Chapter 11
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Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. There are two types of properties of matter: physical properties and chemical properties. Physical properties can be observed without changing the composition of the matter, such as color and size. Chemical properties describe a substance's ability to change into a new substance with different properties through chemical reactions like burning or rusting. States of matter, including solid, liquid, and gas, are physical properties that depend on how strongly the particles of a substance are attracted and how fast they are moving.
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Matter Notes
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass, including invisible substances. It is made of elements, the basic building blocks of atoms, and compounds, which are combinations of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Matter can also exist as mixtures of elements and compounds mixed together without chemical bonds. Physical changes alter the state of matter between solid, liquid and gas, while chemical changes create new substances through chemical reactions.
Describing matter
This document defines key terms related to matter: matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. A pure substance has a specific, unchanging makeup like salt or sugar. Matter has physical properties that can be observed without changing its substance, like melting point, and chemical properties that describe its ability to change into other substances through reactions. Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further, while mixtures contain two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Mixtures can be homogeneous, where the parts are evenly mixed and not visible, or heterogeneous, where the different parts can be seen.
Characteristic properties of_matter
The document discusses the characteristic properties of matter. It states that matter has physical properties like color, odor, and melting point that can be observed without chemical changes. It also has chemical properties like acidity and reactivity that involve chemical changes. The characteristic properties do not depend on amount or shape of the matter. Some factors like heat, pressure, and nuclear processes can change the properties.
Matter study-guide
The document provides information about the key concepts of matter, including its definition as anything that has mass and volume. It describes the differences between physical and chemical changes, and explains that matter is made up of atoms that can exist as individual atoms or bonded together in molecules. Molecules can be made of two or more atoms of the same or different elements. When atoms of different elements are bonded together they form compounds. The document also defines and provides examples of solutions, suspensions, and colloids - different types of mixtures.
Properties Of Matter
This document discusses the fundamental concepts of matter including atoms, elements, compounds, and mixtures. It defines chemistry as the study of matter and its properties. Properties can be physical, describing observable characteristics without changes in composition, or chemical, involving changes in what substances are present. Physical properties include things like color, texture, and boiling point while chemical properties relate to reactivity and changes in substances. The document also discusses the classification of matter as pure substances or mixtures and the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Microteaching states of matter
1. The document outlines a microteaching lesson plan on states of matter for students.
2. It includes warm up activities like hangman to review key terms, matching properties to solids, liquids, and gases.
3. A modeling activity uses balls to demonstrate the movement and bonding of molecules in solids, liquids, and gases.
4. Students then answer questions about the models and watch a video defining additional vocabulary before consolidating their understanding.
lesson plan
1. The document outlines a 45 minute chemistry lesson plan for 8th standard students on the topic of reactants and products.
2. The lesson involves discussing definitions of reactants and products, demonstrating reactions through activities like burning magnesium ribbon and heating potassium permanganate, and having students write observations and answers to discussion questions.
3. The goal is for students to develop knowledge of reactants and products by recalling examples of reactions and identifying reactants and products, explaining the concepts, and showing understanding through activities, questions and writing.
Properties and Changes
This document discusses physical and chemical properties of matter. It defines physical properties as those that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance, such as color, shape, and size. Chemical properties involve changes in which new substances are formed, such as flammability and reactivity. Examples of physical changes provided are melting, freezing, and breaking, which do not form new substances. Chemical changes, like burning and digestion, result in different final products. The document also discusses density, states of matter, and distinguishing between physical and chemical changes.
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Matter Notes
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass, including invisible substances. It is made of elements, the basic building blocks of atoms, and compounds, which are combinations of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Matter can also exist as mixtures of elements and compounds mixed together without chemical bonds. Physical changes alter the state of matter between solid, liquid and gas, while chemical changes create new substances through chemical reactions.
