This document discusses different types of communication channels in SystemC, including primitive channels like sc_mutex, sc_semaphore, and sc_fifo. It provides examples of using each channel type to implement bus arbitration in a simple bus model with multiple masters and a slave module. sc_mutex is used with a mutex to allow only one master at a time to access the bus. sc_semaphore is used with a semaphore to allow multiple masters to concurrently access the bus. sc_fifo is used within a wrapper module between masters and the bus to buffer data.
1. Ports in SystemC allow modules to communicate through channels inserted between them. A port is a pointer to an external channel.
2. Interfaces define the methods that ports and channels use to communicate without specifying data or implementations. Channels implement the interface methods.
3. In the video mixer example, modules are connected through ports and channels with interfaces like sc_fifo_in_if and sc_fifo_out_if. Processes can access ports and call channel methods to communicate between modules.
This document provides an overview of SystemC modules, processes, and how to implement them. It discusses SC_MODULE for defining modules, SC_THREAD and SC_METHOD for defining processes, and the two ways to register processes using SC_CTOR and SC_HAS_PROCESS. It also provides a simple example of a SystemC design with two modules, one using SC_THREAD and the other SC_METHOD, and implementations using each registration method. Finally, it outlines templates for the main file, module header and source files.
Digital Design With Systemc (with notes)Marc Engels
SystemC is a C++ library that allows modeling of digital systems from the functional level down to the architectural level. It bridges the gap between traditional functional modeling languages like MATLAB and architectural modeling languages like VHDL and Verilog. SystemC allows incremental refinement of a system model by expressing both functionality and architecture in a single language. The key benefits are that it avoids changes in syntax and semantics during refinement and enables incremental refinement. The document provides an introduction to modeling digital embedded systems using SystemC.
This document provides an overview of part 2 of a course on specification languages. It discusses model based system design using SystemC. It introduces object oriented techniques for designing hardware systems and provides hands-on experience with SystemC. The material for part 2 includes slides, the SystemC language reference manual, and an exercise on building a functional model of a JPEG encoder/decoder in SystemC. It discusses key aspects of functional modeling in SystemC including modules, ports, processes, channels and the simulation engine.
sc_vector is a SystemC class that allows users to create vectors of SystemC objects like ports, modules, and signals. It provides member functions for accessing elements in the vector and binding vector ports. The size of an sc_vector must be set during construction or with init() and cannot be dynamically resized. There are two ways to set the size - during construction like sc_vector<sc_port<i_f>> ports("my_ports",4) or later with init() like signals.init(8). Port binding can be done by iterating through an sc_vector of ports and binding it to a vector of signals.
2019 2 testing and verification of vlsi design_verificationUsha Mehta
This document provides an introduction to verification of VLSI designs and functional verification. It discusses sources of errors in specifications and implementations, ways to reduce human errors through automation and mistake-proofing techniques. It also covers the reconvergence model of verification, different verification methods like simulation, formal verification and techniques like equivalence checking and model checking. The document then discusses verification flows, test benches, different types of test cases and limitations of functional verification.
This document provides information about the Security Lab course conducted at R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology. It lists the objectives of the course as exposing students to cipher techniques, encryption algorithms like DES, RSA, MD5 and SHA-1, and security tools like GnuPG, KF Sensor and NetStumbler. It provides details of 8 experiments to be performed in the lab related to substitution and transposition ciphers, encryption algorithms, digital signatures, secure data storage and transmission, honeypot setup, rootkit installation and intrusion detection. It also lists the expected outcomes, lab equipment requirements and software to be used for the course.
This document provides an overview of SystemC Transaction Level Modeling (TLM) and the TLM standard. It describes what TLM is, why it is useful, how it is being adopted, and key concepts like abstraction levels, interfaces, and the goals of the TLM standard API. It also provides examples of how to model a system using TLM and leverage TLM to enable system debug and analysis.
1. Ports in SystemC allow modules to communicate through channels inserted between them. A port is a pointer to an external channel.
2. Interfaces define the methods that ports and channels use to communicate without specifying data or implementations. Channels implement the interface methods.
3. In the video mixer example, modules are connected through ports and channels with interfaces like sc_fifo_in_if and sc_fifo_out_if. Processes can access ports and call channel methods to communicate between modules.
This document provides an overview of SystemC modules, processes, and how to implement them. It discusses SC_MODULE for defining modules, SC_THREAD and SC_METHOD for defining processes, and the two ways to register processes using SC_CTOR and SC_HAS_PROCESS. It also provides a simple example of a SystemC design with two modules, one using SC_THREAD and the other SC_METHOD, and implementations using each registration method. Finally, it outlines templates for the main file, module header and source files.
Digital Design With Systemc (with notes)Marc Engels
SystemC is a C++ library that allows modeling of digital systems from the functional level down to the architectural level. It bridges the gap between traditional functional modeling languages like MATLAB and architectural modeling languages like VHDL and Verilog. SystemC allows incremental refinement of a system model by expressing both functionality and architecture in a single language. The key benefits are that it avoids changes in syntax and semantics during refinement and enables incremental refinement. The document provides an introduction to modeling digital embedded systems using SystemC.
