The document provides various Verilog test code examples demonstrating different programming concepts such as mathematical operations, always block sensitivity lists, delay assignments, case statements, function and task calls, and more. It also addresses operator precedence and the handling of unknown inputs, showcasing the behavior of different data types and operations in simulation. Each module contains initial conditions, monitoring commands, and comments on the expected results or behavior during simulation.

1. Verilog Test Code

2. Check the following code with input is unknown and what is the
mathematical precedence
`timescale 1ns/1ps
module abc;
reg [3:0]a=4'b101X;
reg [3:0]b=4'b1010;
reg [3:0]c,d;
integer e;
initial begin
c=a+b;
d=a^b;
e=3+3-6/3*2;
end
initial $monitor(c[0],c[1],c[2],c[3]," " ,d[0],d[1],d[2],d[3]," ",e);
endmodule
Check the triggering of the always with changing value of sensitivity list
`timescale 1ns/1ps

3. module always_test();
reg x,y a;
initial begin
$monitor("%d %d %d",x,y,a,$time);
x=1'bx; #10 x=1'b0; #10 x=1'b1; #10 x=1'b0; #10 x=1'b1; #10
x=1'b0; #10 x=1'b1; #10 x=1'b0; #20 x=1'b1; #10 x =1'b0; #10 x=1'b1;
#10 x=1'b0; #10 $finish;end
always @(x)
y = #20 x;
always @(x)
#20 a = x;
Initial begin $recordfile("always_block.trn"); $recordvars("depth= 0");
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ps
module always_test();
reg x,y;
integer a=0;
initial begin
$monitor("%d %d %d",x,y,a,$time);
x=1'bx;
#10 x=1'b0;
y=1'b0;
#10 x=1'b1;

4. #10 y=1'b1;
#10 $finish;
end
always @(x&&y)
a <= a + 10;
initial begin
$recordfile("always_testee.trn");
$recordvars("depth = 0");
End
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ps
module always_test();
reg x,y;
reg a;
initial begin
$monitor("%d %d %d",x,y,a,$time);
x=1'bx; #10 x=1'b0; #10 x=1'b1; #10 x=1'b0; #10 x=1'b1; #30
x=1'b0; #10 x=1'b1; #10 x=1'b0; #20 x=1'b1; #10 x =1'b0; #10 x=1'b1;
#10 x=1'b0;
#10 $finish;
end
always @(x)

5. y <= #20 x;
always @(x)
#20 a <= x;
Initial begin
$recordfile("always_testee.trn");
$recordvars("depth = 0");
end
endmodule
Check the followingcode with different inertial delay
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module assign_delay_test;
reg clk;
initial begin
clk =1'b0;
forever #10 clk = ~clk;
end
assign #5 clk1 = clk;
assign #6 clk2 = clk;
initial $monitor(clk, " ", clk1 ," " ,clk2 ,$time);
initial #50$finish;
endmodule

6. Check the following code with different intra assignment delay
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module assign_delay_test;
reg clk;
initial begin
clk =1'b0;
forever #10 clk = ~clk;
end
assign clk1 = #4clk;
assign clk2 = #6 clk;
initial $monitor(clk,clk1,clk2 ,$time);
initial #200 $finish;
endmodule
Check the output with mixed case assignment
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module block_nonblock_test;
reg a,b,c,d;
initial begin
$monitor("a=%b b=%b c=%b d=%b ",a,b,c,d,);
c=1'b0;
a=1'b0;
b=1'b1;
c<=a|b;

7. d<=c;
end
endmodule
muticase with single assignment
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module case_test;
localparam MON=0,TUE=1,WED=2,THU=3,FRI=4,SAT=5,SUN=6;
reg [0:2] today;
integer pocket_money;
always @* begin
case (today)
TUE: pocket_money=6;
MON,WED : pocket_money=2;
FRI,SAT,SUN: pocket_money=0;
default : pocket_money=1;
endcase
end
initial begin
$recordfile("case_test.trn");
$recordvars("depth = 0");
end
initial begin
$display("today pocket_money time");

