The document discusses different types of two-sample hypothesis tests, including tests comparing two population means of independent samples, two population proportions, and paired or dependent samples. It provides examples and step-by-step explanations of how to conduct two-sample t-tests, z-tests, and tests of proportions. Key points covered include determining the appropriate test statistic based on sample size and characteristics, stating the null and alternative hypotheses, test criteria, and decisions rules.
Decision theory as the name would imply is concerned with the process of making decisions. The extension to statistical decision theory includes decision making in the presence of statistical knowledge which provides some information where there is uncertainty. The elements of decision theory are quite logical and even perhaps intuitive. The classical approach to decision theory facilitates the use of sample information in making inferences about the unknown quantities. Other relevant information includes that of the possible consequences which is quantified by loss and the prior information which arises from statistical investigation. The use of Bayesian analysis in statistical decision theory is natural. Their unification provides a foundational framework for building and solving decision problems. The basic ideas of decision theory and of decision theoretic methods lend themselves to a variety of applications and computational and analytic advances.
Decision theory as the name would imply is concerned with the process of making decisions. The extension to statistical decision theory includes decision making in the presence of statistical knowledge which provides some information where there is uncertainty. The elements of decision theory are quite logical and even perhaps intuitive. The classical approach to decision theory facilitates the use of sample information in making inferences about the unknown quantities. Other relevant information includes that of the possible consequences which is quantified by loss and the prior information which arises from statistical investigation. The use of Bayesian analysis in statistical decision theory is natural. Their unification provides a foundational framework for building and solving decision problems. The basic ideas of decision theory and of decision theoretic methods lend themselves to a variety of applications and computational and analytic advances.
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Chapter 9: Inferences from Two Samples
9.2: Two Means, Independent Samples
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Chapter 9: Inferences from Two Samples
9.1: Inferences about Two Proportions
Solution to the practice test ch 10 correlation reg ch 11 gof ch12 anovaLong Beach City College
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Elementary Statistics Practice Test 5
Module 5
Chapter 10: Correlation and Regression
Chapter 11: Goodness of Fit and Contingency Tables
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance
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Chapter 9: Inferences from Two Samples
9.2: Two Means, Independent Samples
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Chapter 9: Inferences from Two Samples
9.1: Inferences about Two Proportions
Solution to the practice test ch 10 correlation reg ch 11 gof ch12 anovaLong Beach City College
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Elementary Statistics Practice Test 5
Module 5
Chapter 10: Correlation and Regression
Chapter 11: Goodness of Fit and Contingency Tables
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance
The following calendar-year information is taken from the December.docxcherry686017
The following calendar-year information is taken from the December 31, 2011, adjusted trial balance and other records of Azalea Company.
1. Each team member is to be responsible for computing one of the following amounts. You are not to duplicate your teammates' work. Get any necessary amounts from teammates. Each member is to explain the computation to the team in preparation for reporting to class.
a. Materials used.
b. Factory overhead.
c. Total manufacturing costs.
d. Total cost of goods in process.
e. Cost of goods manufactured.
2. Check your cost of goods manufactured with the instructor. If it is correct, proceed to part (3).
3. Each team member is to be responsible for computing one of the following amounts. You are not to duplicate your teammates' work. Get any necessary amounts from teammates. Each member is to explain the computation to the team in preparation for reporting to class.
a. Net sales.
b. Cost of goods sold.
c. Gross profit.
d. Total operating expenses.
e. Net income or loss before taxes.
CALCULATE T TEST
Calculate the “t” value for independent groups for the following data using the formula provided in the attached word document. Using the raw measurement data presented, determine whether or not there exists a statistically significant difference between the salaries of female and male human resource managers using the appropriate t-test. Develop a testable hypothesis, confidence level, and degrees of freedom. Report the required “t” critical values based on the degrees of freedom. Show calculations.
