This document provides an overview of electronic system level (ESL) design and transaction level modeling (TLM). It defines ESL as focusing on designing an electronic system through concepts, languages, tools, and methodologies rather than specific components. TLM abstracts system behavior through function calls and events rather than signals and registers. Using TLM allows modeling only necessary aspects, getting results early, and achieving faster simulation speed. Different TLM stages and implementation details like modules, channels, and transactions are discussed. The document also compares TLM to other levels like RTL and system architecture models.
Interleaved memory is a design that spreads memory addresses across multiple memory banks to compensate for the relatively slow speed of DRAM. It increases bandwidth and improves performance by allowing different modules to be accessed independently and in parallel by different processing units like a CPU and hard disk. There are two address formats for interleaved memory: low order interleaving which spreads addresses across banks, and high order interleaving which uses high order bits as the module address.
MySQL Database Architectures - High Availability and Disaster Recovery SolutionMiguel Araújo
MySQL InnoDB ClusterSet brings multi-datacenter capabilities to our solutions and makes it very easy to set up a disaster recovery architecture. Think multiple MySQL InnoDB Clusters into one single database architecture, fully managed from MySQL Shell and with full MySQL Router integration to make it easy to access the entire architecture.
This presentation covers the various solutions of MySQL for High Availability, Replication, and Disaster Recovery, with a special focus on InnoDB ClusterSet:
- The various features of InnoDB Clusterset
- How to setup MySQL InnoDB ClusterSet
- Ways to migrate from an existing MySQL InnoDB Cluster into MySQL InnoDB ClusterSet
- How to deal with various failures
- The various features of router integration make the connection to the database architecture easy.
Tasklet vs work queues (Deferrable functions in linux)RajKumar Rampelli
Deferrable functions in linux is a mechanism to delay the execution of any piece of code later in the kernel context. Can be implemented using Tasklet and work queues
The document discusses the evolution of computers from early machines like ENIAC to modern microprocessors. It describes key developments such as the stored-program concept pioneered by von Neumann, the transition to transistors which made computers smaller and more reliable, the development of integrated circuits and Moore's Law. It also summarizes improvements in processor design including pipelining, caching, superscalar execution and the use of multiple processor cores.
Embitude's Linux SPI Drivers Training Slides. Contains the details of AM335X specific low level programming, SPI components such as SPI Master Driver, SPI Client Driver, Device Tree for SPI
Linux Kernel Booting Process (1) - For NLKBshimosawa
Describes the bootstrapping part in Linux and some related technologies.
This is the part one of the slides, and the succeeding slides will contain the errata for this slide.
This third part of Linux internals talks about Thread programming and using various synchronization mechanisms like mutex and semaphores. These constructs helps users to write efficient programs in Linux environment
Linux Memory Management
1.Memory Structure of Linux OS.
2.How Program is loaded into the memory.
3.Address Translation.
4.Feature for Multithreading and Multiprocessing.
Interleaved memory is a design that spreads memory addresses across multiple memory banks to compensate for the relatively slow speed of DRAM. It increases bandwidth and improves performance by allowing different modules to be accessed independently and in parallel by different processing units like a CPU and hard disk. There are two address formats for interleaved memory: low order interleaving which spreads addresses across banks, and high order interleaving which uses high order bits as the module address.
MySQL Database Architectures - High Availability and Disaster Recovery SolutionMiguel Araújo
MySQL InnoDB ClusterSet brings multi-datacenter capabilities to our solutions and makes it very easy to set up a disaster recovery architecture. Think multiple MySQL InnoDB Clusters into one single database architecture, fully managed from MySQL Shell and with full MySQL Router integration to make it easy to access the entire architecture.
This presentation covers the various solutions of MySQL for High Availability, Replication, and Disaster Recovery, with a special focus on InnoDB ClusterSet:
- The various features of InnoDB Clusterset
- How to setup MySQL InnoDB ClusterSet
- Ways to migrate from an existing MySQL InnoDB Cluster into MySQL InnoDB ClusterSet
- How to deal with various failures
- The various features of router integration make the connection to the database architecture easy.
Tasklet vs work queues (Deferrable functions in linux)RajKumar Rampelli
Deferrable functions in linux is a mechanism to delay the execution of any piece of code later in the kernel context. Can be implemented using Tasklet and work queues
The document discusses the evolution of computers from early machines like ENIAC to modern microprocessors. It describes key developments such as the stored-program concept pioneered by von Neumann, the transition to transistors which made computers smaller and more reliable, the development of integrated circuits and Moore's Law. It also summarizes improvements in processor design including pipelining, caching, superscalar execution and the use of multiple processor cores.
Embitude's Linux SPI Drivers Training Slides. Contains the details of AM335X specific low level programming, SPI components such as SPI Master Driver, SPI Client Driver, Device Tree for SPI
Linux Kernel Booting Process (1) - For NLKBshimosawa
Describes the bootstrapping part in Linux and some related technologies.
This is the part one of the slides, and the succeeding slides will contain the errata for this slide.
This third part of Linux internals talks about Thread programming and using various synchronization mechanisms like mutex and semaphores. These constructs helps users to write efficient programs in Linux environment
Linux Memory Management
1.Memory Structure of Linux OS.
2.How Program is loaded into the memory.
3.Address Translation.
4.Feature for Multithreading and Multiprocessing.
The document discusses developing network device drivers for embedded Linux. It covers key topics like socket buffers, network devices, communicating with network protocols and PHYs, buffer management, and differences between Ethernet and WiFi drivers. The outline lists these topics and others like throughput and considerations. Prerequisites include C skills, Linux knowledge, and an understanding of networking and embedded driver development.