8. $monitor(today,pocket_money,$time);
today=3'b000;
#10 today=3'b001;
#10 today=3'b010;
#10 today=3'b011;
#10 today=3'b001;
#10 today=3'b111;
#10 today=3'b101;
#10 today=3'b110;
end
endmodule
Check the triggering of the always with changing value of sensitivity list
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module clk_test();
reg clk,OP1;
reg OP2;
initial begin
$display("clk, OP1 OP2");
$monitor("%d %d %d",clk,OP1,OP2,$time);
#100 $finish;
end
initial clk=1'b0;
always

9. #10 clk= ~clk;
always@(clk)
OP1= #20 clk;
always @(clk)
#20 OP2 = clk;
Initial begin
$recordfile("clk_test.trn");
$recordvars("depth = 0");
end
endmodule
fork Join Delay check all statement inside fork join run parallel and begin
end sequentialy
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module delay_test();
reg x,m;
parameter [2:0]delay=-1;
initial fork
begin
x=1'b0;
#5 x=1'b1;
#1 x= 1'b1;
End
#5 x=1'b0;

10. #2 x=1'b1;
#1 x=1'b0; //delayspecefied in terms of x and z does not
take ERROR
#delay$finish; // the delayis specefied in terms of negativeis
not taking
join
initial
fork
m=1'b1;
m= #1 1'b1;
m = #1 1'bx;
m= #2 1'b0;
join
initial begin
$recordfile("delay_test.trn");
$recordvars("depth = 0");
end
endmodule
Check the code for Logical operator in regular statement
`timescale 1ns/1ps
module logical_test;
reg [3:0]A,B,C,D,E,F;
//reg [3:0] C,D,E,F;

11. always @* begin
C=A&B;
D=A&&B;
E=A|B;
F=A||B;
end
initial //$monitor("%b",D,"%b ",A);
$monitor("A = %b B = %b C = %b D = %b E = %b F = %b
",A,B,C,D,E,F);
initial begin
A=4'b101Z;
B=4'b11Z1;
end
endmodule
Frequency multiplier
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module freq_div_2;
reg clk,a;
initial begin
clk=1'b0;
forever #10 clk =~clk;
end
always @(clk) begin

12. a=0;
#5 a=1;
end
initial $monitor("clk= ", clk," a=",a,$time);
initial #30$finish;
endmodule
Task calling function
module func_task_test;
integer x,y,z,re;
initial fork
y=8;
task_test(y,z);
join
function integer fun(input integer y); begin
fun =y;
end
endfunction
task task_test(input integer y,output integer z);
begin z=fun(y);end
endtask
initial $monitor("x= %2d Y = %2d Z = %2d", x,y,z);
initial begin
$recordfile("fun_task.trn");

13. $recordvars("depth=0");
#20 $finish;end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module funct_test;
integer val;
initial begin val=funct(16);
$display("%0d",val); end
function integer funct(input integer depth);
integer i;
begin funct=1;
for(i=0;2**i < depth;i=i+1)
funct=i+1; end
endfunction
endmodule
module fun_task_test;
integer x,y,z,re;
initial fork
y=8;
task_test(y,z);
join
function integer fun(input integer y); begin

14. fun =y; end
endfunction
task task_test(input integer y,output integer z);
begin
z=fun(y); end
endtask
initial $monitor(x,y,z);
initial begin
$recordfile("fun_task.trn");
$recordvars("depth=0");
#20 $finish;end
endmodule
module fun_test;
integer val;
initial begin val=funct(16);
$display("%0d",val); end
function integer funct(input integer depth);
integer i; begin
funct=1;
for(i=0;2**i < depth;i=i+1)
if(i==2) break;

15. funct=i+1;
end
endfunction
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module if_test;
reg rst,En,x;
test the if else condition
always @*
begin
if(rst)
if(En)
x=1'b1;
else
x=1'b0;
else x=1'bx;
end
initial begin
$monitor("rst En = %b %b x = %b time ",rst,En,x,$time);
#0 rst=1'b0;En=1'b1;

16. #10 rst=1'b0;En=1'b1;
#10 rst=1'b1;En=1'b0;
#10 rst=1'b1;En=1'b1;
#10 rst=1'b0;En=1'b1;
#10 $finish;
end
endmodule
check the operator
module operator_test;
integer y;
initial begin
$monitor("y = %2d ",y,$time);
#400 y= 3 + 3 - 6 / 3 * 2 ;
End
endmodule
//poweroperator & function test
module keyword_test;
integer i;
parameter depth =16;
integer funct;
initial begin
for(i=0;2**i < depth;i=i+1)
if(2**i==depth2);