Answer
The null hypothesis tested is
H0: There is no significant difference between the average salaries of female and male human resource managers. (µ1= µ2)
The alternative hypothesis is
H1: There is significant difference between the average salaries of female and male human resource managers. (µ1≠ µ2)
The test statistic used is
12
12
2
~
NN
DM
MM
tt
S
+-
-
=
Where
22
1122
1212
(1)(1)
11
2
DM
NsNs
S
NNNN
éùéù
-+-
=+
êúêú
+-
ëûëû
Here M1 = 62,200, M2 = 63,700
s1 = 9330.95, s2 = 6912.95
N1 = 10, N2 = 10 (See the excel sheet)
Then,
(
)
(
)
22
(101)9330.95(101)6912.95
11
101021010
DM
S
éù
-+-
éù
=+
êú
êú
+-
ëû
êú
ëû
= 3672.267768
Therefore test statistic,
62,20063,700
3672.267768
t
-
=
= -0.408466946
Degrees of freedom = N1 + N2 – 2 = 10 + 10 – 2 = 18
Let the significance level be 0.05.
Rejection criteria: Reject the null hypothesis, if the calculated value of t is greater than the critical value of t at 0.05 significance level.
The critical values can be obtained from the student’s t tables with 18 d.f. at 0.05 significance level.
Upper critical value = 2.1
Lower critical value = -2.1
0
.
4
0
.
3
0
.
2
0
.
1
0
.
0
X
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
-
2
.
1
0
0
.
0
2
5
2
.
1
0
0
.
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i
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8
Conclusion: Fails to reject the null hypothesis. The sample does not provide enough evidence to support the claim that there is significant difference ...
Hypothesis, Types of errors - Parametric and Non-Parametric tests - Critical ...Sundar B N
Hypothesis concept
Hypothesis Example
Hypothesis meaning
Hypothesis definition
Hypothesis formulation
Hypothesis types
Critical regions
One tailed test
Two tailed test
Types of errors
Type I error
Type II error
Parametric statistical test
Parametric statistical types
Non parametric statistical
Meaning
types
Difference
TitleABC123 Version X1Week 4 Practice Worksheet.docxedwardmarivel
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Week 4 Practice Worksheet
PSY/315 Version 6
1
University of Phoenix MaterialWeek 4 Practice Worksheet
Prepare a written response to the following questions.
Chapters 9 &11
1. Two boats, the Prada (Italy) and the Oracle (USA), are competing for a spot in the upcoming America’s Cup race. They race over a part of the course several times. The sample times in minutes for the Prada were: 12.9, 12.5, 11.0, 13.3, 11.2, 11.4, 11.6, 12.3, 14.2, and 11.3. The sample times in minutes for the Oracle were: 14.1, 14.1, 14.2, 17.4, 15.8, 16.7, 16.1, 13.3, 13.4, 13.6, 10.8, and 19.0. For data analysis, the appropriate test is the t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances.
The next table shows the results of this independent t-test. At the .05 significance level, can we conclude that there is a difference in their mean times? Explain these results to a person who knows about the t test for a single sample but is unfamiliar with the t test for independent means.
Hypothesis Test: Independent Groups (t-test, unequal variance)
Prada
Oracle
12.170
14.875
mean
1.056
2.208
std. dev.
10
12
n
16
df
-2.7050
difference (Prada - Oracle)
0.7196
standard error of difference
0
hypothesized difference
-3.76
t
.0017
p-value (two-tailed)
-4.2304
confidence interval 95.% lower
-1.1796
confidence interval 95.% upper
1.5254
margin of error
2. The Willow Run Outlet Mall has two Haggar Outlet Stores, one located on Peach Street and the other on Plum Street. The two stores are laid out differently, but both store managers claim their layout maximizes the amounts customers will purchase on impulse. A sample of ten customers at the Peach Street store revealed they spent the following amounts more than planned: $17.58, $19.73, $12.61, $17.79, $16.22, $15.82, $15.40, $15.86, $11.82, $15.85. A sample of fourteen customers at the Plum Street store revealed they spent the following amounts more than they planned when they entered the store: $18.19, $20.22, $17.38, $17.96, $23.92, $15.87, $16.47, $15.96, $16.79, $16.74, $21.40, $20.57, $19.79, $14.83. For Data Analysis, a t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances was used.