ARM microprocessors are widely used in embedded systems. The document provides an overview of ARM processors including their history, features, product families, architecture, and development tools. Key points covered include ARM's role in licensing processor cores, common ARM-based products, the ARM instruction set architecture, and both open-source and proprietary development tools for ARM processors.
Join this video course on Udemy. Click the below link
https://www.udemy.com/embedded-system-programming-on-arm-cortex-m3m4/?couponCode=SLIDESHARE
This presentation course covers full architectural and internal details of one of the most famous processor ARM Cortex M3 and M4. Processor core, NVIC, Register set, Bus interfaces, AHB,APB,SYS BUS,Interrupts,memory fully explained.
This document provides an introduction and overview of ARM processors. It discusses the background and concepts of ARM, including that ARM is a RISC architecture designed for efficiency. It describes key ARM architectural features like the Harvard architecture and conditional execution. The document also covers ARM memory organization, registers, instruction set, programming model, and exceptions.
The document discusses techniques for optimizing code for multi-processor systems. It covers topics like multi-processing support using symmetric and asymmetric multi-processing, interrupt handling using the Generic Interrupt Controller, power saving modes like standby, shutdown and dormant, and coding techniques to improve performance like avoiding pointer aliasing, optimizing loops, and using the restrict keyword. Specific examples are provided to illustrate optimizations for loops, pointer usage, and entering low power modes.
This document discusses making Linux capable of hard real-time performance. It begins by defining hard and soft real-time systems and explaining that real-time does not necessarily mean fast but rather determinism. It then covers general concepts around real-time performance in Linux like preemption, interrupts, context switching, and scheduling. Specific features in Linux like RT-Preempt, priority inheritance, and threaded interrupts that improve real-time capabilities are also summarized.
U-Boot is an open source boot loader that initializes hardware and loads operating systems. It supports many CPUs and boards. The boot process involves a pre-relocation phase where U-Boot initializes hardware and copies itself to RAM, and a post-relocation phase where it finishes hardware initialization and loads the kernel or operating system. Debugging can be done before and after relocation by setting breakpoints and examining memory.
Week1 Electronic System-level ESL Design and SystemC Begin敬倫 林
This document provides an introduction and overview of electronic system level (ESL) design using SystemC. It begins with background on ESL design basics, system on chip design flows, and SystemC. It then provides 3 examples of SystemC code: a counter, traffic light, and simple bus. The counter example shows a basic module with clocked process. The traffic light demonstrates a finite state machine. The bus example illustrates an interface, master/slave devices, and memory mapped components communicating over a bus. Overall, the document serves as an introductory tutorial for designing and modeling electronic systems using the SystemC language.
This document discusses RISC vs CISC architectures and the Harvard and von Neumann computer architectures. It provides examples of multiplying two numbers in memory using CISC and RISC approaches. CISC uses complex instructions that perform multiple operations, while RISC breaks operations into simpler instructions. Harvard architecture separates program and data memory while von Neumann uses shared memory.
The document discusses the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) driver framework in Linux. It describes the SPI protocol and components of the SPI framework, including the SPI master driver, SPI device driver, and SPI client drivers. It explains how the SPI core layer implements SPI bus transactions and how SPI client drivers interface with SPI devices to perform operations like reading and writing.
The document describes the ARMv7-A architecture and its support for large physical addresses (LPAE) in Linux. Key points include:
- ARMv7-A supports LPAE through a 3-level translation table that maps 40-bit virtual addresses to 40-bit physical addresses.
- Linux implements LPAE by modifying page table definitions, extending the swapper page directory to cover three levels, and adapting functions for setting page table entries and switching address spaces.
- Low memory is mapped with 2MB sections while page tables can be allocated from high memory. Exception handling and PGD allocation/freeing were also updated for LPAE.
An unique module combining various previous modules you have learnt by combing Linux administration, Hardware knowledge, Linux as OS, C/Computer programming areas. This is a complete module on Embedded OS, as of now no books are written on this with such practical aspects. Here is a consolidated material to get real hands-on perspective about building custom Embedded Linux distribution in ARM.
The document discusses implementing PCIe Address Translation Services (ATS) in ARM-based systems-on-chips (SoCs). It describes an example ARM server system with various components like CPUs, memory controllers, and I/O devices. It then explains how ATS works to improve memory access performance by allowing devices to cache address translations locally instead of relying solely on the IOMMU. The document outlines the typical components involved in ATS like the address translation cache, translating agent, and address translation protection table. It also describes how the ARM System MMU (SMMU) implements ATS and supports distributed address translation caching by endpoints.
The document provides an overview of the Linux kernel architecture. It discusses that the kernel includes modules/subsystems that provide operating system functions and forms the core of the OS. It describes the kernel's user space and kernel space, with user processes running in user space and kernel processes running in kernel space. System calls are used to pass arguments between the spaces. The document also summarizes several key kernel functions, including the file system, process management, device drivers, memory management, and networking.
The document discusses the architecture of the Linux kernel. It describes the user space and kernel space components. In user space are the user applications, glibc library, and each process's virtual address space. In kernel space are the system call interface, architecture-independent kernel code, and architecture-dependent code. It then covers several kernel subsystems like process management, memory management, virtual file system, network stack, and device drivers.
Intel Processor Trace (or Intel PT) is an processor extension for IA64 and IA32. The extension captures how a program got executed in machine-instruction level. All dynamic events, such as, branches, calls and interrupts, are recorded. This allows perfect reconstruction of previous execution by a trace analyzer.
This slide summarizes which data is generated out from this extension.