17. else funct=i+1; end
initial $monitor(funct);
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ps
Create the log file using log system task
module log_test();
reg x;
initial begin
$monitor("%d ",x,$time);
x=1'bx;
#10 x=1'b0; #10 x=1'b1; #10 x=1'b0; #10 $finish;
end
initial begin $monitor(x);
$log("log_test.v");// to store the output into logfile
end
endmodule
CHECK THE TIMESCALE
`timescale 10ns/1ns
module mult_timescale;
integer a;
initial begin
$monitor(a," ",$realtime);
#1.55 a=1;

18. #1.55 a=0;
end
//initial begin $monitor("%t ",$realtime); // if you are using%t for
time it will displayas
//multiplybythe time unit as for the time precision value
// end
endmodule
module negative_number_test();
reg [7:0]a;
reg [1:0]b=-3;
initial begin $monitor("%b %d %d",a,b,$time);
a=8'b10101101;
#10 a=a >> (b);
#10 $finish;
end
endmodule
precedence test
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module operator_test;
integer y;
initial begin y= 3 + 3 - 6 / 3 * 2 ;

19. #6 $display(y);end
Endmodule
Define parameter test
module param_test;
defparam one.MEM_SIZE=300;// overwriting parameter
one #(400)one();// instantiationtime overwriting
endmodule
module one; //module one
parameter MEM_SIZE=100;
initial $display("MEM_SIZE=%3d",MEM_SIZE);
// defparam has higher priority
endmodule`timescale 1ns/1ns
module part_select;
reg [7:0] data;
initial begin
$monitor(data,$time);
data=8'd0;
#10; //data[0:3]= 4'b1110; //Reversed part-select index
expression ordering

20. data[3:0] = 4'b1110; //right part selection
#50 $finish;
end
endmodule
random value generation & shift operator
`timescale 1ns/1ps
module random_test();
reg [7:0]a;
reg [1:0]b=-1;
initial begin
$monitor("%d %b %b",$time,a,b);
a=$random;
#10 a=a>>(b);
#10 $finish;
end
endmodule
system task memread test
`timescale 1ns/1ps
module always_read_mem;
reg [7:0]data[2:0];
integer i;
initial begin
$readmemb("mem_data.v",data);

21. for (i=0; i < 3; i= i+1)
$displayo("data=%b",data[i]);
end
endmodule
Repeat loop test
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module repeat_test;
integer dout=5.3;
integer data=3.5;
initial begin
repeat(data)begin
data=data+1;
#2; end
end
initial begin
repeat(dout)begin
dout=dout+1;
#2; end
end
initial $monitor("data=%2d,dout=%2d",data,dout);
endmodule
Check the triggering of the always with changing value of sensitivity list

22. module shifer;
integer a=0;
reg signed [3:0] data=-11;
reg signed[3:0] d ;
initial begin
$monitor("%b,%b",data,d,$time);
//data = -10;
// data <= #2 data >> 2;
#4 data= data >>> 3;
end
endmodule
module testr12;
integer x,y,z; wire [2:0]a;
initial begin x=10; y=z=x;// this is an ERROR in verilog
end
initial $monitor(x,y,z,$time);
endmodule
check the format specification
module test1;
reg signed [2:0] m,n;
initial begin
$monitor($time," %b ",m," %b ", n);
m = 0; n= 0; end

23. initial #10m = m + 1;
initial #10n = n + 1'b1;
endmodule
module test_assign_deassign_test();
reg clk; reg clear; wire q; reg d;
assign_deassign_test as(q,q1,sd,clk,clear);
always #10 clk = ~ clk;
initial begin
$monitor("force release o/p = ",q," assign_deassign o/p = ",q1,"
clk = ", clk);
clear=1'b0;
clk=1'b0; d=1'b0; #50 clear = 1'b1; d=1'b1; #30 clear =1'b1; #50
clear =1'b0; #20 finish;end
initial
begin
$recordfile("assign_dassign_test.trn");
$recordvars("depth = 0");

24. end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module test_freq_div_3;
reg clk_in;
reg rst;
wire clk_out;
freq_div_5freq(clk_out,clk_in,rst);
initial
begin
rst=1'b0;
clk_in=1'b0;