At the .01 significance level is there a difference in the mean amount purchased on an impulse at the two stores? Explain these results to a person who knows about the t test for a single sample but is unfamiliar with the t test for independent means.
Hypothesis Test: Independent Groups (t-test, unequal variance)
Peach Street
Plum Street
15.8680
18.2921
mean
2.3306
2.5527
std. dev.
10
14
n
20
df
-2.42414
difference (Peach Street - Plum Street)
1.00431
standard error of difference
0
hypothesized difference
-2.41
t
.0255
p-value (two-tailed)
-5.28173
confidence interval 99.% lower
0.43345
confidence interval 99.% upper
2.85759
margin o ...
Module 05 – Hypothesis Tests Using Two SamplesClass ObjectivesIlonaThornburg83
Module 05 –
Hypothesis Tests Using Two Samples
Class Objectives:
· Identify whether two samples are independent or dependent.
· Compare the testing procedures for two sample tests.
· Test hypothesis about two population parameters.
Module 05 - Part 1
Last week we took one sample to see if it supported our alternative hypothesis. This week we are going to increase to TWO samples and see if there is a significant difference between them.
When would we use this?
· Two samples are __________________________________ if the sample values from one population are not related to or somehow naturally paired or matched with the sample values from the other population.
· Example:
· Two samples are _____________________________ (or consist of ______________________________________) if the sample values are somehow matched, where the matching is based on some inherent relationship.
· Example:
Hint: If the two samples have different sample sizes with no missing data, they must be independent. If the two samples have the same sample size, the samples may or may not be independent.
Put the variables in for each population in the table below.
Population 1
Population 2
Population Mean
Population Standard Deviation
Population Proportion
Sample Size
Sample Mean
Sample Standard Deviation
Sample Proportion
Note: We are going to approach the problem as if are unknown. This is the most common and means that we will be using the t test statistic.
· The test statistic is given by the formula below:
where we assume .
To calculate the degrees of freedom, pick the _______________________ n value and subtract 1.
We will be doing the same steps as before to test the hypothesis (either critical value or p-value test). There are just different formulas.
· The null hypothesis is given as _____________________________.
· The alternative hypothesis will be either ____________________________, ___________________________, or _____________________________.
Example 1. Data Set 26 “Cola Weights and Volumes” in Appendix B includes weights (lb) of the contents of cans of Diet Coke (n = 36, x = 0.78479 lb, s = 0.00439 lb) and of the contents of cans of regular Coke (n = 36, x = 0.81682 lb, s = 0.00751 lb). Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the contents of cans of Diet Coke have weights with a mean that is less than the mean for regular Coke.
Example 2. Researchers from the University of British Columbia conducted trials to investigate the effects of color on creativity. Subjects with a red background were asked to think of creative uses for a brick; other subjects with a blue background were given the same task. Responses were scored by a panel of judges and results from scores of creativity are given below. Higher scores correspond to more creativity. The researchers make the claim that “blue enhances performance on a creative task.” Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that blue enhances perform ...
Question 1 1. Assume that the data has a normal distribution .docxIRESH3
Question 1
1.
Assume that the data has a normal distribution and the number of observations is greater than fifty. Find the critical z value used to test a null hypothesis. = 0.09 for a right-tailed test.
Answer
±1.96
1.34
±1.34
1.96
5 points
Question 2
1.
Find the value of the test statistic z using z = The claim is that the proportion of drowning deaths of children attributable to beaches is more than 0.25, and the sample statistics include n = 681 drowning deaths of children with 30% of them attributable to beaches.
Answer
3.01
2.85
-2.85
-3.01
5 points
Question 3
1.