Summary of linux kernel security protectionsShubham Dubey
Linux kernel goes through very rapid changes each release. Over each release new protections and mitigations are added to make it more secure against different category of attacks. Unlike other platform, Linux security features are not advertise enough and most of the time limit to a mail thread. Since Linux is getting popular day by day in different sectors of industries, it is important for a researcher or an administrator to be aware about what protection it provide against sophisticated attacks targeting Linux kernel. In this session, I will take you through the different security features that Linux kernel has introduced over years and their limitations or bypasses. We will go though few demos to verify the working and bypasses of these protections. In the end I will discuss what is missing on Linux kernel that can be improved in future. This talk will help security researcher in identify the current Linux security protection and gaps presents in Linux kernel. With this knowledge they can tweak their product, for example an AV vendor working on Linux security need to be aware what protection is already present before working on something new. A developer dealing with Linux kernel development can also utilize this session to identify the security issues their code may hold and things they need to take care and ignore to make their modules or components secure
This document provides an overview of SystemC modules, processes, and how to implement them. It discusses SC_MODULE for defining modules, SC_THREAD and SC_METHOD for defining processes, and the two ways to register processes using SC_CTOR and SC_HAS_PROCESS. It also provides a simple example of a SystemC design with two modules, one using SC_THREAD and the other SC_METHOD, and implementations using each registration method. Finally, it outlines templates for the main file, module header and source files.
This document discusses different types of communication channels in SystemC, including primitive channels like sc_mutex, sc_semaphore, and sc_fifo. It provides examples of using each channel type to implement bus arbitration in a simple bus model with multiple masters and a slave module. sc_mutex is used with a mutex to allow only one master at a time to access the bus. sc_semaphore is used with a semaphore to allow multiple masters to concurrently access the bus. sc_fifo is used within a wrapper module between masters and the bus to buffer data.
The document discusses developing network device drivers for embedded Linux. It covers key topics like socket buffers, network devices, communicating with network protocols and PHYs, buffer management, and differences between Ethernet and WiFi drivers. The outline lists these topics and others like throughput and considerations. Prerequisites include C skills, Linux knowledge, and an understanding of networking and embedded driver development.
ARM microprocessors are widely used in embedded systems. The document provides an overview of ARM processors including their history, features, product families, architecture, and development tools. Key points covered include ARM's role in licensing processor cores, common ARM-based products, the ARM instruction set architecture, and both open-source and proprietary development tools for ARM processors.
Join this video course on Udemy. Click the below link
https://www.udemy.com/embedded-system-programming-on-arm-cortex-m3m4/?couponCode=SLIDESHARE
This presentation course covers full architectural and internal details of one of the most famous processor ARM Cortex M3 and M4. Processor core, NVIC, Register set, Bus interfaces, AHB,APB,SYS BUS,Interrupts,memory fully explained.
This document provides an introduction and overview of ARM processors. It discusses the background and concepts of ARM, including that ARM is a RISC architecture designed for efficiency. It describes key ARM architectural features like the Harvard architecture and conditional execution. The document also covers ARM memory organization, registers, instruction set, programming model, and exceptions.
The document discusses techniques for optimizing code for multi-processor systems. It covers topics like multi-processing support using symmetric and asymmetric multi-processing, interrupt handling using the Generic Interrupt Controller, power saving modes like standby, shutdown and dormant, and coding techniques to improve performance like avoiding pointer aliasing, optimizing loops, and using the restrict keyword. Specific examples are provided to illustrate optimizations for loops, pointer usage, and entering low power modes.
This document discusses making Linux capable of hard real-time performance. It begins by defining hard and soft real-time systems and explaining that real-time does not necessarily mean fast but rather determinism. It then covers general concepts around real-time performance in Linux like preemption, interrupts, context switching, and scheduling. Specific features in Linux like RT-Preempt, priority inheritance, and threaded interrupts that improve real-time capabilities are also summarized.
U-Boot is an open source boot loader that initializes hardware and loads operating systems. It supports many CPUs and boards. The boot process involves a pre-relocation phase where U-Boot initializes hardware and copies itself to RAM, and a post-relocation phase where it finishes hardware initialization and loads the kernel or operating system. Debugging can be done before and after relocation by setting breakpoints and examining memory.
Week1 Electronic System-level ESL Design and SystemC Begin敬倫 林
This document provides an introduction and overview of electronic system level (ESL) design using SystemC. It begins with background on ESL design basics, system on chip design flows, and SystemC. It then provides 3 examples of SystemC code: a counter, traffic light, and simple bus. The counter example shows a basic module with clocked process. The traffic light demonstrates a finite state machine. The bus example illustrates an interface, master/slave devices, and memory mapped components communicating over a bus. Overall, the document serves as an introductory tutorial for designing and modeling electronic systems using the SystemC language.
This document discusses RISC vs CISC architectures and the Harvard and von Neumann computer architectures. It provides examples of multiplying two numbers in memory using CISC and RISC approaches. CISC uses complex instructions that perform multiple operations, while RISC breaks operations into simpler instructions. Harvard architecture separates program and data memory while von Neumann uses shared memory.
The document discusses the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) driver framework in Linux. It describes the SPI protocol and components of the SPI framework, including the SPI master driver, SPI device driver, and SPI client drivers. It explains how the SPI core layer implements SPI bus transactions and how SPI client drivers interface with SPI devices to perform operations like reading and writing.
The document describes the ARMv7-A architecture and its support for large physical addresses (LPAE) in Linux. Key points include:
- ARMv7-A supports LPAE through a 3-level translation table that maps 40-bit virtual addresses to 40-bit physical addresses.