25. #20 rst=1'b1;
end
initial
forever
clk_in = #10 ~clk_in;
initial
begin
$recordfile("cl_div.trn");
$recordvars("depth=0");
#300 $finish;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module test_math;
reg [3:0] A=4'b101Z; // 4 bit value of A
reg [3:0] B=4'b1X10; // 4 bit value of B
reg [3:0] C, D; // 4 bit value of C & D
integer E,F,G; // 32 bit value of e, f & g

26. initial
begin
C=A+B; // mathematicaloperation ifoprands are X or Z
// result => xxxx
D=A^B; // bitwise operation
E= 3 + 3 - 6 / 3 * 2 % 3; // operatorprecedence => / * % + -
F = 3 + 3 - 6 / 3 * (2 % 3 ); // effect of paranthesis
G = 3 + 3 - 6 / ((3 * 2) % 3 ) ; // divide be Zero infinte => X
end
initial
begin
$display("input data A=%b B=%b ",A,B);
$display("mathematicalresult = ",C[3],C[2],C[1],C[0]);
$display("bit wise result = " ,D[3],D[2],D[1],D[0]);
$display("operatorprecedence result E =%2d F =%3d G
=%3d",E,F,G);
end
endmodule

27. `timescale 1ns/1ps
module abc;
reg [3:0]a=4'b101X;
reg [3:0]b=4'bX010;
reg [3:0]c,d;
integer e;
initial
begin
c=a+b;
d=a^b;
e=3+3-6/3*2;
end
initial
$monitor(c[0],c[1],c[2],c[3]," " ,d[0],d[1],d[2],d[3]," ",e);
endmodule
check the timescale & different system $time task
`timescale 10ns/1ns
module test_timescale;
integer a,b;

28. initial
begin
#1.55 a=1;
#1.55 a=0;
$display(a,"time=%3d",$time);
$display(a,"stime=%3d",$stime);
$display(a,"realtime=%d",$realtime);
end
initial
begin
#1.55 b=0;
#1.55 b=1;
$display("n");
$display(b,"%t",$time);
$display(b,"%t",$stime);
$display(b,"%t",$realtime);
end
endmodule

29. `timescale 10ns/100ps
module test_timescale;
integer a;
initial
begin
#2.2
$monitor("%t " ,$time); // without specifyingthe %t it will displaythe
totel time taken by the
end
endmodule
operator test
module test;
integer x ,y;
reg [2:0] m,n;
assign a = (x == y);
initial
begin
m = 2;
n= -2;
$monitor(a,$time,x,y,"",m,"", n);
#2

30. x= 4; y = 4;
#10 x= 5;
#10 y = 5;
#10 y= 32'bxx;
end
initial #10m = m + 1;
initial #10n = n + 1'b1;
endmodule
module casez_test();
integer y=0;
reg [2:0]data=3'd0;
reg [1:8*6] name;
wire x=1'b0;
initial name ="aeepak";// a stringis always declare as reg and start
from 1 to 8*no of character in that word
assign #10 x=~x;
always @*
casez (data)
3'b0x1: y=2;
3'b1xz: y=1;
3'b0x1: y=3;
3'b1x0: y=4;
3'b1xz: y=8;

31. default:y=0;
endcase
initial begin
data=3'b1zz;
#10 data =3'b01z;
#10 data= 3'b001;
#10 data = 3'bz11;
#10 data=3'b010;
#10data = 3'b100;
#10 data=6;
#10 data = 3'b101;
#50 $finish;
end
initial begin
$recordfile("case_test.trn");
$recordvars( "depth=0");
end endmodule
module one_if_con();
reg x,y,b;
wire z,a;
wire sig;
always @(a) // nested always block dont dare to delate it if u do it will
make blast connected to system f ile

32. begin
b=a;
always @*
if(sig)
x=y;
else
y=z;
end
endmodule
module reg_test();
reg a;
reg y;
reg clk=0;
/*initial
begin
x = 'o15;
#10 x= 'hz3;
#10 x=23;
#10 x= 8'bx1;
#20;
end*/
initial begin
a=1'bx;