Describing matter
This document defines key terms related to matter: matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. A pure substance has a specific, unchanging makeup like salt or sugar. Matter has physical properties that can be observed without changing its substance, like melting point, and chemical properties that describe its ability to change into other substances through reactions. Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further, while mixtures contain two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Mixtures can be homogeneous, where the parts are evenly mixed and not visible, or heterogeneous, where the different parts can be seen.
Characteristic properties of_matter
The document discusses the characteristic properties of matter. It states that matter has physical properties like color, odor, and melting point that can be observed without chemical changes. It also has chemical properties like acidity and reactivity that involve chemical changes. The characteristic properties do not depend on amount or shape of the matter. Some factors like heat, pressure, and nuclear processes can change the properties.
Matter study-guide
The document provides information about the key concepts of matter, including its definition as anything that has mass and volume. It describes the differences between physical and chemical changes, and explains that matter is made up of atoms that can exist as individual atoms or bonded together in molecules. Molecules can be made of two or more atoms of the same or different elements. When atoms of different elements are bonded together they form compounds. The document also defines and provides examples of solutions, suspensions, and colloids - different types of mixtures.
Properties Of Matter
This document discusses the fundamental concepts of matter including atoms, elements, compounds, and mixtures. It defines chemistry as the study of matter and its properties. Properties can be physical, describing observable characteristics without changes in composition, or chemical, involving changes in what substances are present. Physical properties include things like color, texture, and boiling point while chemical properties relate to reactivity and changes in substances. The document also discusses the classification of matter as pure substances or mixtures and the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Microteaching states of matter
1. The document outlines a microteaching lesson plan on states of matter for students.
2. It includes warm up activities like hangman to review key terms, matching properties to solids, liquids, and gases.
3. A modeling activity uses balls to demonstrate the movement and bonding of molecules in solids, liquids, and gases.
4. Students then answer questions about the models and watch a video defining additional vocabulary before consolidating their understanding.
lesson plan
1. The document outlines a 45 minute chemistry lesson plan for 8th standard students on the topic of reactants and products.
2. The lesson involves discussing definitions of reactants and products, demonstrating reactions through activities like burning magnesium ribbon and heating potassium permanganate, and having students write observations and answers to discussion questions.
3. The goal is for students to develop knowledge of reactants and products by recalling examples of reactions and identifying reactants and products, explaining the concepts, and showing understanding through activities, questions and writing.
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This document discusses physical and chemical properties of matter. It defines physical properties as those that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance, such as color, shape, and size. Chemical properties involve changes in which new substances are formed, such as flammability and reactivity. Examples of physical changes provided are melting, freezing, and breaking, which do not form new substances. Chemical changes, like burning and digestion, result in different final products. The document also discusses density, states of matter, and distinguishing between physical and chemical changes.
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This document summarizes key concepts in chemistry. It defines chemistry as the study of matter and its properties. It outlines major subdisciplines like organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and theoretical chemistry. Key terms are defined, like element, compound, mixture, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture, extensive and intensive properties, physical and chemical changes and properties, states of matter, and reactants and products in chemical reactions. Strategies for success in chemistry are also provided, emphasizing preparation, note taking, using online tools, communicating with teachers, and getting extra help.
Properties of matter
The document discusses the properties of matter at the molecular level. It defines matter as anything that has volume and mass, and describes physical properties like color, size, and state that can be observed without changing a substance's identity. Chemical properties describe a substance's ability to change into a new substance and are not as easy to observe. The document also distinguishes between physical changes like melting that do not form new substances, and chemical changes like baking or rusting that produce entirely new substances.
Classifications of Matter
This document defines the classification of matter. There are two main categories: pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances include elements, which are made of only one type of atom, and compounds, which are two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures contain two or more pure substances mixed together without chemical bonding. Mixtures can be either heterogeneous, where the parts can be seen, or homogeneous, where the parts cannot be seen. Heterogeneous mixtures are less pure than homogeneous mixtures.
