finally, the class reviews
the chain, clarifying any unclear connections and
reinforcing their understanding of the reviewed topic.

3. Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Motor Neurons
Somatic
Nervous System
CNS
Sensory
Neurons
PNS
Autonomic
Nervous System
Parasympathetic
Division
Brainstem
Sympathetic
Division
Spinal Nerves Cranial Nerves Cerebrum Cerebellum

4. The nervous system transmits signals
between the brain and the rest of the
body, including internal organs. In this
way, the nervous system’s activity
controls the ability to move, breathe, see,
think, and more.

5. • The CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM is made up of the brain
and spinal cord.
• The PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM is made up of nerves
that branch off from the spinal
cord and extend to all parts of
the body.

7. The basic unit of the nervous system is a
nerve cell, or neuron. The human brain
contains about 100 billion neurons. A
neuron has a cell body, which includes
the cell nucleus, and special extensions
called axons (pronounced AK-sonz) and
dendrites (pronounced DEN-drahytz).
Bundles of axons, called nerves, are found
throughout the body. Axons and
dendrites allow neurons to communicate,
even across long distances.

8. How do we
transfer
information?

9. The CNS includes the brain and spinal
cord along with various centers that
integrate all the sensory and motor
information in the body. These centers
can be broadly subdivided into lower
centers, including the spinal cord and
brain stem, that carry out essential
body and organ-control functions and
higher centers within the brain that
control more sophisticated information
processing, including our thoughts and
perceptions.
Prefrontal
Cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala

10. The brain is the most complex organ in
the human body. It is responsible for:
Thought
Learning
Memory
Movement
Sensation
Regulation of many body functions
such as breathing, heart rate, and
digestion.
Prefrontal
Cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala

11. The forebrain: This is the
largest part of the brain and is
responsible for higher-order
functions such as thinking,
planning, and problem-
solving. It also contains the
motor cortex, which controls
movement, and the sensory
cortex, which receives sensory
information from the body.
Prefrontal
Cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala

12. The midbrain: This part of the
brain is responsible for
relaying messages between
the forebrain and the
hindbrain. It also controls
some basic functions such as
sleep and wakefulness. Prefrontal
Cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala

13. The hindbrain: This part of the
brain is responsible for
controlling many of the body's
essential functions, such as
breathing, heart rate, and
digestion. It also contains the
cerebellum, which
coordinates movement, and
the medulla oblongata, which
controls basic functions such
as breathing and heart rate.
Prefrontal
Cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala

15. The spinal cord is a long, thin
bundle of nerves that runs
down the back from the base
of the brain to the lower back.
It carries messages between
the brain and the rest of the
body. The spinal cord also
contains reflexes, which are
automatic responses to
stimuli.

16. The central nervous system is
protected by the bones of the
skull and spine, and the
meninges, which are three
layers of membrane that
surround the brain and spinal
cord. The cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) is a clear, colorless liquid
that fills the spaces between
the meninges and cushions
the brain and spinal cord.

17. "The Master Gland"
The hypothalamus, a small but
critical region located deep
within the brain, acts as the
body's central control center,
regulating various vital
functions.

18. Maintaining homeostasis:
Thermoregulation: The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating body
temperature. It monitors internal and external temperatures and triggers
responses like sweating, shivering, or blood vessel dilation to maintain a
constant body temperature.
Hunger and thirst: It regulates hunger and thirst by monitoring blood sugar
levels and blood volume. When these levels drop, the hypothalamus
stimulates the release of hormones like ghrelin (hunger) and vasopressin
(thirst) to promote food and water intake.
Sleep-wake cycle: The hypothalamus controls the sleep-wake cycle by
producing and releasing melatonin, a hormone that promotes sleepiness. It
also regulates the release of cortisol, a hormone associated with alertness and
wakefulness.

19. Hormonal control:
Pituitary gland connection: The hypothalamus serves as a key link between
the nervous system and the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary
gland. It produces releasing hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to
release various hormones, impacting functions like growth, reproduction, and
stress response.
Hormone production: The hypothalamus itself also directly produces some
hormones, including oxytocin (associated with childbirth, bonding, and social
interaction) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which regulates water balance
by influencing kidney function.

20. The amygdala participates in the
regulation of autonomic and
endocrine functions, decision-
making and adaptations of
instinctive and motivational
behaviors to changes in the
environment through implicit
associative learning, changes in
short- and long-term synaptic
plasticity, and activation of the
fight-or-flight

21. The PNS is a vast network of nerves consisting of bundles of axons
that link the body to the brain and the spinal cord. Sensory nerves
of the PNS contain sensory receptors that detect changes in the
internal and external environment. This information is sent to the
CNS via afferent sensory nerves. Following information processing
in the CNS, signals are relayed back to the PNS by way of efferent
peripheral nerves.

