This document discusses the classification of matter. It defines mixtures as combinations of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and can be separated by mechanical means. Mixtures can be heterogeneous, with visible components, or homogeneous, appearing uniform. Pure substances cannot be broken down and include elements, which cannot be broken down further, and compounds, made of two or more elements joined in a fixed ratio. Elements are found on the periodic table and compounds are named according to the elements present and their ratios. The properties of materials, such as their conductivity, magnetism, and position on the periodic table, determine whether they are classified as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.

1. 2. Classification of matter Chemistry: Matter and materials Grade 10

2. All the objects and substances that we see in the world are made of matter. This matter can be classified according to whether it is a mixture or a pure substance

3. DEFINITION: Mixture A mixture is a combination of two or more substances, where these substances are not bonded (or joined) to each other and no chemical reaction occurs between the substances. Examples of mixtures are air (a mixture of different gases) and cereal in milk. The main characteristics of mixtures are: that the substances that make them up are not in a fixed ratio

4. these substances keep their physical properties

5. these substances can be separated from each other using mechanical means.

6. Heterogeneous mixture A heterogeneous mixture is one that consists of two or more substances. It is nonuniform and the different components of the mixture can be seen. An example would be a mixture of cereal in milk. Homogeneous mixture A homogeneous mixture is one that is uniform, and where the different components of the mixture cannot be seen. An example would be black coffee. Mixtures

7. DEFINITION: Pure substance Pure substances are any material that is not a mixture. Pure substances cannot be broken down into their component parts by ordinary chemical means. Examples are any element, e.g. aluminium, sulphur and any compound, e.g. iron sulphide. Pure substances have a sharply defined (one temperature) melting or boiling point.

8. Pure substances show only one substance at the end of the chromatography process.

9. Pure substances cannot be broken down into their constituent parts by ordinary chemical means.

10. Elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances through chemical means. All the elements are found on the periodic table. Each element has its own chemical symbol. Examples are iron (Fe), sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and fluorine (F). Compounds A compound is a a substance made up of two or more different elements that are joined together in a fixed ratio. Examples of compounds are sodium chloride (NaCl), iron sulphide (FeS), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and water (H2O). Pure substances

11. NAMING COMPOUNDS When naming compounds and writing their chemical formula, it is important to know the elements that are in the compound, how many atoms of each of these elements will combine in the compound and where the elements are in the periodic table. A number of rules can then be followed to name the compound. The compound name will always include the names of the elements that are part of it.

12. The element on the left of the periodic table is used first when naming the compound.

13. The symbols of the elements are used to represent the compound.

14. A compound may contain ions. You should know all the common anions and cations.

15. Prefixes and roman numerals are used to describe the ratio of elements in the compound. Iron + Sulpher = iron sulphide Fe + S = FeS Potassium + permanganate = potassium permangante

16. ELEMENTS Metals Non-Metals Metalloids Metals are found on the left of the periodic table. Metals: are good electrical and thermal conductors

17. have a shiny lustre

18. are malleable and ductile

19. have a high melting point.

20. have a high density. Are found on the zig-zag line that seperates the metals and the non-metals. Metalloids are semi-conductors. Non-metals are found on the right of the periodic table. Non-metals: are poor thermal conductors

21. are good electrical insulators

22. are not malleable or ductile.

23. Electrical and thermal properties of matter An electrical conductor allows an electrical current to pass through it. Most metals are good electrical conductors. An electrical insulator is a non-conducting material that does not carry any charge. Examples are plastic, wood, cotton material and ceramic. Semi-conductors start conducting electricity as their temperature rises A thermal conductor allows heat energy to be transferred within the material. A thermal insulator does not allow heat energy to be transferred within the material. Matter Electrical conductors Semi-conductors Insulators Matter Thermal conductors Insulators

24. Magnetic materials Materials may also be magnetic or non-magnetic. Magnetism is a force that certain kinds of objects, which are called ‘magnetic’ objects, can exert on each other without physically touching. A magnetic object is surrounded by a magnetic ‘field’ that gets weaker as one moves further away from the object.

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