Good Presentation
The document discusses various topics related to matter and chemical changes. It defines elements and compounds, explains that compounds can undergo chemical changes while elements cannot, and states that the law of conservation of mass means the mass of reactants equals the mass of products in a chemical reaction. It also distinguishes physical and chemical changes, noting that only chemical changes alter the composition of matter.
Classification of matter
Chemists classify matter as either pure substances or mixtures. Pure substances have a definite composition and include elements and compounds. Mixtures contain two or more substances mixed together, each retaining their own properties, and can be either homogeneous, with an even distribution of components, or heterogeneous, with an uneven distribution where the parts can be seen. Compounds are pure substances made of two or more elements chemically bonded together.
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The document discusses physical and chemical changes. A physical change alters a substance's physical properties but does not create a new substance, such as melting ice. A chemical change produces a new substance through a chemical reaction, like cooking or burning. Chemical reactions have reactants that interact to form products, and there are four main types of chemical reactions: combination, breakdown, precipitation, and combustion. The rate of a chemical reaction can be affected by factors like surface area, temperature, and concentration of reactants. Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of reactions without being used up in the process.
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The document discusses properties of matter. It defines properties as characteristics and behaviors used to describe matter. There are two main types of properties: physical properties which can be observed without changing the substance, and chemical properties which describe a substance's ability to change into another. Matter can exist as pure substances or mixtures, and can be broken down into molecules, compounds, and atoms.
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This document describes an activity to classify different types of matter as either pure substances or mixtures. Pure substances are uniformly composed throughout and can be elements or compounds. Mixtures contain two or more substances and can be either homogeneous, meaning their composition is uniform, or heterogeneous, meaning their composition varies. The activity involves examining 10 different vials of matter and classifying the contents of each as a pure substance or mixture, and if a mixture, whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous. A table is to be completed with the classification and a reason for each vial.
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The document discusses classifying different types of matter. It defines pure substances as elements and compounds, which have fixed compositions. Elements contain only one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more simpler substances combined in fixed ratios. Mixtures are not pure substances and can be either heterogeneous, containing visible parts of differing substances, or homogeneous, containing substances evenly mixed together on a microscopic scale. Common homogeneous mixtures include solutions, where a solute dissolves evenly in a solvent.
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The document defines matter and describes its three common states: solid, liquid, and gas. It distinguishes between physical and chemical properties of matter, and between physical and chemical changes. It defines mixtures and pure substances, and classifies matter as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Key terms include the various states of matter, physical and chemical properties, and the classification of matter.
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This document discusses the classification and properties of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and occupies space, and classifies matter based on its physical state as solid, liquid or gas. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids take the shape of their container but maintain a fixed volume, and gases expand to fill their container. Matter can also be classified based on its composition - pure substances have a uniform composition, while mixtures are combinations of two or more substances. Elements are pure substances made of a single type of atom, while compounds are pure substances made of molecules containing two or more elements. The document distinguishes between physical changes, which alter a substance's state or properties without changing its composition, and chemical changes,
Matter
Matter exists in three states - solid, liquid, and gas. Physical changes alter a substance's state or form without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances. Physical properties like hardness, color, and melting point can be observed without changing a substance's identity, whereas chemical properties involve chemical reactions that alter a substance's identity.
Classifying matter
This document discusses the classification of matter into pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances are either elements or compounds, with elements made of only one type of atom and compounds made by the chemical combination of elements. Compounds can be broken down into their constituent elements or other compounds. Mixtures contain two or more substances mixed together without chemical bonding, and can be either heterogeneous, with noticeably different parts, or homogeneous, with an even distribution making the parts indistinguishable.
Classification of matter
This document discusses the classification of matter. It defines mixtures as combinations of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and can be separated by mechanical means. Mixtures can be heterogeneous, with visible components, or homogeneous, appearing uniform. Pure substances cannot be broken down and include elements, which cannot be broken down further, and compounds, made of two or more elements joined in a fixed ratio. Elements are found on the periodic table and compounds are named according to the elements present and their ratios. The properties of materials, such as their conductivity, magnetism, and position on the periodic table, determine whether they are classified as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.
