Visit https://www.vlsiuniverse.com/ https://www.vlsiuniverse.com/2020/05/complete-asic-design-flow.html This is the standard VLSI design flow that every semiconductor company follows. The complete ASIC design flow is explained by considering each and every stage.

1. ASIC
DESIGN
FLOW
www.vlsiuniverse.com

2. This is the standard VLSI design
flow that every semiconductor
company follows. The complete
ASIC design flow is explained by
considering each and every stage.

3. Specificatio
ns
• Let us assume we all are IC
design engineers, So you are
getting the specification from the
customer say to design a full
adder.
• For example, the customer says
to design a Full adder with 2GHz
or 5GHz frequency. So the
specification is the first stage in
any ASIC design. The
specification may be the power
or chip area or the chip speed.

4. Microarchitecture design
There will be a top-level design engineer in any
company that decides the microarchitecture for the
specification is whatever given by the customer.
He will design the sample architecture which contains
for example for a full adder, there will be two half
adders and standard cell (OR gate) and CLK1, CLK2,
etc.
Then he will estimate the chip area, speed, and power
based on this model and discuss the approximate
cost of the design with the customer.
Once the customer is happy with the
microarchitecture whatever developed by the IC
design engineer he will give green signal to start the
design. If the microarchitecture is finalized by the
customer we have to go for the RTL design.

5. RTL Design
From the microarchitecture, each and
every module is assigned to different low-
level design engineers. So the work is
divided into different groups.
The different groups will design the RTL
register transfer level design. Which is the
first stage of Technology independent
design? The RTL may be designed using
any of the Hardware Description
Language such as Verilog or VHDL.
Make sure that while going for ASICs
design we need to write synthesizable
RTL.

6. Simulation
• Once the RTL is designed we need
to verify the design for its functional
working that is we need to go for
simulation.
• Once the functionality is verified we
need to go for the process called
synthesis.
• Till now the design was Technology
independent design. The output file
will be available in the dot V(.V)
Verilog format.

7. Synthesis
• The moment the design is taken into the synthesis
the design is called Technology dependent design.
Synthesis is a three-stage process Translation,
Optimization, and Mapping into the particular
technology 32nm or 45ns or 50nm, etc.
• Once the synthesis is over we need to generate two
different files.
Gate level Verilog netlist (.Vg)
SDC(Synopsys design constraint) constraint file,
where need to specify input delay, output delay,
clock period, is there any multicycle path? , is there
any false path? Latency, Clock uncertainty, etc.
• The software used for synthesis is the Design
Compiler by Synopsys. Once the synthesis is over
we need to move to DFT(Design for Testability).

8. Design for
Testability
(DFT)
• In DFT we have to measure the
controllability (ability in setting the input) and
observability (ability in seeing the output
from any internal node) of our design.
• How far our design is achievable in terms of
the error rate. Once DFT is finished we
have to generate the file called. ATPG
(Automatic Test Pattern Generation) file.
• The software normally used for DFT is
Encounter Test that is from the cadence.
Up to this, we can call our design as
FRONT END ASIC design.

9. Data
Preparation
• Before moving to Back end design we need to data
preparation that is making sure all required files are
available to start with the back end design. The software
which is used for Back End Design is SOC Encounter
and PnR Tools.
• Data files required: .Vg, .SDC, .ATPG, .lib, .lef, .io
Library file (.lib) towards particular technology, if your
working for a 45nm technology we need a 45nm
technology library file. The library file will be of three
kinds slow, typical, and fast library based on the
different PVT.
• Library exchange format (.lef) contains metal and via
information, height and width of the cell, the width of the
polysilicon, and all technology-related information.
Before going to the next stage we need to check the
design at all different instances whether the synthesis
fellow gave the correct netlist or not. Command to do
the check design is check design - all. Once we confirm
everything is okay, we need to proceed for Timing the
design.

10. Timing Design
• The design is divided into four different paths.
Input to Register path
Input to the Output path
Register to Register path
Register to the Output path
• Then we will apply setup and hold predefined
equations to check the Maximum frequency of
operation or Minimum required clock period, Check
for the violations, etc. it will come out with the slack.
If the slack is positive then it's fine. If the slack is
negative we need to optimize the design and make
slack to be positive.
• The timing will be verified in five different stages
PRE-PLACE, PRE-CTC, POST-CTS, POST-
ROUTE, and POST-SI.
Here at this stage, we do the PRE-PLACE timing
check. Once PRE-PLACE is confirmed we need to
go for the stage called floor planning.

11. Floorplanning
This stage involves identifying the
right place for the components and
placing the highly connected
components close together to
reduce the interconnect delay.

12. Power Planning
• The main aim the power planning is to
reduce the IR drop. We have to make
sure the same supply voltage VDD
reaches to each and every component
in the design.
• Suppose if we are going for 180nm the
allowed VDD is 1.8v. To reduce the IR
drop introducing VDD VSS stripes is
one of the methods.
• Based on complexity we can introduce
only vertical stripes or both vertical and
horizontal VDD VSS stripes.

13. Place Design
• Once the floor planning and power planning
are over we will go for placement of the
design. Place design places all our
components standard cell, Hard macros,
Soft macros, and everything into the chip.
We have two option while placement.
• Time-based, The focus is to improve the
speed of the chip design.
Congestion-based, The main focus is to
reduce the area of the chip.
• Once the placement is done, we need to go
for the PRE-CTS time design check.
Verifying all the path and confirming no
violations and the slack is not negative.

14. Clock Tree Synthesis
(CTS)
Trying to obtain the ZERO clock
skew by inserting the clock buffer
or inverter.
Which may lead to timing
violations, So, we need to do the
POST-CTS timing design check.

15. Routing
There are two stages in routing the first
one is Global Routing, identifying the
optimized way of interconnections. and
the second one is Detailed Routing, this
is the actual routing between the
components that are routing of signal
lines, clock paths, and power wires(we
need to make sure the width and length of
the wire).
Routing may introduce the timing
violations so we need to do POST-ROUTE
timing design check once the routing is
over.

16. DRC and LVS
The design is checked for the
DRC (Design Rule Check)
violations and LVS (Layout vs
Schematic) violations.

17. Signal
Integrity SI
• The signal integrity fellow makes sure
there are no issues such as Crosstalk,
Noise, Migrations, and Antenna effects.
• To resolve these issues if had, there may
be the addition or deletion od some
components, which may lead to timing
error. So the design is verified by the
POST-SI timing design check at this
stage.
• Now the design will be sent to fabrication
for Tape out. and they will return us the
GDSII version of the design.

18. Thank you
Visit www.vlsiuniverse.com for more related stuff.