This document provides an overview of part 2 of a course on specification languages. It discusses model based system design using SystemC. It introduces object oriented techniques for designing hardware systems and provides hands-on experience with SystemC. The material for part 2 includes slides, the SystemC language reference manual, and an exercise on building a functional model of a JPEG encoder/decoder in SystemC. It discusses key aspects of functional modeling in SystemC including modules, ports, processes, channels and the simulation engine.
sc_vector is a SystemC class that allows users to create vectors of SystemC objects like ports, modules, and signals. It provides member functions for accessing elements in the vector and binding vector ports. The size of an sc_vector must be set during construction or with init() and cannot be dynamically resized. There are two ways to set the size - during construction like sc_vector<sc_port<i_f>> ports("my_ports",4) or later with init() like signals.init(8). Port binding can be done by iterating through an sc_vector of ports and binding it to a vector of signals.
2019 2 testing and verification of vlsi design_verificationUsha Mehta
This document provides an introduction to verification of VLSI designs and functional verification. It discusses sources of errors in specifications and implementations, ways to reduce human errors through automation and mistake-proofing techniques. It also covers the reconvergence model of verification, different verification methods like simulation, formal verification and techniques like equivalence checking and model checking. The document then discusses verification flows, test benches, different types of test cases and limitations of functional verification.
This document provides information about the Security Lab course conducted at R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology. It lists the objectives of the course as exposing students to cipher techniques, encryption algorithms like DES, RSA, MD5 and SHA-1, and security tools like GnuPG, KF Sensor and NetStumbler. It provides details of 8 experiments to be performed in the lab related to substitution and transposition ciphers, encryption algorithms, digital signatures, secure data storage and transmission, honeypot setup, rootkit installation and intrusion detection. It also lists the expected outcomes, lab equipment requirements and software to be used for the course.
This document provides an overview of SystemC Transaction Level Modeling (TLM) and the TLM standard. It describes what TLM is, why it is useful, how it is being adopted, and key concepts like abstraction levels, interfaces, and the goals of the TLM standard API. It also provides examples of how to model a system using TLM and leverage TLM to enable system debug and analysis.
This document discusses randomization using SystemVerilog. It begins by introducing constraint-driven test generation and random testing. It explains that SystemVerilog allows specifying constraints in a compact way to generate random values that meet the constraints. The document then discusses using objects to model complex data types for randomization. It provides examples of using SystemVerilog functions like $random, $urandom, and $urandom_range to generate random numbers. It also discusses constraining randomization using inline constraints and randomizing objects with the randomize method.
The document provides an overview of the UVM configuration database and how it is used to store and access configuration data throughout the verification environment hierarchy. Key points include: the configuration database mirrors the testbench topology; it uses a string-based key system to store and retrieve entries in a hierarchical and scope-controlled manner; and the automatic configuration process retrieves entries during the build phase and configures component fields.
This is the first session from a series of sessions on Verification of VLSI Design. It focus on the basic flow of verification in context of system design flow, types of verification, Functional, formal and semi-formal verification, Simulation, Emulation and Static Timing Analysis.
The document describes a workshop on Universal Verification Methodology (UVM) that will cover UVM concepts and techniques for verifying blocks, IP, SOCs, and systems. The workshop agenda includes presentations on UVM concepts and architecture, sequences and phasing, TLM2 and register packages, and putting together UVM testbenches. The workshop is organized by Dennis Brophy, Stan Krolikoski, and Yatin Trivedi and will take place on June 5, 2011 in San Diego, CA.
The document provides an overview of the responsibilities and functions of the Genie-PCIe data link layer. The data link layer is responsible for reliable transmission of transaction layer packets (TLPs) between the physical and transaction layers. It handles flow control initialization, sequencing, buffering, error detection and recovery for transmitted TLPs using ACK/NAK protocols and data link layer packets (DLLPs). The data link control state machine manages the link status and ensures proper initialization and maintenance of the link.
Visit https://www.vlsiuniverse.com/
https://www.vlsiuniverse.com/2020/05/complete-asic-design-flow.html
This is the standard VLSI design flow that every semiconductor company follows. The complete ASIC design flow is explained by considering each and every stage.
The document discusses design for testability (DFT) techniques. It explains that DFT is important for testing integrated circuits due to unavoidable manufacturing defects. DFT aims to increase testability by making internal nodes more controllable and observable. Common DFT techniques mentioned include adding scan chains, which allow testing at speed by launching test vectors from a shift register. Stuck-at fault and transition fault models are discussed as well as methods for detecting these faults including launch-on-capture and launch-on-shift. Fault equivalence and collapsing techniques are also summarized.
The document discusses verification strategies and approaches. It describes verification as demonstrating the functional correctness of a design. There are various verification problems and approaches like top-down, bottom-up, and platform-based approaches. The bottom-up approach has advantages like easier bug detection in foundational blocks. A verification environment includes components like bus functional models and monitors. An effective verification plan outlines the test strategy, environment, required tools, key features to verify, and regression testing.