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Jeff Taylor teaches physical science courses. He lives in a 22 foot trailer with his wife Linda and 19-month old daughter Hilina. They are spending the next 6 months traveling around the Desert Southwest, detailing their travels on two blogs. The document then provides information about the structure of matter, including protons, neutrons, electrons, elements, isotopes, molecules, compounds, mixtures, solutions and chemical reactions.
Classifying Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is composed of atoms, which contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. Elements are pure substances made of only one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures contain different substances mixed together but not chemically combined. The three main states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. Chemical and physical properties can be used to describe and identify matter.
Classification of Matter
This document discusses the classification of matter. It defines a pure substance as either an element or compound that has a definite and uniform chemical composition and physical properties. Mixtures can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. A heterogeneous mixture has an uneven texture that is visible, while a homogeneous mixture, or solution, is completely uniform throughout. There are three main types of mixtures: solutions, suspensions, and colloids. A solution is a mixture where one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance. A suspension is a mixture where particles are spread through but settle over time. A colloid is between a solution and suspension, with particles that do not settle over time.
classification of matter
This document discusses the classification of matter into elements, compounds, and mixtures. An element consists of only one type of atom and cannot be separated into simpler substances. A compound contains two or more elements chemically bonded together and has distinct properties from its constituent elements. A mixture is not chemically combined and can be separated into its components by physical means alone. Elements, compounds, and mixtures differ in their composition and the ways they can be separated.
Classification of Matter
The document discusses the classification and properties of matter, explaining that matter can be classified as either mixtures which contain more than one type of matter, or as substances which cannot be separated into different types of matter. It also describes the four states of matter - solid, liquid, gas, and plasma - and how temperature influences the movement and arrangement of molecules in each state. Measurement techniques for determining the volume, mass, and amount of different types of matter are also outlined.
Describing matter powerpoint
Matter can exist in three states - solid, liquid, and gas. Examples of solids are ice and diamonds; examples of liquids are water and mercury. Gases include water vapor and oxygen. Characteristic properties like boiling point and melting point are used to identify substances and do not change, even if the substance changes state. Physical changes alter the substance's form through processes like melting or crushing, but do not change its chemical makeup. Chemical changes form new substances through chemical reactions.
041316 propertiesofmatter 12 chp2_2
Physical properties describe characteristics of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Some key physical properties discussed are volume, which is the amount of space an object occupies, and density, which is the mass per unit volume. Changes in physical properties, such as changes in size, shape, or state, are physical changes and do not alter the fundamental identity of the substance. Chemical changes result in a new substance forming.
Matter
This document discusses the different states and phases of matter. It begins by explaining the traditional three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. It then notes that advances in experimental techniques have revealed additional states like Bose-Einstein condensates and quark-gluon plasma. The document traces the history of theories of matter, from early Greek philosophers proposing atoms as the fundamental building blocks of matter, to the modern particle-based view of subatomic matter.
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This document summarizes key concepts in chemistry. It defines chemistry as the study of matter and its properties. It outlines major subdisciplines like organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and theoretical chemistry. Key terms are defined, like element, compound, mixture, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture, extensive and intensive properties, physical and chemical changes and properties, states of matter, and reactants and products in chemical reactions. Strategies for success in chemistry are also provided, emphasizing preparation, note taking, using online tools, communicating with teachers, and getting extra help.
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The document discusses various topics related to matter and chemical changes. It defines elements and compounds, explains that compounds can undergo chemical changes while elements cannot, and states that the law of conservation of mass means the mass of reactants equals the mass of products in a chemical reaction. It also distinguishes physical and chemical changes, noting that only chemical changes alter the composition of matter.