- Linux implements LPAE by modifying page table definitions, extending the swapper page directory to cover three levels, and adapting functions for setting page table entries and switching address spaces.
- Low memory is mapped with 2MB sections while page tables can be allocated from high memory. Exception handling and PGD allocation/freeing were also updated for LPAE.
An unique module combining various previous modules you have learnt by combing Linux administration, Hardware knowledge, Linux as OS, C/Computer programming areas. This is a complete module on Embedded OS, as of now no books are written on this with such practical aspects. Here is a consolidated material to get real hands-on perspective about building custom Embedded Linux distribution in ARM.
The document discusses implementing PCIe Address Translation Services (ATS) in ARM-based systems-on-chips (SoCs). It describes an example ARM server system with various components like CPUs, memory controllers, and I/O devices. It then explains how ATS works to improve memory access performance by allowing devices to cache address translations locally instead of relying solely on the IOMMU. The document outlines the typical components involved in ATS like the address translation cache, translating agent, and address translation protection table. It also describes how the ARM System MMU (SMMU) implements ATS and supports distributed address translation caching by endpoints.
The document provides an overview of the Linux kernel architecture. It discusses that the kernel includes modules/subsystems that provide operating system functions and forms the core of the OS. It describes the kernel's user space and kernel space, with user processes running in user space and kernel processes running in kernel space. System calls are used to pass arguments between the spaces. The document also summarizes several key kernel functions, including the file system, process management, device drivers, memory management, and networking.
The document discusses the architecture of the Linux kernel. It describes the user space and kernel space components. In user space are the user applications, glibc library, and each process's virtual address space. In kernel space are the system call interface, architecture-independent kernel code, and architecture-dependent code. It then covers several kernel subsystems like process management, memory management, virtual file system, network stack, and device drivers.
Intel Processor Trace (or Intel PT) is an processor extension for IA64 and IA32. The extension captures how a program got executed in machine-instruction level. All dynamic events, such as, branches, calls and interrupts, are recorded. This allows perfect reconstruction of previous execution by a trace analyzer.
This slide summarizes which data is generated out from this extension.
Summary of linux kernel security protectionsShubham Dubey
Linux kernel goes through very rapid changes each release. Over each release new protections and mitigations are added to make it more secure against different category of attacks. Unlike other platform, Linux security features are not advertise enough and most of the time limit to a mail thread. Since Linux is getting popular day by day in different sectors of industries, it is important for a researcher or an administrator to be aware about what protection it provide against sophisticated attacks targeting Linux kernel. In this session, I will take you through the different security features that Linux kernel has introduced over years and their limitations or bypasses. We will go though few demos to verify the working and bypasses of these protections. In the end I will discuss what is missing on Linux kernel that can be improved in future. This talk will help security researcher in identify the current Linux security protection and gaps presents in Linux kernel. With this knowledge they can tweak their product, for example an AV vendor working on Linux security need to be aware what protection is already present before working on something new. A developer dealing with Linux kernel development can also utilize this session to identify the security issues their code may hold and things they need to take care and ignore to make their modules or components secure
This document provides an overview of SystemC modules, processes, and how to implement them. It discusses SC_MODULE for defining modules, SC_THREAD and SC_METHOD for defining processes, and the two ways to register processes using SC_CTOR and SC_HAS_PROCESS. It also provides a simple example of a SystemC design with two modules, one using SC_THREAD and the other SC_METHOD, and implementations using each registration method. Finally, it outlines templates for the main file, module header and source files.
This document discusses different types of communication channels in SystemC, including primitive channels like sc_mutex, sc_semaphore, and sc_fifo. It provides examples of using each channel type to implement bus arbitration in a simple bus model with multiple masters and a slave module. sc_mutex is used with a mutex to allow only one master at a time to access the bus. sc_semaphore is used with a semaphore to allow multiple masters to concurrently access the bus. sc_fifo is used within a wrapper module between masters and the bus to buffer data.
1. Ports in SystemC allow modules to communicate through channels inserted between them. A port is a pointer to an external channel.
2. Interfaces define the methods that ports and channels use to communicate without specifying data or implementations. Channels implement the interface methods.
3. In the video mixer example, modules are connected through ports and channels with interfaces like sc_fifo_in_if and sc_fifo_out_if. Processes can access ports and call channel methods to communicate between modules.
The document provides an overview of SystemC and describes a sample program to illustrate key concepts. The example program models two modules that exchange Fibonacci number data through a bus. Each module contains two internal modules for processing and saving the numbers. One module uses an SC_METHOD thread, while the other uses an SC_THREAD. The modules communicate data through ports, channels and an interface to synchronize their operation controlled by a clock event. This demonstrates SystemC concepts like modules, channels, ports, interfaces, events and thread types for modeling concurrent hardware systems.
This document discusses concurrency in SystemC simulations. It explains that SystemC uses events and processes to model concurrent systems. There are two main types of processes: threads and methods. Threads can wait for events using wait() and methods use next_trigger() to establish dynamic sensitivity. Events have no duration and are used to trigger processes. Notifying an event using notify() moves waiting processes to the ready queue. The SystemC kernel is event-driven and executes ready processes in non-deterministic order.
C++ allows for concise summaries in 3 sentences or less:
The document provides an overview of C++ concepts including data types, variables, operators, functions, classes, inheritance and virtual members. It also covers process and thread concepts at a high level. Code examples are provided to illustrate namespaces, input/output, program flow control, overloading, dynamic memory allocation, and classes. The document serves as a brief review of fundamental C++ and system programming concepts.