This document provides an overview of SpyglassDFT, a tool for comprehensive RTL design analysis. It discusses key SpyglassDFT features such as lint checking, test coverage estimation, and an integrated debug environment. Important input files for SpyglassDFT like the project file and waiver file are also outlined. The document concludes with an example flow for using SpyglassDFT to analyze clocks and resets, identify violations, and prepare the design for manufacturing test.
DFT (design for testability) is a technique that facilitates making a design testable after production by adding extra logic during the design process. This extra logic helps with post-production testing. DFT is needed because manufacturing processes are not perfect and can introduce defects. Methods like adding scan chains are used, where scanned flip-flops are connected in series to form a shift register and improve controllability and observability for testing. Common fault models tested for include stuck-at faults, where a line is stuck at either a 0 or 1 value due to defects introduced during manufacturing.
Basics of Functional Verification - Arrow DevicesArrow Devices
Are you new to functional verification? Or do you need a refresher? This presentation takes you through the basics of functional verification - overall scope and process with examples. Also included are some tips on do's and don'ts!
This document discusses digital system verification techniques. It reviews the conventional design and verification flow including simulation at different levels of abstraction. Key verification techniques are discussed including simulation, formal verification, and static timing analysis. An emerging verification paradigm is described that uses cycle-based simulation and formal verification for functional verification and static timing analysis for timing verification.
The document discusses assertion based verification and interfaces in SystemVerilog. It describes immediate assertions which execute in zero simulation time and can be placed within always blocks. Concurrent assertions check properties over time and are evaluated at clock edges. The document also introduces interfaces in SystemVerilog which allow defining communication ports between modules in a single place, reducing repetitive port definitions. Interfaces can include protocol checking and signals can be shared between interface instances.
The document discusses various Design Rule Check (DRC) rules related to scan testing, including C1, C2, C7, C9, C23, T12, W17, A6, A10, and A11. It provides the category, default handling, description, and examples for violations of each rule. Failure to satisfy these rules can result in reduced testability and lower fault coverage during scan-based testing.
This document discusses design for testability (DFT) techniques. It begins with an introduction to the history and need for DFT due to increasing chip complexity. Testability analysis methods are then covered, including topology-based techniques like SCOAP that calculate controllability and observability metrics, and simulation-based analysis. Common DFT techniques like scan cells and scan architectures are overviewed. The document concludes with a discussion of moving DFT to the register-transfer level for improved efficiency.
Design-for-Test (Testing of VLSI Design)Usha Mehta
This document provides an acknowledgement and thanks to various professors and scientists for their work that contributed to the content in this presentation on emerging technologies in testing. It then provides an overview of topics related to testing quality, economics of testing, testability, design-for-test, and different digital testing techniques including ad-hoc methods, structured methods like scan testing and built-in self-test (BIST).
This document provides an overview of electronic system level (ESL) design and transaction level modeling (TLM). It defines ESL as focusing on designing an electronic system through concepts, languages, tools, and methodologies rather than specific components. TLM abstracts system behavior through function calls and events rather than signals and registers. Using TLM allows modeling only necessary aspects, getting results early, and achieving faster simulation speed. Different TLM stages and implementation details like modules, channels, and transactions are discussed. The document also compares TLM to other levels like RTL and system architecture models.
Week1 Electronic System-level ESL Design and SystemC Begin敬倫 林
This document provides an introduction and overview of electronic system level (ESL) design using SystemC. It begins with background on ESL design basics, system on chip design flows, and SystemC. It then provides 3 examples of SystemC code: a counter, traffic light, and simple bus. The counter example shows a basic module with clocked process. The traffic light demonstrates a finite state machine. The bus example illustrates an interface, master/slave devices, and memory mapped components communicating over a bus. Overall, the document serves as an introductory tutorial for designing and modeling electronic systems using the SystemC language.
This document discusses randomization using SystemVerilog. It begins by introducing constraint-driven test generation and random testing. It explains that SystemVerilog allows specifying constraints in a compact way to generate random values that meet the constraints. The document then discusses using objects to model complex data types for randomization. It provides examples of using SystemVerilog functions like $random, $urandom, and $urandom_range to generate random numbers. It also discusses constraining randomization using inline constraints and randomizing objects with the randomize method.
The document provides an overview of the UVM configuration database and how it is used to store and access configuration data throughout the verification environment hierarchy. Key points include: the configuration database mirrors the testbench topology; it uses a string-based key system to store and retrieve entries in a hierarchical and scope-controlled manner; and the automatic configuration process retrieves entries during the build phase and configures component fields.
This is the first session from a series of sessions on Verification of VLSI Design. It focus on the basic flow of verification in context of system design flow, types of verification, Functional, formal and semi-formal verification, Simulation, Emulation and Static Timing Analysis.
The document describes a workshop on Universal Verification Methodology (UVM) that will cover UVM concepts and techniques for verifying blocks, IP, SOCs, and systems. The workshop agenda includes presentations on UVM concepts and architecture, sequences and phasing, TLM2 and register packages, and putting together UVM testbenches. The workshop is organized by Dennis Brophy, Stan Krolikoski, and Yatin Trivedi and will take place on June 5, 2011 in San Diego, CA.