33. #1 a=1'bz;
#200 $finish;
end
initial begin
$monitor(y,clk);
y=0;
repeat (3)
y = y+1;
while (1)
clk =~ clk;
end
always @(a)
$display("the output is %b",a);
initialbegin
$recordfile("register.trn");
$recordvars("depth=0");
end
endmodule
module register_test(a,d,clk);
output d;
input a;
input clk;

34. reg b,c,d;
always @(posedge clk) begin
b=a;
c=b;
d=c;
end
endmodule
module reg_test();
reg a;
/*initial begin
x = 'o15;
#10 x= 'hz3;
#10 x=23;
#10 x= 8'bx1;
#20;
end*/
initial begin
a=1'bx;
#1 a=1'bz;
#20 $finish;
end
always

35. $display("the output is %b",a);
Initial begin
$recordfile("register.trn");
$recordvars("depth=0");
end
endmodule
module reg_test();
reg a;
integer y=0;
reg clk=0;
reg [3:0] m,n;
reg [4:0]mn;
initial begin
a=1'bx;
#200 $finish;
end
initial begin
$monitor("sum is %b",mn,$time,data,$printtimescale);
m=4'b0101;
n=4'b1101;
#15 mn=m+n >> 1;
//mn=({1'b0,m} + {1'b0,n}) >> 1;

36. end
initial begin
//$monitor("yis %d",y);
repeat (a)
y = y+1;
end
initial begin
//while (1)
clk =~ clk;
end
always @(a)
$display("the output is %b",a);
Initial begin
$recordfile("re.trn");
$recordvars("depth=0");
end
and (o,a,b);
and (o1,a1,b1);
wire [6:0] data;
assign data= {3{2'd2}};
reg [2:0] dadd;
/*initial // data generation between 45 to 55;

37. begin
repeat (10)
begin
dadd= $random;
#10
data = 'd44 +dadd;
end
end*/
endmodule
`timescale 1ps/1ps
module test_file;
reg [7:0]y;
reg [7:0]x;
reg [1:0]n;
reg [7:0]z;
reg ctrl;
reg [4:0]p;
reg [1:8*6]name;
reg [7:0]sig;
wire [1:8*6]my_name;
mult_bi_if_cond good(x,y,sig,name,my_name);
initial begin

38. $monitor("%b, %b %b",x,y,z,$time); // what is the output if i shift any
no with negative no;
name = "deepak";
x =8'b1101_1010; // handlingwith negativeno
//x =8'b_1101_1010; //this is error the first bit cant declare as
underscore
#20 x={1'b01,2'd2,4'h4,1'b0};
sig =0;
n = -1;
#5
name="Floria";
x <= x >> 3;
y <= x >>> 3;
z <= x <<< 3;
p=2**3;
ctrl=1'b0;
#10 sig =1'b1;
#20 sig =1'b0;
ctrl=1'b1;
#10 sig =1'b1;
#10 ctrl=1'b0;
#50 $finish;

39. end
/*always @(sig)@(ctrl) // always blockone condition with multiple
snnstivitylist saperatly
if(sig)
x=y;
else
y=z;
*/
/*always // one always without condition
if(sig)
x=y;
else
y=z;
*/
always @(x)
if(x)
x=y;
else
y=z;
initial begin
$dumpfile("test.vcd");

40. $dumpvars;
end
/*initial begin
$recordfile("test.trn");
$recordvars("depth=0");
end*/
endmodule
module test_top(a,b);
input a;
output b;
reg b;
always @(a)
b=a;
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ps
module test;
reg [7:0]x;
wire clk=1'b0;
//assign clk= #10 ~clk;
not #10(clk,clk);
or #10 (clk,clk,(not (clk,clk));
initial begin
$monitor("%d %t",x,$time);

41. x=8'd0;
#20 x={1'b1,2'd2,4'h4,1'b0};// concatenation ofmultiple data
type in single variable
#10 x={1'b0,2'd2,4'h3,1'b0};
#1.5 x=8'd23;
#20;
end
initial begin
$recordfile("te.trn");
$recordvars("depth=0");
end
endmodule
System task test
`timescale 1ns/1ps
module always_test();
reg x;
initial
begin
#10.243443515 x=1'b1;
x=1'b0;
$strobe("%b %t",x,$realtime);