The document discusses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which was selected by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology in 2000 to replace the older Data Encryption Standard (DES). It describes the origins and development of AES, including the evaluation process where Rijndael was selected as the winning algorithm. The summary also provides a high-level overview of how AES works, including its conceptual scheme, encryption rounds, key scheduling, and security against known attacks.
This document provides an overview of transaction level modeling. It defines four transaction level models (TLMs) - specification model, component-assembly model, bus-arbitration model, and bus-functional model. These models are used at different stages of the design flow, from modeling system functionality without implementation details, to modeling with approximate timing, to cycle-accurate modeling. The models balance abstraction level and implementation details to aid system-level design while still allowing validation and refinement.
This presentation demonstrates how to use UVM for verification of mixed-signal circuits. It shows how to model analog signals using real-number models and transactions. The DUT is a dual converter with ADC and DAC that is verified using both directed and UVM-based approaches. The UVM environment uses analog drivers and monitors that handle real-number transactions to stimulate and monitor the DUT. The scoreboard evaluates the results against expectations. The presentation provides examples of UVM components like drivers, monitors, and coverage models adapted for mixed-signal verification.
The document discusses transaction-based hardware-software co-verification using emulation. It describes how traditional cycle-based co-verification is slow due to communication overhead between the testbench and emulator. Transaction-based co-verification improves speed by only synchronizing when required and allowing parallel execution. Transactors are used to convert high-level commands from the testbench to a bit-level protocol for the emulator. This allows emulation speeds of tens of MHz, orders of magnitude faster than cycle-based. An example transactor for a virtual memory is presented.
Top five reasons why every DV engineer will love the latest systemverilog 201...Srinivasan Venkataramanan
This document discusses the top five new features in SystemVerilog 2012 that will benefit digital verification engineers. It introduces soft constraints, unique constraints, multiple inheritance, linear temporal logic operators in sequences and properties, and global clocking. These new features provide more flexibility, expressiveness and portability for verification tasks.
SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) in the Design/Verification ProcessDVClub
1) Visual SVA tools like Zazz allow designers to create complex SystemVerilog assertions through a graphical interface, addressing issues with SVA syntax.
2) Zazz also enables debugging assertions as they are created by generating constrained random tests, improving assertion quality before use in verification.
3) Using assertions improved the author's verification and debugging process, identifying errors sooner and in corner cases, and provided additional value to IP customers through early fault detection.
This tutorial is intended for verification engineers that must validate algorithmic designs. It presents the detailed steps for implementing a SystemVerilog verification environment that interfaces with a GNU Octave mathematical model. It describes the SystemVerilog – C++ communication layer with its challenges, like proper creation and activation or piped algorithm synchronization handling. The implementation is illustrated for Ncsim, VCS and Questa.
This document presents a systematic approach for creating accurate behavioral models for analog and mixed-signal system design and verification. The approach aims to reduce risks from model errors by collaborating closely with circuit designers to thoroughly understand circuit behavior. Key steps include automatically generating model shells, studying schematics, interviewing designers, developing circuit descriptions, validating descriptions with designers, and deciding which behaviors to include in models based on verification plans. The approach applies to modeling languages like Verilog, Verilog-AMS, and SystemVerilog.
The document describes a system with 4 IP models connected through an interface bus. It contains blocks for the system address map, an environment adaptor, and interfaces for the bus, sequencer and driver. The document also mentions using sequences for register writes, reads, resets and generating transactions from the IP models or from a RALF file.
The document discusses the UVM register model, which provides an object-oriented shadow model for registers and memories in a DUT. It includes components like fields, registers, register files, memory, and blocks. The register model allows verification of register access and provides a standardized way to build reusable verification components.
SystemVerilog Assertions verification with SVAUnit - DVCon US 2016 TutorialAmiq Consulting
This document provides an overview of SystemVerilog Assertions (SVAs) and the SVAUnit framework for verifying SVAs. It begins with an introduction to SVAs, including types of assertions and properties. It then discusses planning SVA development, such as identifying design characteristics and coding guidelines. The document outlines implementing SVAs and using the SVAUnit framework, which allows decoupling SVA definition from validation code. It provides an example demonstrating generating stimuli to validate an AMBA APB protocol SVA using SVAUnit. Finally, it summarizes SVAUnit's test API and features for error reporting and test coverage.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation and applications. It defines a stack as a linear data structure for temporary storage where elements can only be inserted or deleted from one end, called the top. Stacks follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Stacks have two main operations - push, which inserts an element, and pop, which removes the top element. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Common applications of stacks include reversing strings, checking matching parentheses, and converting infix, postfix, and prefix expressions.
This document describes a proposed Direct Memory Access controller (DMAC) architecture that is compliant with the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) specification. The DMAC uses AMBA High-Performance Bus (AHB) and Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) standards. It contains an AHB slave, APB master, and APB master module to allow parallel operations on the AHB and APB buses. The DMAC supports multi-channel operations, channel chaining, and uses an arbitration mechanism to prioritize channel access. It utilizes dual clock domains with an asynchronous FIFO and pulse synchronization for communications between domains.
Queue is a linear data structure where elements are inserted at one end called the rear and deleted from the other end called the front. It follows the FIFO (first in, first out) principle. Queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. In an array implementation, elements are inserted at the rear and deleted from the front. In a linked list implementation, nodes are added to the rear and removed from the front using front and rear pointers. There are different types of queues including circular queues, double-ended queues, and priority queues.