The document provides an overview of the responsibilities and functions of the Genie-PCIe data link layer. The data link layer is responsible for reliable transmission of transaction layer packets (TLPs) between the physical and transaction layers. It handles flow control initialization, sequencing, buffering, error detection and recovery for transmitted TLPs using ACK/NAK protocols and data link layer packets (DLLPs). The data link control state machine manages the link status and ensures proper initialization and maintenance of the link.
Visit https://www.vlsiuniverse.com/
https://www.vlsiuniverse.com/2020/05/complete-asic-design-flow.html
This is the standard VLSI design flow that every semiconductor company follows. The complete ASIC design flow is explained by considering each and every stage.
The document discusses design for testability (DFT) techniques. It explains that DFT is important for testing integrated circuits due to unavoidable manufacturing defects. DFT aims to increase testability by making internal nodes more controllable and observable. Common DFT techniques mentioned include adding scan chains, which allow testing at speed by launching test vectors from a shift register. Stuck-at fault and transition fault models are discussed as well as methods for detecting these faults including launch-on-capture and launch-on-shift. Fault equivalence and collapsing techniques are also summarized.
The document discusses verification strategies and approaches. It describes verification as demonstrating the functional correctness of a design. There are various verification problems and approaches like top-down, bottom-up, and platform-based approaches. The bottom-up approach has advantages like easier bug detection in foundational blocks. A verification environment includes components like bus functional models and monitors. An effective verification plan outlines the test strategy, environment, required tools, key features to verify, and regression testing.
This document provides an overview of SpyglassDFT, a tool for comprehensive RTL design analysis. It discusses key SpyglassDFT features such as lint checking, test coverage estimation, and an integrated debug environment. Important input files for SpyglassDFT like the project file and waiver file are also outlined. The document concludes with an example flow for using SpyglassDFT to analyze clocks and resets, identify violations, and prepare the design for manufacturing test.
DFT (design for testability) is a technique that facilitates making a design testable after production by adding extra logic during the design process. This extra logic helps with post-production testing. DFT is needed because manufacturing processes are not perfect and can introduce defects. Methods like adding scan chains are used, where scanned flip-flops are connected in series to form a shift register and improve controllability and observability for testing. Common fault models tested for include stuck-at faults, where a line is stuck at either a 0 or 1 value due to defects introduced during manufacturing.
Basics of Functional Verification - Arrow DevicesArrow Devices
Are you new to functional verification? Or do you need a refresher? This presentation takes you through the basics of functional verification - overall scope and process with examples. Also included are some tips on do's and don'ts!
This document discusses digital system verification techniques. It reviews the conventional design and verification flow including simulation at different levels of abstraction. Key verification techniques are discussed including simulation, formal verification, and static timing analysis. An emerging verification paradigm is described that uses cycle-based simulation and formal verification for functional verification and static timing analysis for timing verification.
The document discusses assertion based verification and interfaces in SystemVerilog. It describes immediate assertions which execute in zero simulation time and can be placed within always blocks. Concurrent assertions check properties over time and are evaluated at clock edges. The document also introduces interfaces in SystemVerilog which allow defining communication ports between modules in a single place, reducing repetitive port definitions. Interfaces can include protocol checking and signals can be shared between interface instances.
The document discusses various Design Rule Check (DRC) rules related to scan testing, including C1, C2, C7, C9, C23, T12, W17, A6, A10, and A11. It provides the category, default handling, description, and examples for violations of each rule. Failure to satisfy these rules can result in reduced testability and lower fault coverage during scan-based testing.
This document discusses design for testability (DFT) techniques. It begins with an introduction to the history and need for DFT due to increasing chip complexity. Testability analysis methods are then covered, including topology-based techniques like SCOAP that calculate controllability and observability metrics, and simulation-based analysis. Common DFT techniques like scan cells and scan architectures are overviewed. The document concludes with a discussion of moving DFT to the register-transfer level for improved efficiency.
Design-for-Test (Testing of VLSI Design)Usha Mehta
This document provides an acknowledgement and thanks to various professors and scientists for their work that contributed to the content in this presentation on emerging technologies in testing. It then provides an overview of topics related to testing quality, economics of testing, testability, design-for-test, and different digital testing techniques including ad-hoc methods, structured methods like scan testing and built-in self-test (BIST).
This document provides an overview of electronic system level (ESL) design and transaction level modeling (TLM). It defines ESL as focusing on designing an electronic system through concepts, languages, tools, and methodologies rather than specific components. TLM abstracts system behavior through function calls and events rather than signals and registers. Using TLM allows modeling only necessary aspects, getting results early, and achieving faster simulation speed. Different TLM stages and implementation details like modules, channels, and transactions are discussed. The document also compares TLM to other levels like RTL and system architecture models.