Use the given information to find the P-value. Also, use a 0.05 significance level and state the conclusion about the null hypothesis (reject the null hypothesis or fail to reject the null hypothesis). The test statistic in a left-tailed test is z = -1.83.
Answer
0.0672; reject the null hypothesis
0.0336; reject the null hypothesis
0.9664; fail to reject the null hypothesis
0.0672; fail to reject the null hypothesis
5 points
Question 4
1.
Use the given information to find the P-value. Also, use a 0.05 significance level and state the conclusion about the null hypothesis (reject the null hypothesis or fail to reject the null hypothesis). With H1: p < 3/5, the test statistic is z = -1.68.
Answer
0.093; fail to reject the null hypothesis
0.0465; fail to reject the null hypothesis
0.0465; reject the null hypothesis
0.9535; fail to reject the null hypothesis
5 points
Question 5
1.
Formulate the indicated conclusion in nontechnical terms. Be sure to address the original claim. The owner of a football team claims that the average attendance at games is over 694, and he is therefore justified in moving the team to a city with a larger stadium. Assuming that a hypothesis test of the claim has been conducted and that the conclusion is failure to reject the null hypothesis, state the conclusion in nontechnical terms.
Answer
There is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean attendance is less than 694.
There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean attendance is greater than 694.
There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean attendance is less than 694.
There is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean attendance is greater than 694.
5 points
Question 6
1.
Assume that a hypothesis test of the given claim will be conducted. Identify the type I or type II error for the test. A consumer advocacy group claims that the mean mileage for the Carter Motor Company's new sedan is less than 32 miles per gallon. Identify the type I error for the test.
Answer
Fail to reject the claim that the mean is equal to 32 miles per gallon when it is actually greater than 32 miles per gallon.
Reject the claim that the mean is equal to 32 miles per gallon when it is actually less than 32 miles per gallon.
Reject the claim that the mean is equal to 32 miles per ...
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. 2
GOALS
1. Conduct a test of a hypothesis about the
difference between two independent
population means.
2. Conduct a test of a hypothesis about the
difference between two population proportions.
3. Conduct a test of a hypothesis about the mean
difference between paired or dependent
observations.
4. Understand the difference between dependent
and independent samples.
3. 3
Comparing two populations – Some
Examples
1. Is there a difference in the mean value of
residential real estate sold by male agents
and female agents in south Florida?
2. Is there a difference in the mean number of
defects produced on the day and the
afternoon shifts at Kimble Products?
3. Is there a difference in the mean number of
days absent between young workers (under
21 years of age) and older workers (more than
60 years of age) in the fast-food industry?
4. 4
Comparing two populations – Some
Examples (continued)
4. Is there is a difference in the proportion of
Ohio State University graduates and
University of Cincinnati graduates who
pass the state Certified Public Accountant
Examination on their first attempt?
5. Is there an increase in the production rate
if music is piped into the production area?
5. 5
Comparing Two Population Means of
Independent Samples
The samples are from independent populations.
The standard deviations for both populations are known
The formula for computing the value of z is:
Note: The z-test above may also be used if the sample sizes are
both at least 30 even when the population standard deviations
are not known
2
2
2
1
2
1
21
nn
XX
z
σσ
+
−
=
6. 6
Comparing Two Population Means of
Independent Samples – Example
The U-Scan facility was recently
installed at the Byrne Road Food-Town
location. The store manager would like
to know if the mean checkout time
using the standard checkout method is
longer than using the U-Scan. She
gathered the following sample
information. The time is measured
from when the customer enters the line
until their bags are in the cart. Hence
the time includes both waiting in line
and checking out.
7. 7
EXAMPLE continued
Step 1: State the null and alternate hypotheses.
H0: µS ≤ µU
H1: µS > µU
Step 2: State the level of significance.
Test using .01 significance level.
Step 3: Find the appropriate test statistic.