System on Chip Design and Modelling Dr. David J GreavesSatya Harish
The document provides an overview of a course on system on chip design and modeling techniques. The course covers topics like register transfer language, SystemC components, basic SoC components, assertion-based design, network on chip structures, and architectural design exploration. It aims to cover the front end of the design automation process, including specification, modeling at different levels of abstraction, and logic synthesis. A running example evolves over the lectures to demonstrate a simple SoC.
Introduction to embedded computing and arm processorsSiva Kumar
This document provides an introduction to embedded computing and ARM processors. It discusses complex systems and microprocessors, embedded system design processes, and provides an example design of a model train controller. It introduces instruction sets and describes the ARM processor, including its CPU, programming input/output, supervisor mode, exceptions and traps, co-processors, and memory system mechanisms. It also discusses CPU performance and power consumption considerations for embedded systems.
On mp so c software execution at the transaction levelTAIWAN
The document discusses various strategies for executing software in transaction-level simulations of multiprocessor systems-on-chip, including instruction interpretation, dynamic binary translation, and native execution on the host machine. It compares the strategies based on speed, accuracy, and development time, finding that native execution provides the most efficient simulation speed while still enabling accurate performance evaluation through annotation strategies. The strategies are then integrated into a transaction-level modeling environment, with native execution found to be best suited for software development layers.
Presentation date -20-nov-2012 for prof. chenTAIWAN
The paper discusses various techniques for software execution at the transaction level in MPSoC simulations, comparing instruction accurate interpretation, dynamic binary translation, and native execution approaches. It describes how these methods can be integrated into a transaction level modeling environment, noting that native software execution using annotation strategies provides the most accurate performance results at a high simulation speed. The conclusion is that native simulation is best suited for developing upper software layers.
The presentation provides an overview of behavioral synthesis and SystemC. It discusses what behavioral synthesis is, the synthesis process which includes data flow optimization, scheduling, clustering, allocation and binding, and control logic generation. It notes some limitations of behavioral synthesis. It then defines SystemC as a C++ library with HDL features that allows modeling concurrent processes using plain C++ syntax. It outlines some key features of SystemC like modules, ports, processes and channels.
This chapter discusses various classification attributed to parallel architectures. It also introduces related parallel programming models and presents the actions of these models on parallel architectures. Notions such as Data parallelism Task parallelism, Tighty and Coupled system, UMA/NUMA, Multicore computing, Symmetric multiprocessing, Distributed Computing, Cluster computing, Shared memory without thread/Thread, etc..
This document provides an overview of SystemC Transaction Level Modeling (TLM) and the TLM standard. It describes what TLM is, why it is useful, how it is being adopted, and key concepts like abstraction levels, interfaces, and the goals of the TLM standard API. It also provides examples of how to model a system using TLM and leverage TLM to enable system debug and analysis.
This document discusses fundamental design issues in parallel architecture. It covers naming, operations, ordering, replication, and communication performance across different layers from programming models down to hardware. Naming and operations can be directly supported or translated between layers. Ordering and replication depend on the naming model. Communication performance characteristics like latency, bandwidth, and overhead determine how operations are used. The goal is to design each layer to support the functional requirements and workload of the layer above, within the constraints of the layers below.
This document provides an overview of a course on multicore architecture. It discusses the transition to multicore processors and the need for parallel programming. It covers threading fundamentals like threads, parallel programming APIs, and performance measurement using Amdahl's law and Gustafson's law. The course content is organized into sections on threading basics, common programming interfaces, and solving parallel programming problems. Suggested textbooks are also listed.
[WSO2Con EU 2017] Building Next Generation Banking Middleware at ING: The Rol...WSO2
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2. Why learn ESL
• if you are an undergraduate student, and/or
• if you are a C.S. student, and/or
• if you still do not know in which areas you are
really interested,
• when you still do not know what ESL is?
3. Because
• This is one of the best ways to start your
learning of C++,
• This is the best way for a C.S. student to study
SoC design,
• This is the biggest advantage C.S. students can
take over E.E. students in SoC related areas,
• This is one of the best ways to learn lots of
tools and languages in HW/SW designs.
4. What is ESL?
• ESL = Electronic System Level
• ESL doesn’t specify which levels of design should
be employed. It focuses on the concepts of
designing a system, instead of specific
components.
• Then, what is Electronic System Level design flow?
• Design, debug, verify the system using ESL
methodologies, languages, tools and CONCEPTS.
5. What does level mean?
• In HW design, level means the degree of the
design details, or the level of abstraction, of the
model of the target design. For example,
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Transistor level
Gate level
Register transfer level (RTL)
Transaction level
Behavior level
Architecture level
Algorithmic level
…. And so on.
6. Before the answer is made
• Let’s ask “Why ESL design flow is needed?”
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Huge system
Extraordinarily high complexity
Design reuse
Slow simulation speed
Difficulty in integration
Mixed/multiple disciplines
HW/SW co-design/co-simulation/co-….
And so on.
Most importantly, time-to-market
8. These are not reasons
• They are just problems. Imagine
– You have a system with 10 processor cores, each
having its own memory system. There are shared
memory spaces for the cores. 20 different peripherals
to control. There are 20 programmers using 8 different
languages to develop 30 different applications on this
system which needs to support 2 different OS. And the
biggest problem is
• To cope with these problems, what do we need?
9. We need
• A super fast simulator
• A simulator supports mixed abstraction level
designs
• An integrated HW/SW co-development
environment
• A super fast simulation environment
• … and so on.
• To do this, what are the first few steps?
10. How about …
• New modeling languages instead of HDL
– SystemC, an open standard adopted by OSCI and
IEEE. Since programming using SystemC is the
main subject of this course, we will leave the
introduction of SystemC later in this course.