42. $timeformat(-10,6,"time_unit",2);
#10;
x=1'b1;
#10 $finish;
$save(0);
end
endmodule
`timescale 10ns/1ns
module timescale_test;
realtime r;
integer x;
initial
begin
#2.111312
x=$realtime;
$display("%t ",x);
$timeformat(-6,4,"ns",4);
//$printtimescale;
#10 $finish;
end
endmodule

43. `timescale 1ns/1ns
module wait_test();
reg x=1'b0;
reg out=1'b0;
initial #50$finish;
always
#10 x = ~x;
// test the follwing code the always blockneed some delays
always begin
wait (x==1'b1)
#2 out=~out;
end
//endmodule
initial
begin
$recordfile("wait_test.trn");
$recordvars("depth = 0");
end
endmodule

44. Frequency div By 5
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module test_freq_div_5;
reg clk_in;
reg rst;
wire clk_out;
freq_div_5freq(clk_in,clk_out,rst);
initial
begin
rst=1'b0;
clk_in=1'b0;
#20 rst=1'b1;
end
initial foreverclk_in = #10 ~clk_in;
initial
begin
$recordfile("cl_div5.trn");
$recordvars("depth=0");
#300 $finish;
end

45. endmodule
Synthesize the following code & find the hardware
module block_hardware_test_comb(temp1,temp2,temp3,a,b);
input a,b;
output temp1,temp2,temp3;
reg temp1,temp2,temp3;
always @(*)
begin
temp1 = a^b;
temp2 = a|b;
temp3 = a&b;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module block_hardware_test_clk(clk,temp1,temp2,temp3,a,b);
input clk,a,b;
output temp1,temp2,temp3;
reg temp1,temp2,temp3;
always @(posedge clk)
begin
temp1 = a^b;
temp2 = a|b;

46. temp3 = a&b;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module block_hardware_test(clk,temp,a,b);
input clk,a,b;
output temp;
reg temp;
always @*
begin
temp <= a^b;
temp <= a|b;
temp <= a&b;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module counter_hardware(count,count_en,clk,rst);
output [2:0]count;
input count_en;

47. input clk;
input rst;
reg [2:0]count;
always @(posedge clk, negedge rst)
if(!rst)
count <= 3'd0;
else if (count_en)
count <= count + 1;
else
count <= 3'd0;
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module count_hardare(count,clk,reset);
output [2:0] count;
input clk;
input reset;
always @(posedge clk ,negedge reset)
if(!reset)
count <= 3'd0;
else count = count + 1;
endmodule

48. `timescale 1ns/1ps
module abc(a,b,,e,f);
input [3:0]a,b;
output reg [3:0] e,f;
always @*
begin
e=a&&b;
f=a||b;
end
endmodule
module ff_no_else_hardware(q,d,y,x);
input x,y;
input d;
output q;
reg q;
always @(*)
begin
if(x==1'b1)
q<=1'b0;
end
endmodule

49. module ff_test_asyn_hardware_new(q,d,clk,rst);
input clk ,rst;
input d;
output q;
reg q;
always @(posedge clk,posedge rst)
begin
if(rst==1'b1)
q<=1'b0;
else
q<=d;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module freq_div_3(clk_out,clk_in,rst);
output clk_out;
input rst,clk_in;
reg FF1,FF2,FF3;
wire temp_clk_in;
always @(posedge clk_in,negedge rst)
begin

50. if(!rst)
{FF1,FF2}<=2'd0;
else begin
FF1<=(~FF1)&(~FF2);
FF2<=FF1;
end
end
always @(posedge temp_clk_in,negedge rst)
if(!rst)
FF3<=1'b0;
else
FF3<=FF2;
assign temp_clk_in=~clk_in;
assign clk_out= FF2|FF3;
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module freq_div_5(clk_in,clk_out,rst);
output clk_out;
input clk_in;
input rst;

51. reg [2:0]count;
reg clk_B;
wire clk_A;
always @(posedge clk_in,negedge rst)
begin
if(!rst)
count<=3'd0;
else if(count==3'b100)
count<=3'd0;
else
count<=count+1;
end
assign clk_A=count[1];
always @(negedge clk_in,negedge rst)
if(!rst)
clk_B<= 1'b0;
else
clk_B<=clk_A;
assign clk_out=clk_A|clk_B;
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns

52. module funct_hardware_test(dout,din);
output [7:0]dout ;
input [7:0] din;
assign dout = funct(din);
function integer funct(input integer din);
integer i;
begin
funct=1;
for(i=din;i < 5;i=i+1)
funct=i+1;
end
endfunction
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module hardware_contineous_assignment(a,b,c);
input a;
output b;
output c;
assign c=a;
assign c=b;
endmodule

53. `timescale 1ns/1ns
module hardware_test(a,b,c);
input b;
output c,a;
reg c,a;
always @*
begin
a=b;
c=a;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module hardware_without_full_trigger_2(a,b,c,d,e);
input a;
input b,e;
output c,d;
reg c,d,f,g;
always @(a)
begin

54. c = a & b;
d= e | b;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module integer_test_hardware(input clk,rst,input [3:0]a,output dout);
integer dout;
always @(posedge clk,negedge rst)
begin
if(!rst)
dout<=4'b0;
else
dout<=a;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module logical_test_hardware(input [3:0] A,B,output reg[3:0] C,D,E,F);
always @* begin
C=A&B;

55. D=A&&B;
E=A|B;
F=A||B;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module nonbloc_test_hardware(clk,temp,a,b);
input clk,a,b;
output temp;
reg temp;
always @*
begin
temp <= a^b;
temp <= a|b;
temp <= a&b;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module nonblock_hardware_test_var(clk,temp1,temp2,temp3,a,b);
input clk,a,b;

56. output temp1,temp2,temp3;
reg temp1,temp2,temp3;
always @(posedge clk)
begin
temp1 <= a^b;
temp2 <= temp1|b;
temp3 <= temp2&b;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module test_cond_hardware2(ain,bin,dout,out1);
input ain,bin;
output dout,out1;
reg dout,out1;
always @(ain,bin)
begin
if(ain)begin
dout = 1;
out1= dout;end
end
endmodule

57. module string_hardware_test(clk,dout,din);
input clk;
output [8*1:0]dout;
input [8*1:0]din;
reg [8*1:0]dout;
always@(posedge clk)
dout<=din;
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module test_case_hardware(din,dout,insr);
input [1:0]insr;
input [3:0]din;
output dout;
reg dout;
always @(*)
begin
case (insr)

58. 2'b00: dout = din[0];
2'b01: dout = din[1];
2'b10: dout = din[2];
endcase
end
endmodule
Synthesize the following code & find the hardware
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module test_hardware_block(a,clk,temp1,temp2,temp3);
reg clk;
input a,clk;
output temp1,temp2,temp3;
reg temp1,temp2,temp3;
always @(posedge clk)
begin
temp1 =a;
temp2 =temp1;
temp3 =temp2;
end
endmodule

59. `timescale 1ns/1ns
module test_hardware_comb_block(din,enable,dout);
reg dout;
input enable;
input din;
output dout;
always @(enable or din)
begin
if(enable )
dout <= din;
else
dout <= 1'b0;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module
test_hardware_math_block_without_paran(add_result,int_a,int_b,int_c,int
_d,int_e);
input [2:0] int_a,int_b,int_c,int_d,int_e;

60. output integer add_result;
always @*
begin
add_result=int_a+ int_b + int_c + int_d;
end
endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module test_hardware__multbit_cond(din,data,dout);
reg dout;
input [7:0]data;
input din;
output dout;
always @*
begin
if(data )
dout<=din;
else
dout<=~din;
end

61. endmodule
`timescale 1ns/1ns
module test_hardware_star(temp1,temp2,temp3);
output temp1,temp2,temp3;
reg temp1,temp2,temp3;
always @(*) begin
temp1 <=1'b1;
temp2 <=temp1;
temp3 <=temp2;
end
endmodule
module test_hardware_block1(a,temp1,temp2,temp3);
reg clk;
input a;
output temp1,temp2,temp3;
reg temp1,temp2,temp3;
always @(posedge clk) begin
temp1 =a;
temp2 =temp1;
temp3 =temp2;
end

62. endmodule
module test_cond_hardware2(ain,bin,enable,dout);
reg dout;
input enable;
input ain,bin;
output dout;
always @(*) begin
dout<=1'b0;
if(enable )
dout <= ain;
end
endmodule