Week1 Electronic System-level ESL Design and SystemC Begin敬倫 林
This document provides an introduction and overview of electronic system level (ESL) design using SystemC. It begins with background on ESL design basics, system on chip design flows, and SystemC. It then provides 3 examples of SystemC code: a counter, traffic light, and simple bus. The counter example shows a basic module with clocked process. The traffic light demonstrates a finite state machine. The bus example illustrates an interface, master/slave devices, and memory mapped components communicating over a bus. Overall, the document serves as an introductory tutorial for designing and modeling electronic systems using the SystemC language.
C++ allows for concise summaries in 3 sentences or less:
The document provides an overview of C++ concepts including data types, variables, operators, functions, classes, inheritance and virtual members. It also covers process and thread concepts at a high level. Code examples are provided to illustrate namespaces, input/output, program flow control, overloading, dynamic memory allocation, and classes. The document serves as a brief review of fundamental C++ and system programming concepts.
The document provides an overview of SystemC and describes a sample program to illustrate key concepts. The example program models two modules that exchange Fibonacci number data through a bus. Each module contains two internal modules for processing and saving the numbers. One module uses an SC_METHOD thread, while the other uses an SC_THREAD. The modules communicate data through ports, channels and an interface to synchronize their operation controlled by a clock event. This demonstrates SystemC concepts like modules, channels, ports, interfaces, events and thread types for modeling concurrent hardware systems.
This document discusses concurrency in SystemC simulations. It explains that SystemC uses events and processes to model concurrent systems. There are two main types of processes: threads and methods. Threads can wait for events using wait() and methods use next_trigger() to establish dynamic sensitivity. Events have no duration and are used to trigger processes. Notifying an event using notify() moves waiting processes to the ready queue. The SystemC kernel is event-driven and executes ready processes in non-deterministic order.
This document provides an overview of transaction level modeling. It defines four transaction level models (TLMs) - specification model, component-assembly model, bus-arbitration model, and bus-functional model. These models are used at different stages of the design flow, from modeling system functionality without implementation details, to modeling with approximate timing, to cycle-accurate modeling. The models balance abstraction level and implementation details to aid system-level design while still allowing validation and refinement.
The document discusses transaction-based hardware-software co-verification using emulation. It describes how traditional cycle-based co-verification is slow due to communication overhead between the testbench and emulator. Transaction-based co-verification improves speed by only synchronizing when required and allowing parallel execution. Transactors are used to convert high-level commands from the testbench to a bit-level protocol for the emulator. This allows emulation speeds of tens of MHz, orders of magnitude faster than cycle-based. An example transactor for a virtual memory is presented.
This presentation demonstrates how to use UVM for verification of mixed-signal circuits. It shows how to model analog signals using real-number models and transactions. The DUT is a dual converter with ADC and DAC that is verified using both directed and UVM-based approaches. The UVM environment uses analog drivers and monitors that handle real-number transactions to stimulate and monitor the DUT. The scoreboard evaluates the results against expectations. The presentation provides examples of UVM components like drivers, monitors, and coverage models adapted for mixed-signal verification.
Top five reasons why every DV engineer will love the latest systemverilog 201...Srinivasan Venkataramanan
This document discusses the top five new features in SystemVerilog 2012 that will benefit digital verification engineers. It introduces soft constraints, unique constraints, multiple inheritance, linear temporal logic operators in sequences and properties, and global clocking. These new features provide more flexibility, expressiveness and portability for verification tasks.
SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) in the Design/Verification ProcessDVClub
1) Visual SVA tools like Zazz allow designers to create complex SystemVerilog assertions through a graphical interface, addressing issues with SVA syntax.
2) Zazz also enables debugging assertions as they are created by generating constrained random tests, improving assertion quality before use in verification.
3) Using assertions improved the author's verification and debugging process, identifying errors sooner and in corner cases, and provided additional value to IP customers through early fault detection.
This document presents a systematic approach for creating accurate behavioral models for analog and mixed-signal system design and verification. The approach aims to reduce risks from model errors by collaborating closely with circuit designers to thoroughly understand circuit behavior. Key steps include automatically generating model shells, studying schematics, interviewing designers, developing circuit descriptions, validating descriptions with designers, and deciding which behaviors to include in models based on verification plans. The approach applies to modeling languages like Verilog, Verilog-AMS, and SystemVerilog.
This tutorial is intended for verification engineers that must validate algorithmic designs. It presents the detailed steps for implementing a SystemVerilog verification environment that interfaces with a GNU Octave mathematical model. It describes the SystemVerilog – C++ communication layer with its challenges, like proper creation and activation or piped algorithm synchronization handling. The implementation is illustrated for Ncsim, VCS and Questa.
The document describes a system with 4 IP models connected through an interface bus. It contains blocks for the system address map, an environment adaptor, and interfaces for the bus, sequencer and driver. The document also mentions using sequences for register writes, reads, resets and generating transactions from the IP models or from a RALF file.
The document discusses the UVM register model, which provides an object-oriented shadow model for registers and memories in a DUT. It includes components like fields, registers, register files, memory, and blocks. The register model allows verification of register access and provides a standardized way to build reusable verification components.