• New Modeling methods instead of RTL
– TLM, Transaction Level Modeling
– New languages do not give you speed. New
Modeling methods do.
11. Various Abstraction Levels
are new levels good
Transistor Level
for ?
Gate Level
Register Transfer Level
Transaction Level
What else?
should they be used?
it worth the effort to
write models for another
new level?
12. Why Abstraction MAY give you more
speed?
• Detail implementation is skipped
• High level programming languages can
be used
•
•
•
•
Powerful multi-CPU computers can be used
Faster model implementation
Reusing existing models
…
13. Instead of modeling all the details,
• For example, just Modeling Transaction may be
enough. If this is the case, we call it TLM
(Transaction Level Modeling)
• Transaction means “Communication”, “Exchange”,
“Interaction”, …, and so on.
• Transaction between/among functional blocks,
components, models, ….
• What we care about are: the content of each
transaction and probably the timing of each
transaction.
• What we do not care about are: ……
14. Why only focus on Modeling
Transaction?
• Higher abstraction level (This is not really the purpose)
• Separate the implementation of communication and
computation
• Simplify the model implementation
• Focus on System integration
• Design reuse
• One can adopt CBSD (Component Based Software
Development) methodologies. (This is not really the
purpose, either)
• …
15. What may be sacrificed if higher
abstraction level is used?
• Accuracy
– Time accuracy, for example, not cycle accurate
– Circuit-wise accuracy, for example, not pin
accurate
– Information accuracy, such as performance related
instead of functionality related, for example,
amount of bits transferred in a certain time frame.
– The more abstract, the less accurate.
17. Model referred in this course
• When “model” is referred, we usually talk
about the correspondent form existing in a
computer the model wants to describe.
Usually, it is implemented with a certain
programming language in this course.
• Model can be model of the system or model
of one of the components of the system
18. Time Accuracy of Model
• Un-timed (UT): no timing information is included
in the models. Only functionality is implemented.
• Approximately-Timed (AT): usually a quantum is
used to describe the time information of the
model. A quantum may be a certain number of
cycles which may derived from estimation or
actual implementation. Time annotation is
usually required.
• Cycle-Timed (CT): also called cycle-accurate (CA).
20. What is TLM?
• There is no clear definition except that ..
– Abstracts the expected behavior of a given system.
– Using function calls and events for data exchange,
and synchronization instead of using signals and
registers.
– Providing set of Application Programming Interfaces
(APIs) to facilitating architectural exploration, efficient
modeling of complex given system.
– No consideration of any implementation details - such
as architecture address mapping information.
– Now we have standard TLM library in SystemC to use.
21. Principles of TLM
• Independent of programming languages
• Separation of the modeling of computation and
communication.
• Modeling of components as modules.
• Communication structure by means of channels.
• Modules and channels are bound to each other by
communication ports.
• A set of data is exchanged by a transaction.
• System synchronization is an explicit action between modules.
22. Why is TLM so interesting ?
•
•
•
•
•
Fast and compact
Integrate SW and HW models
Early platform for SW development
Early system exploration and verification
Function verification reuse
2005 Cadence Design Systems
23. Keys
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Model only what you need
Get the result early
Get the transaction behavior right first
Less code can lead to higher simulation speed
Use Increment design process
Build verification model in the process
Consider mixed-level modeling
Do not use slow C constructs
Avoid clock threads if possible
24. Be Careful
• What you see may not be what you get. Good
interpretation is always needed.
• Timing requirement may not be always
achievable
• Model consistency
• Data/memory consistency unless TLM library
is used
• Not to go into too many details too early as
most logic designers will do
26. What are not TLM?
• RTL: cycle accurate, pin accurate, and so on. Too
detailed, especially the computation part. This makes
the simulation very slow.
• SM (Specification Model): Only functionality
specification is ready. There is not even the
specification for the architecture.
• SAM(System Architecture Model): without any
timing annotation. Though too rough for HW
implementation, it is still valuable for system
modeling. It can be considered as the one close step
toward TLM.
27. TLM Model Terminologies
• module: each component, including computation and
communication ones, are called a module.
• channel/interconnect: an interface structure that
establish the communication among the modules.
• port: the binding between a module and the channel
associated with it.
• transaction: a data set to be exchanged among
modules.
• master/initiator: a module that requests a transaction.
• slave/target: a module that receive a transaction from
a master or is responsible for a transaction request.
28. TLM Implementation Terminologies
• processes/threads: a mechanism that allows one
to implement modules which are executed in
parallel using a simulator (or computer).
• synchronization: a mechanism that allows
modules to cooperate on common jobs over
time.
• timed/un-timed TLMs: the transaction level
models with or without timing annotations.
• channel cycle accurate (CCA): the
implementation is cycle accurate only for the
channels within the target system.
29. Rules To-be or Not-to-be
• Implementation details of the overall system
should not be included. Said too many times.
• synchronization is required to build up the
dependencies among modules which run in
parallel using processes or threads.
• modules must be bit-true
• component interfaces must be register
accurate
• communication must be bit-true
30. Bus Component Model (BCM)
• Abstract bus channels: pin assignment and
bus protocol be omitted
• Transaction count is available, but exact cycle
count for the transaction is not known.
• No timing annotation for the computation
modules
• Close to system architecture model (SAM)
31. Component Assembly Model (CAM)
• Similar to BCM, but
– timing annotation is available in computation
modules, instead of communication modules.
• Computation module is regarded as a
processing element (PE)
– An ISS (Instruction Set Simulator) based module.
Not cycle accurate, but provide instruction counts
for a job.