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This document describes an activity to classify different types of matter as either pure substances or mixtures. Pure substances are uniformly composed throughout and can be elements or compounds. Mixtures contain two or more substances and can be either homogeneous, meaning their composition is uniform, or heterogeneous, meaning their composition varies. The activity involves examining 10 different vials of matter and classifying the contents of each as a pure substance or mixture, and if a mixture, whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous. A table is to be completed with the classification and a reason for each vial.
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The document defines matter and describes its three common states: solid, liquid, and gas. It distinguishes between physical and chemical properties of matter, and between physical and chemical changes. It defines mixtures and pure substances, and classifies matter as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Key terms include the various states of matter, physical and chemical properties, and the classification of matter.
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This document discusses the classification and properties of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and occupies space, and classifies matter based on its physical state as solid, liquid or gas. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids take the shape of their container but maintain a fixed volume, and gases expand to fill their container. Matter can also be classified based on its composition - pure substances have a uniform composition, while mixtures are combinations of two or more substances. Elements are pure substances made of a single type of atom, while compounds are pure substances made of molecules containing two or more elements. The document distinguishes between physical changes, which alter a substance's state or properties without changing its composition, and chemical changes,
Matter
Matter exists in three states - solid, liquid, and gas. Physical changes alter a substance's state or form without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances. Physical properties like hardness, color, and melting point can be observed without changing a substance's identity, whereas chemical properties involve chemical reactions that alter a substance's identity.
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This document discusses the classification of matter into pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances are either elements or compounds, with elements made of only one type of atom and compounds made by the chemical combination of elements. Compounds can be broken down into their constituent elements or other compounds. Mixtures contain two or more substances mixed together without chemical bonding, and can be either heterogeneous, with noticeably different parts, or homogeneous, with an even distribution making the parts indistinguishable.
Classification of matter
This document discusses the classification of matter. It defines mixtures as combinations of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and can be separated by mechanical means. Mixtures can be heterogeneous, with visible components, or homogeneous, appearing uniform. Pure substances cannot be broken down and include elements, which cannot be broken down further, and compounds, made of two or more elements joined in a fixed ratio. Elements are found on the periodic table and compounds are named according to the elements present and their ratios. The properties of materials, such as their conductivity, magnetism, and position on the periodic table, determine whether they are classified as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.
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Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is composed of atoms, which contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. Elements are pure substances made of only one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures contain different substances mixed together but not chemically combined. The three main states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. Chemical and physical properties can be used to describe and identify matter.
Classification of Matter
This document discusses the classification of matter. It defines a pure substance as either an element or compound that has a definite and uniform chemical composition and physical properties. Mixtures can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. A heterogeneous mixture has an uneven texture that is visible, while a homogeneous mixture, or solution, is completely uniform throughout. There are three main types of mixtures: solutions, suspensions, and colloids. A solution is a mixture where one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance. A suspension is a mixture where particles are spread through but settle over time. A colloid is between a solution and suspension, with particles that do not settle over time.
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This document discusses the classification of matter into elements, compounds, and mixtures. An element consists of only one type of atom and cannot be separated into simpler substances. A compound contains two or more elements chemically bonded together and has distinct properties from its constituent elements. A mixture is not chemically combined and can be separated into its components by physical means alone. Elements, compounds, and mixtures differ in their composition and the ways they can be separated.
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This document provides information about matter and its properties. It defines the three states of matter as solids, liquids, and gases. It describes the properties of each state and provides examples. It also discusses physical and chemical changes, explaining that physical changes alter a substance's properties but not its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances. The document includes lab activities where students observe and classify samples based on their state and properties, as well as activities to demonstrate physical and chemical changes. It concludes by discussing how the weight of an object is equal to the sum of the weights of its parts before and after a change.