SystemVerilog Assertions verification with SVAUnit - DVCon US 2016 TutorialAmiq Consulting
This document provides an overview of SystemVerilog Assertions (SVAs) and the SVAUnit framework for verifying SVAs. It begins with an introduction to SVAs, including types of assertions and properties. It then discusses planning SVA development, such as identifying design characteristics and coding guidelines. The document outlines implementing SVAs and using the SVAUnit framework, which allows decoupling SVA definition from validation code. It provides an example demonstrating generating stimuli to validate an AMBA APB protocol SVA using SVAUnit. Finally, it summarizes SVAUnit's test API and features for error reporting and test coverage.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation and applications. It defines a stack as a linear data structure for temporary storage where elements can only be inserted or deleted from one end, called the top. Stacks follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Stacks have two main operations - push, which inserts an element, and pop, which removes the top element. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Common applications of stacks include reversing strings, checking matching parentheses, and converting infix, postfix, and prefix expressions.
This document describes a proposed Direct Memory Access controller (DMAC) architecture that is compliant with the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) specification. The DMAC uses AMBA High-Performance Bus (AHB) and Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) standards. It contains an AHB slave, APB master, and APB master module to allow parallel operations on the AHB and APB buses. The DMAC supports multi-channel operations, channel chaining, and uses an arbitration mechanism to prioritize channel access. It utilizes dual clock domains with an asynchronous FIFO and pulse synchronization for communications between domains.
Queue is a linear data structure where elements are inserted at one end called the rear and deleted from the other end called the front. It follows the FIFO (first in, first out) principle. Queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. In an array implementation, elements are inserted at the rear and deleted from the front. In a linked list implementation, nodes are added to the rear and removed from the front using front and rear pointers. There are different types of queues including circular queues, double-ended queues, and priority queues.
This Presentation will Clear the idea of non linear Data Structure and implementation of Tree by using array and pointer and also Explain the concept of Binary Search Tree (BST) with example
This document discusses queues as an abstract data type and their common implementations and operations. Queues follow first-in, first-out (FIFO) ordering, with new items added to the rear and removed from the front. Queues can be implemented using either arrays or linked lists. Array implementations involve tracking the front, rear, and size of the queue, with special logic needed when the rear reaches the end. Linked list implementations use head and tail pointers to reference the front and rear of the queue. Common queue operations like enqueue and dequeue are also described.
Help Needed!UNIX Shell and History Feature This project consists.pdfmohdjakirfb
Help Needed!
UNIX Shell and History Feature
This project consists of designing a C program to serve as a shell interface
that accepts user commands and then executes each command in a separate
process. This project can be completed on any Linux,
UNIX,orMacOS X system.
A shell interface gives the user a prompt, after which the next command
is entered. The example below illustrates the prompt
osh> and the user’s
next command:
cat prog.c. (This command displays the le prog.c on the
terminal using the
UNIX cat command.)
osh> cat prog.c
One technique for implementing a shell interface is to have the parent process
rst read what the user enters on the command line (in this case,
cat
prog.c), and then create a separate child process that performs the command.
Unless otherwise specied, the parent process waits for the child to exit
before continuing. This is similar in functionality to the new process creation
illustrated in Figure 3.10. However,
UNIX shells typically also allow the child
process to run in the background, or concurrently. To accomplish this, we add
an ampersand (&) at the end of the command. Thus, if we rewrite the above
command as
osh> cat prog.c &
the parent and child processes will run concurrently.
The separate child process is created using the
fork() system call, and the
user’s command is executed using one of the system calls in the
exec() family
A C program that provides the general operations of a command-line shell
is supplied in Figure 3.36. The
main() function presents the prompt osh->
and outlines the steps to be taken after input from the user has been read. The
main() function continually loops as long as should run equals 1; when the
user enters
exit at the prompt, your program will set should run to 0 and
terminate.
This project is organized into two parts: (1) creating the child process and
executing the command in the child, and (2) modifying the shell to allow a
history feature.
#include
#include
#define MAXLINE 80 /* The maximum length command */
int main(void)
{
char *args[MAXLINE/2 + 1]; /* command line arguments */
int should
run = 1; /* flag to determine when to exit program */
while (should run) {
printf(\"osh>\");
}
fflush(stdout);
/**
* After reading user input, the steps are:
* (1) fork a child process using fork()
* (2) the child process will invoke execvp()
* (3) if command included &, parent will invoke wait()
*/
return 0;
}
Part I — Creating a Child Process
The rst task is to modify the
main() function in the above program so that a child
process is forked and executes the command specied by the user. This will
require parsing what the user has entered into separate tokens and storing the
tokens in an array of character strings (
args in the above program. For example, if the
user enters the command
ps -ael at the osh> prompt, the values stored in the
args array are:
args[0] = \"ps\"
args[1] = \"-ael\"
args[2] = NULL
This args array will be passed to the execvp() function, which has the
following prot.
Troubleshooting Complex Performance issues - Oracle SEG$ contentionTanel Poder
From Tanel Poder's Troubleshooting Complex Performance Issues series - an example of Oracle SEG$ internal segment contention due to some direct path insert activity.