Because both population standard deviations are given (or both
samples are more than 30), we use z-distribution as the test
statistic.
9. 9
Example continued
Step 5: Compute the value of z and make a decision
13.3
064.0
2.0
100
30.0
50
40.0
3.55.5
22
22
==
+
−
=
+
−
=
u
u
s
s
us
nn
XX
z
σσ
The computed value of 3.13 is larger than the
critical value of 2.33. Our decision is to reject the
null hypothesis. The difference of .20 minutes
between the mean checkout time using the
standard method is too large to have occurred by
chance. We conclude the U-Scan method is
faster.
10. 10
Two-Sample Tests about Proportions
Here are several examples.
The vice president of human resources wishes to know whether
there is a difference in the proportion of hourly employees who
miss more than 5 days of work per year at the Atlanta and the
Houston plants.
General Motors is considering a new design for the Pontiac
Grand Am. The design is shown to a group of potential buyers
under 30 years of age and another group over 60 years of age.
Pontiac wishes to know whether there is a difference in the
proportion of the two groups who like the new design.
A consultant to the airline industry is investigating the fear of
flying among adults. Specifically, the company wishes to know
whether there is a difference in the proportion of men versus
women who are fearful of flying.
11. 11
Two Sample Tests of Proportions
We investigate whether two samples came from
populations with an equal proportion of successes.
The two samples are pooled using the following
formula.
12. 12
Two Sample Tests of Proportions
continued
The value of the test statistic is computed from
the following formula.
13. 13
Manelli Perfume Company recently developed a new
fragrance that it plans to market under the name Heavenly. A
number of market studies indicate that Heavenly has very
good market potential. The Sales Department at Manelli is
particularly interested in whether there is a difference in the
proportions of younger and older women who would purchase
Heavenly if it were marketed.
Two independent populations, a population consisting of the
younger women and a population consisting of the older
women, were surveyed. Each sampled woman was asked to
smell Heavenly and indicate whether she likes the fragrance
well enough to purchase a bottle. Of 100 young women, 19
liked the Heavenly fragrance well enough to purchase
Similarly, a sample of 200 older women, 62 liked the
fragrance well enough to make a purchase.
Two Sample Tests of Proportions -
Example
14. 14
Step 1: State the null and alternate hypotheses.
H0: π1 = π2
H1: π1 ≠ π2
note: keyword “there is a difference in the proportion”
We designate π1 as the proportion of young women who would purchase
Heavenly and π2 as the proportion of older women who would purchase
Step 2: State the level of significance.
The .05 significance level is chosen.
Step 3: Find the appropriate test statistic.
We will use the z-distribution
Two Sample Tests of Proportions -
Example
15. 15
Step 4: State the decision rule.
Reject H0 if Z > Zα/2 or Z < - Zα/2
Z > 1.96 or Z < -1.96
Two Sample Tests of Proportions -
Example
16. 16
Step 5: Compute the value of z and make a decision
The computed value of -2.21 is in the area of rejection. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected at the .05 significance level. To put it another way, we reject the null hypothesis
that the proportion of young women who would purchase Heavenly is equal to the
proportion of older women who would purchase Heavenly.
Two Sample Tests of Proportions -
Example
18. 18
Comparing Population Means with Unknown
Population Standard Deviations (the Pooled t-test)
The t distribution is used as the test statistic if one
or more of the samples have less than 30
observations. The required assumptions are:
1. Both populations must follow the normal
distribution.
2. The populations must have equal standard
deviations.
3. The samples are from independent populations.
19. 19
Small sample test of means continued
Finding the value of the test
statistic requires two
steps.
1. Pool the sample standard
deviations.
2. Use the pooled standard
deviation in the formula.