22. The PNS is further subdivided into the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
and the somatic nervous system. The autonomic system has
involuntary control of internal organs, blood vessels, and smooth and
cardiac muscles. The somatic system has voluntary control of our
movements via skeletal muscle.
As mentioned, the autonomic nervous system acts as a control system
and most functions occur without conscious thought. The ANS affects
heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupil
diameter, urination, and sexual arousal. While most of its actions are
involuntary, some, such as breathing, work in tandem with the
conscious mind. The ANS is classically divided into two subsystems: the
parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) and sympathetic nervous
system (SNS).

26. Sensation
It refers to the process of
receiving information about
the environment “stimuli” to
gain input about what is
happening in and out of the
body. Ms. Edalyn B. Cupo
Explain
(Deepening
understanding)

27. The sensory functions of the nervous system register the
presence of a change from homeostasis or a particular
event in the environment, known as a stimulus.
The senses we think of most are the “big five”:
taste, smell, touch, sight, and hearing.

28. Integration
Stimuli that are received by
sensory structures are
communicated to the nervous
system where that
information is processed.
Ms. Edalyn B. Cupo
Explain
(Deepening
understanding)

29. Stimuli are compared
with, or integrated with,
other stimuli, memories of
previous stimuli, or the
state of a person at a
particular time.
This leads to the specific
response that will be
generated.

30. Response
The nervous system produces a response on
the basis of the stimuli perceived by sensory
structures.
Ms. Edalyn B. Cupo
Explain
(Deepening
understanding)

31. Stimuli are compared
with, or integrated with,
other stimuli, memories of
previous stimuli, or the
state of a person at a
particular time.
This leads to the specific
response that will be
generated.

33. A. Feeling and expressing emotions
B. Making important decisions and thinking smartly
C. Remembering where you put your things

34. A. Feeling and expressing emotions
B. Making important decisions and thinking smartly
C. Remembering where you put your things

35. A. It helps you remember your favorite songs and movies
B. It allows you to adapt and learn new things as you grow
C. It controls your taste buds, so you enjoy different foods

36. A. It helps you remember your favorite songs and movies
B. It allows you to adapt and learn new things as you grow
C. It controls your taste buds, so you enjoy different foods

37. The amygdala is an almond-
shaped brain structure in the
temporal lobe. It deals with
emotions, especially fear, and is
vital for memory and motivation
as part of the limbic system.
Amygdala

38. "The Guard Dog"
Significance: The amygdala acts like a
guard dog, always vigilant and alert to
potential threats. Like a guard dog
reacts quickly to protect its territory, the
amygdala is responsible for processing
emotions, particularly fear and strong
emotions. It helps us respond to
dangerous or emotional situations,
ensuring our safety and well-being

39. A. Remembering facts for a test
B. Controlling your body movements
C.Dealing with strong emotions, like fear and excitement

40. A. Remembering facts for a test
B. Controlling your body movements
C.Dealing with strong emotions, like fear and excitement

41. A. A friendly puppy that makes you happy.
B. A wise owl that helps you make decisions.
C. A guard dog that protects you from danger.

42. A. A friendly puppy that makes you happy.
B. A wise owl that helps you make decisions.
C. A guard dog that protects you from danger.

43. The hippocampus is seahorse-shaped in
the brain's temporal lobes. It's crucial for
learning, memory, and converting short-
term to long-term memories.
Hippocampus

44. "The Memory Elephant"
Significance: The hippocampus is like a memory
elephant because it's crucial for learning and
memory. Just like how elephants have an
excellent memory and can remember locations
and experiences for a long time, the hippocampus
helps us form and consolidate long-term
memories. It acts as our brain's memory center,
converting short-term memories into long-term
memories and assisting with spatial navigation,
much like how elephants remember vast
territories and navigate through them.

45. A. It keeps your heart beating and your lungs breathing.
B. It helps you find your way around your neighborhood.
C. It lets you learn new things and remember them for the future.

46. A. It keeps your heart beating and your lungs breathing.
B. It helps you find your way around your neighborhood.
C. It lets you learn new things and remember them for the future.

47. These three brain parts work together like a team. The amygdala tells the PFC when
we feel strong emotions, and then the PFC decides how to respond. The
hippocampus helps us remember how we felt and what happened, so we can learn
from our experiences. When we learn something new, the PFC and hippocampus
work together to store it in our memory.

48. Sometimes, the amygdala might react too strongly, making us feel scared or
anxious even when there's no real danger. But the PFC can step in and calm down
the amygdala, reminding us that everything is okay. On the other hand, when we
face challenges, the PFC and hippocampus work hard to help us find the best
solutions and remember what we've learned.