This document describes how to create a simple UDP echo server and client in C. It explains that UDP sockets are connectionless and datagrams are directly sent and received, unlike TCP sockets which are connection-oriented. The server code uses socket(), bind(), recvfrom(), and sendto() to receive datagrams from clients and echo them back. The client code uses socket(), sendto(), and recvfrom() to send messages to the server and receive the echoed responses. Running the server and testing it with netcat is demonstrated, and then a client program is provided to interact with the server instead of using netcat.
This document provides best practices for embedded firmware design to make the development process less painful. It recommends using C instead of C++ for firmware programming due to its portability, speed, and clear behavior. State machines should be used everywhere to manage complexity, avoid rare bugs, and make code more testable and reusable. A modular design separates behavior from hardware to enable faster desktop debugging. A hardware abstraction layer isolates hardware interfaces from behavior for portability. On-device debugging should only be used as a last resort due to its slowness compared to desktop debugging.
This document discusses using JavaScript for embedded programming on microcontrollers. It introduces Espruino, which allows programming microcontrollers using JavaScript. Espruino provides inexpensive hardware with peripherals and libraries, making it suitable for hobbyists and prototyping. In contrast to Arduino, Espruino includes a debugger. The document demonstrates examples of using Espruino to read temperature and humidity sensors and expose sensor data over Bluetooth Low Energy. It encourages exploring Espruino and related projects like Tessel and Neonious for embedded JavaScript development.
This document contains questions and answers about I/O models and multiplexing in networking. It discusses blocking I/O, non-blocking I/O, I/O multiplexing using select and poll, signal-driven I/O, and asynchronous I/O. It also provides code examples of a concurrent TCP server using select to convert text to uppercase and a poll-based client-server application to handle both TCP and UDP requests for text conversion.
HSA enables more efficient compilation of high-level programming interfaces like OpenACC and C++AMP. For OpenACC, HSA provides flexibility in implementing data transfers and optimizing nested parallel loops. For C++AMP, HSA allows efficient compilation from an even higher level interface where GPU data and kernels are modeled as C++ containers and lambdas, without needing to specify data transfers. Overall, HSA aims to reduce boilerplate code for heterogeneous programming and provide better portability across devices.
Rust — это современный, практический, быстрый и безопасный язык программирования. Некоторые говорят, что Rust — это как C++, если бы его писал человек, знающий Haskell.
Система типов Rust решает главную проблему C++ — небезопасность. C++ очень легко сделать ошибки, которые приведут к поломкам (например, use after free). Rust позволяет писать безопасный код, сохраняя при этом выразительность и околонулевые накладные расходы C++. В докладе будут подробно описаны механизмы языка, которые контролируют безопасность программы.
Хотя в данный момент Rust ещё не подходит для использования в продакшне, его всё равно стоит изучать. Во-первых, потому что это очень интересный подход к программированию, а во-вторых, потому что через несколько лет для разработки требовательных к ресурсам программ будет необходим именно Rust или другой похожий инструмент.
The document discusses Bluespec, a hardware description language that allows for writing RTL designs from a higher level of abstraction. It covers Bluespec's toolchain which can generate Verilog code and perform simulation and synthesis. It also discusses Bluespec's strong type system and parallel programming model based on rules. The sample code shows how to write a bubble sort module in Bluespec using registers, rules, and scheduling constructs.
This document discusses distributed computing patterns in R using the ZeroMQ (ZMQ) library. It describes common messaging patterns like request-reply and pub-sub that ZMQ supports. Code examples are provided to illustrate how to implement these patterns in R, including a realistic example of a C++ server and R client communicating using protocol buffers. Distributed computing techniques like clustering and parallel foreach loops are also demonstrated using the rzmq and doDeathstar packages.
The document describes MicroC/OS-II, a real-time operating system kernel. It can manage up to 64 tasks total, with 8 reserved for system use, leaving 56 for user applications. Each task has a unique priority. MicroC/OS-II provides services like mailboxes, queues, semaphores and time functions. It is suitable for small embedded systems that require high-performance due to its simplicity and lightweight footprint.
various tricks for remote linux exploits by Seok-Ha Lee (wh1ant)CODE BLUE
Modern operating systems include hardened security mechanisms to block exploit attempts. ASLR and NX (DEP) are two examples of the mechanisms that are widely implemented for the sake of security. However, there exists ways to bypass such protections by leveraging advanced exploitation techniques. It becomes harder to achieve code execution when the exploitation originates from a remote location, such as when the attack originates from a client, targeting server daemons. In such cases it is harder to find out the context information of target systems and, therefore, harder to achieve code execution. Knowledge on the memory layout of the targeted process is a crucial piece of the puzzle in developing an exploit, but it is harder to figure out when the exploit attempt is performed remotely. Recently, there have been techniques to leverage information disclosure (memory leak) vulnerabilities to figure out where specific library modules are loaded in the memory layout space, and such classes of vulnerabilities have been proven to be useful to bypass ASLR. However, there is also a different way of figuring out the memory layout of a process running in a remote environment. This method involves probing for valid addresses in target remote process. In a Linux environment, forked child processes will inherit already randomized memory layout from the parent process. Thus every client connection made to server daemons will share the same memory layout. The memory layout randomization is only done during the startup of the parent service process, and not randomized again when it is forking a child process to handle client connections. Due to the inheritance of child processes, it is possible to figure out a small piece of different information from every connection, and these pieces can be assembled later to get the idea of a big picture of the target process's remote memory layout. Probing to see if a given address is a valid memory address in context of the target remote process and assembling such information together, an attacker can figure out where the libc library is loaded on the memory, thus allowing exploits to succeed further in code execution. One might call it brute force, but with a smart brute forcing strategy, the number of minimal required attempts are significantly reduced to less than 10 in usual cases. In this talk, we will be talking about how it is possible to probe for memory layout space utilizing a piece of code to put the target in a blocked state, and to achieve stable code execution in remote exploit attempt scenarios using such information, as well as other tricks that are often used in remote exploit development in the Linux environment.