– A simple combinational and/or sequential logic
with I/O ports
32. Bus Arbitration Model (BAM)
• One step further from either BCM or ATCM
• Bus arbiter is included
• Bus protocol is implemented though not to
the cycle accurate level
33. Bus Functional Model (BFM)
• Cycle accuracy is required for communication
modules, but not computation modules.
• Bus protocol be implemented in full details
with respect to the master clock signal
• Pin accurate: virtual wires of the bus are
implemented with variables/signals.
• Good approximation of true system
performance
34. Cycle Accurate Computation Model
(CACM)
• Pin accurate
• Communication among modules goes through
abstract channels
• Suitable when some modules have finished
their designs and there are existing IPs which
include ESL simulation models.
35. Cycle Accurate Implementation Model
(CAIM)
• Cycle-accurate implementation of all
computation and communication
modules/components
• Slow in simulation speed
• Close to RTL
• Not a TLM
36. Design Stages of TLM
RTL in HDL
Target
Communication
CT
BFM
CAIM
CACM
AT
BCM
BAM
UT
SAM
CAM
SM
: TLM
UT
AT
Computation
CT
Others: Not TLM
37. Example used by Gajski
Specification Model (SM) or
System Architecture Model (SAM)
46. Characteristics of TLM models
Models
Communication Computation
Time
Time
Communication PE interface
Scheme
SAM
no
no
Not specified
No PE or Rough
PE
BCM
appro.
no
Abstract bus
model
abstract
CAM
no
approx.
Message
passing channel
abstract
BAM
approx.
approx.
Abstract bus
model
abstract
BFM
Cycle accurate
approx.
Detail bus
model
abstract
CACM
approx.
Cycle accurate
Abstract bus
model
Pin accurate
CAIM
Cycle accurate
Cycle accurate
wire
Pin accurate
By this course
48. How TLM is used in ESL design flow?
Requirement Development
SM/SAM
Transaction Level Model
Development
TLM
SW
design,
Development
and
Profiling
HW Design/Refinement
RTL
HW
Verification,
Emulation
and
Profiling
49. Why simulation model is useful?
System
Requirement
System
Spec.
Executable
System Spec.
PIM
Simulation Model as the
Executable System Spec.
DSE
HW Spec.
SW Spec.
HW
Implementation
SW
Implementation
PSM
PIM: Platform Independent Model
PSM: Platform Specified Model
50. Speed Comparison of Different ESL/EDA
approaches
Modified from ARM
Chris Lennard, Davorin Mista
FPGA Based
Developers
50
51. Why ESL design flow is needed?
• Obviously, simulation speed.
• IP-based design flow
• Early HW/SW Co-design for parallel
development
• HW/SW development around a common
environment
• Mixed level simulation
• Save development time
52. However
• High abstraction level gives you speed, not
language,
– even when you use SystemC. Modeling methodology
determine the level, not the language.
– If your simulator does not give you speed, do not use
it.
– If you are modeling at a much higher level but get not
much speedup, something is wrong.
– Carefully choose timing accuracy. CA may slow down
simulation very much. Cycle accuracy may sometimes
be a myth.
53. Why IP-based design?
• Why use ESL if building a system from ground?
– You need an extra ESL platform.
– You usually have to spend lots of time on building
ESL models.
– You need a strong ESL team.
– Unless you have good roadmap toward develop
IP-based design flow.
54. HW/SW Co-design
• ESL is useful when you need to run SW on HW.
– Early system performance profiling
– Find HW bottleneck
– Parallel development
– Find bugs earlier
– Working on the same platform help
communication between HW and SW people
• ESL is still encouraged when no SW is present.
55. Mixed level simulation
• A very important feature to allow people of
different skills and levels to work on the same
project.
– Mixing models of gate-level, RTL, TLM, or even
algorithmic level
– Even Matlab and FPGA models
– Provide progressive design path
56. Development time
• If development time is not saved
– Do not use ESL, or
– There must be something wrong
58. SW Tool Chain
Compiler
Eclipse Integrated
Developed Environment
Assembler
CDT plug-in
GDB/MI interface
GDB/MI interface
User interface
Debugger
Target side
RSP
RSP
Debugging Stub
Simulator
(SyetemC)
Linker
59. Progressive Design Flow
Three stage pipeline design:
A. SW model: high abstraction level model
B. TLM model:very close to architecture
C. HW model :HDL
交互驗證
64. Impact of Development Cycle Change
• Traditional Design Procedure
SW Development
Specification
HW development
System testing
Integration & Debug
• New ESL Design Procedure
SW
HW/SW
development early integration
Specification
Modeling
Environment
Simulation
HW development
Integration
&
Debug
CoWare Inc. 2006
Virtual Platform
System testing
Time saving
65. Commercial tool: SOC Designer
Work Space
Cache Profiling window
Waveform Viewer
Assembly code window
Memory maps
67. Open Source: GreenSoc (not so open)
GreenScript
Config PlugIn
GreenAV PlugIn
GreenControl Core
ESL
Tools
Config User I/F
User IP 1 GreenBus I/F
GreenAV User I/F
Config User I/F
User IP 2 GreenBus I/F
Config User I/F
Specific PlugIn
User IP 3 GreenBus I/F
Specific User I/F
SystemC
74. The rest of related topics
• SystemC
– Some C++ review
– Threads and Processes
– SystemC programming
• Logic Design
– Simple digital design using Verilog at RTL
– HDL simulator
– FPGA
• Computer architecture
– Bus based
– NoC based
• OpenESL
– Start a SoC project
– Heterogeneous tools: SystemC, FPGA, Matlab, …..