2
)1()1(
21
2
22
2
112
−+
−+−
=
nn
snsn
sp
+
−
=
21
2
21
11
nn
s
XX
t
p
20. 20
Owens Lawn Care, Inc., manufactures and assembles
lawnmowers that are shipped to dealers throughout the
United States and Canada. Two different procedures have
been proposed for mounting the engine on the frame of the
lawnmower. The question is: Is there a difference in the
mean time to mount the engines on the frames of the
lawnmowers? The first procedure was developed by longtime
Owens employee Herb Welles (designated as procedure 1),
and the other procedure was developed by Owens Vice
President of Engineering William Atkins (designated as
procedure 2). To evaluate the two methods, it was decided to
conduct a time and motion study.
A sample of five employees was timed using the Welles
method and six using the Atkins method. The results, in
minutes, are shown on the right.
Is there a difference in the mean mounting times? Use the .
10 significance level.
Comparing Population Means with Unknown
Population Standard Deviations (the Pooled t-test)
21. 21
Step 1: State the null and alternate hypotheses.
H0: µ1 = µ2
H1: µ1 ≠ µ2
Step 2: State the level of significance. The .10 significance level is
stated in the problem.
Step 3: Find the appropriate test statistic.
Because the population standard deviations are not known but are
assumed to be equal, we use the pooled t-test.
Comparing Population Means with Unknown Population
Standard Deviations (the Pooled t-test) - Example
22. 22
Step 4: State the decision rule.
Reject H0 if t > tα/2,n1+n2-2 or t < - tα/2,n1+n2-2
t > t.05,9 or t < - t.05,9
t > 1.833 or t < - 1.833
Comparing Population Means with Unknown Population
Standard Deviations (the Pooled t-test) - Example
23. 23
Step 5: Compute the value of t and make a decision
(a) Calculate the sample standard deviations
Comparing Population Means with Unknown Population
Standard Deviations (the Pooled t-test) - Example
24. 24
Step 5: Compute the value of t and make a decision
Comparing Population Means with Unknown Population
Standard Deviations (the Pooled t-test) - Example
-0.662
The decision is not to reject the
null hypothesis, because -0.662
falls in the region between -1.833
and 1.833.
We conclude that there is no
difference in the mean times to
mount the engine on the frame
using the two methods.
26. 26
Two-Sample Tests of Hypothesis:
Dependent Samples
Dependent samples are samples that are paired or
related in some fashion.
For example:
– If you wished to buy a car you would look at the
same car at two (or more) different dealerships
and compare the prices.
– If you wished to measure the effectiveness of a
new diet you would weigh the dieters at the start
and at the finish of the program.
27. 27
Hypothesis Testing Involving
Paired Observations
Use the following test when the samples are
dependent:
t
d
s nd
=
/
d
Where
is the mean of the differences
sd is the standard deviation of the differences
n is the number of pairs (differences)
28. 28
Nickel Savings and Loan
wishes to compare the two
companies it uses to
appraise the value of
residential homes. Nickel
Savings selected a sample
of 10 residential properties
and scheduled both firms for
an appraisal. The results,
reported in $000, are shown
on the table (right).
Hypothesis Testing Involving
Paired Observations - Example
At the .05 significance level, can we conclude there is a difference in
the mean appraised values of the homes?
29. 29
Step 1: State the null and alternate hypotheses.
H0: µd = 0
H1: µd ≠ 0
Step 2: State the level of significance.
The .05 significance level is stated in the problem.
Step 3: Find the appropriate test statistic.
We will use the t-test
Hypothesis Testing Involving
Paired Observations - Example
30. 30
Step 4: State the decision rule.
Reject H0 if
t > tα/2, n-1 or t < - tα/2,n-1
t > t.025,9 or t < - t.025, 9
t > 2.262 or t < -2.262
Hypothesis Testing Involving
Paired Observations - Example
31. 31
Step 5: Compute the value of t and make a decision
The computed value of t
is greater than the
higher critical value, so
our decision is to reject
the null hypothesis. We
conclude that there is a
difference in the mean
appraised values of the
homes.
Hypothesis Testing Involving
Paired Observations - Example