http://codeblue.jp/en-speaker.html#SeokHaLee
The document discusses intra-machine parallelism and threaded programming. It introduces key concepts like threads, processes, synchronization constructs (locks and condition variables), and challenges like overhead and Amdahl's law. An example of domain decomposition for parallel rendering is presented to demonstrate how to divide a problem into independent tasks and assign them to threads.
This document discusses various methods for executing operating system commands from within SAS code, including the X command, %sysexec, Call system, Systask command, and Filename pipe. It provides examples of using each method and discusses advantages and disadvantages. Alternatives like shell scripts are also addressed for situations where XCMD is not enabled.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
2. Without Channels
•
One can still exchange data among modules.
•
Problems:
–
Data access may not be well scheduled.
–
It is possible that multiple processes try to access but clear order is not set up.
–
Events can be used to set up the order but it is likely that events may be
missed.
–
No handshaking mechanism is embedded.
–
It does not map to HW architecture.
–
And so on….
3. Using channels
•
•
•
•
For all communication issues, it is recommended to solve the
above problems using channels.
Channel is a SystemC embedded mechanism.
Can be used to map to real HW architecture and
communication protocols.
Two basic types of channels are provided:
–
Primitive
–
Hierarchical
4. Primitive Channels
•
For “primitive” type, no process, hierarchy,
and so on in order to make the channels fast.
•
Inherit from the base class, sc_prim_channel.
•
Three simple SystemC channels:
–
sc_mutex
–
sc_semaphore
–
sc_fifo
5. sc_mutex
•
•
•
•
•
Mutex is a program object allowing multiple threads to share a common
resource without colliding.
During elaboration, a mutex is created. Then, any process wants to use
the resource must lock the mutex to prevent others from accessing the
same source. After its access, the process must unlock the mutex to let
others access the resource.
When a process try to access a locked mutex, it is prevented until the
mutex is unlocked.
In SystemC, both blocking and unblocking types are supported.
No signal is available to indicate that a mutex is available. SO, using
trylock may be a method but it may slow down the simulation.
15. sc_semaphore
•
To have more than one resources to choose from, one can use
semaphore.
•
Mutex here is one special case of semaphore.
•
When a process finishes with a resource, it must post a notice.
•
Syntax: sc_semaphore name_or_semaphore(count)
–
name_of_semaphore.wait(); //blocking
–
name_of_semaphore.trywait(); //non-blocking
–
name_of_semaphore.get_value();// return # of free semaphores
–
name_of_semaphore.post(); //when free a resource
25. SC_FIFO
•
Good for architecture modeling
•
Suitable for data flow modeling too.
•
Simple to implement.
•
Default sc_fifo depth is 16, with its data type specified.
•
The data type of sc_fifo can be complex structure.
•
It can be used to buffer data between two processing units,
data packets in communication networks, and so on.
26. Bus Wrapper
•
接續上面的 Bus Model, 接到 Bus 的 Module
有一個 Wrapper, Wrapper 上有一個 FIFO 來
當 buffer, 這樣就可以運用 sc_fifo 來當練習
了.
37. The use of Signals
•
•
•
•
When modeling signal on something like electronic
wire,
When concurrent executions of modules are
required and execution orders of modules are
important,
When using wait() and notify() cosumes too much
time,
When using FIFO consuming too much resources,
39. Signal Channel
•
Signal channels use the update phase as a point of synchronization.
•
Each such channel has to store the current value and the new value.
•
•
•
•
The incoming value is stored into the new position instead of the current
position.
When in update phase (Kernel calls update_request()), the current value
is updated with the new value. Therefore, contention is resolved.
All these are done within a delta cycle.
If one writes to a channel and reads the channel within the same delta
cycle, one will find the result is not the value just been written.
40. sc_signal
•
•
•
When using write(), the evaluate-update is performed, too.
That is, it calls sc_prim_channle:: request_update() and
sc_signal::update().
sc_signal behaves like VHDL’ signal and Verilog’s reg. By the
way.
Only one process can write to a sc_signal in order to avoid
race condition.
sc_signal <datatype> name_of_signal;
name_of_signal.write(new_value);
name_of_signal.read(name_of_var);
sensitive << name_of_signal.default_event();
wait(name_of_signal.default_event);
………
09/12/9