Matter propertiesandchangescompleteuni tthgrade (1)
This document provides information about matter and its properties. It defines the three states of matter as solids, liquids, and gases. It describes the properties of each state and provides examples. It also discusses physical and chemical changes, explaining that physical changes alter a substance's properties but not its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances. The document includes lab activities where students observe and classify samples based on their state and properties, as well as activities to demonstrate physical and chemical changes. It concludes by discussing how the weight of an object is equal to the sum of the weights of its parts before and after a change.
Matter propertiesandchangescompleteuni tthgrade (1)
This document provides information about matter and its properties. It defines the three states of matter as solids, liquids, and gases. It describes the properties of each state and provides examples. It also discusses physical and chemical changes, explaining that physical changes alter a substance's properties but not its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances. The document includes learning goals and activities to help students understand matter and its changes through observation and experimentation.
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Matter propertiesandchangescompleteuni tthgrade (1)
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1.6 Uses and Misuses
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Statistics involves collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions. Descriptive statistics summarize and describe data, while inferential statistics generalize from samples to populations through estimation, hypothesis testing, and prediction. The chapter introduces key concepts including variables, data, random variables, data sets, data values, populations, samples, descriptive statistics, probability, and inferential statistics. Students are assigned problems applying these statistical concepts.
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2.1-2.2 Organizing Data
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This document provides an introduction to physics, covering several key topics:
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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Chapter 11
- 1. Chapter 11 Meet Matter Picture taken from: http://www.success.co.il/knowledge/images/Pillar3-Matter-and-Energy-Sun-NASA.jpg
- 2. What is matter? Matter is anything that 1. Has mass and 2. Takes up space (has volume)
- 3. Biological Properties Characteristics of matter that are unique to living things
- 4. Physical Properties Anyproperty of matter that can be observed by your senses without changing the composition of the matter Forexample you don’t have to change what an apple is made of to see that it’s red or to hold it in your hand
- 5. Physical Properties You rely on physical properties all the time to identify or describe matter Are your socks clean? (odor) Can you fit all your books into your book bag? (volume) Does your shirt match your pants? (color) And many, many others
- 6. Chemical Properties Any property of matter that describes a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance with different properties
- 7. Chemical Properties Example: Piece of wood can be burned to create new substances (ash and smoke) with properties different from the original piece of wood. You can also observe chemical properties with your senses but they aren’t as easy to observe as physical properties. Some chemical properties include flammability (ability to burn), reactivity with oxygen, reactivity with acid, and reactivity with water. (Reactivity just means that when 2 substances get together, something can happen.)
- 8. Think/Pair/Share Whatare the two properties of all matter? What is the difference between physical and chemical properties?
- 9. With a Partner Playa game of 20 Questions. One person will think of an object and the other person will ask yes/no questions about it. Write the questions down in your notebook as you go along. Put a check mark next to the questions asked about physical properties. When the object is identified or when the 20 questions are up, switch roles.
- 10. What would you say? If you were asked to describe an orange to someone who had never seen an orange, what would you tell the person?
- 11. Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space
- 12. Is Air Matter?
- 13. Molecule The smallest particle of a substance, such as water, that is still identified as that substance
- 14. States of Matter Easily observed physical property of matter. At ordinary temperatures, all matter exists in one of three states. 1- Solid 2- Liquid 3- Gas In each of these states the molecules of the material behave in different ways.
- 15. States of Matter The state of matter of a substance depends on how fast the particles move and how strongly the particles are attracted to each other. Gas Liquid Solid
- 16. Physical change Anychange in matter that does not change the chemical properties of the matter. Forexample, if you break a piece of chalk in two, you change the physical properties of size and shape. The chemical properties of the chalk remain unchanged.
- 17. Chemical change A change in matter in which one substance is converted into another substance Some examples: rusting, effervescent tablets, soured milk, burning
- 18. Chemical Properties vs. Chemical Changes Chemical properties determine how substances interact with each other, while chemical changes are the result of the interaction In other words: Chemical properties can result in chemical changes.