Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
Enzymes properties, nomenclature and classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzymes - Definition, Introduction about biocatalysts, Properties of enzymes, Specificity, capacity for regulation, Example for enzyme at specific pH, Nomenclature of enzymes, Systematic name, common name, enzyme commission number, Classification of enzymes: Oxidoreductase, Transferase, lyases, ligases, isomerases, hydrolases.
I have prepare this slide thinking that it will help students .I have collected different photos and videos from internet please comment and if you need any slides for a topics . i will prepare the slide .
1 major chemical composition of living thing [biochemistry]محمود ځاځی
MAJOR CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF THE LIVING ORGANISMS
Medical Biochemistry
Molecular Principles of Structural Organization of Cells
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
In the human organism there are 70 elements of the Periodic Table, which may be divided in four groups:
Macrobiogenic elements (>1%) O, C, N, H, Ca, P.
Oligobiogenic elements (0,1-1%) Na, K, Cl, S, Mg, Fe.
Microbiogenic elements (<0.01%)>50years 45-50%)
the content varies depending on the metabolic processes in the specified tissue (10% in the fat tissue, 65-70% in other tissues, 80% in the blood and kidney)
maintained at the necessary level through intake (2 liters/day) or produced in the metabolic processes (0.3 liters/day)
Distribution:
In the cells (intracellular)
Outside the cells
extracellular fluids (12-16%),
blood plasma (5%),
lymph (2%)
Within closed cavities (intra-cavity water)(1-3%): cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular, pericardial, synovial fluid etc
WATER
Functions:
Dissolution and stabilization of biological molecules and ions in the fluids of the organisms
Heat balance control - uptake, conservation, distribution and release of heat
Transport – supply of nutrients and excretion of waste products
Mechanical (by hydration) – assistance in maintaining intracellular pressure and shape of cells
Structural – forming an interlayer between the polar ends of protein and lipids in biological membranes
Synthetic (anabolic) – substrate in the synthesis of biological compounds
Hydrolytic (catabolic) – substrate in the bond-breaking processes
Energetic (electron donating)
The cell functions are dependent on:
The total amount of intra and extracellular water
Hydration of sub-cellular structures
Aqueous microenvironment of macromolecules
INORGANIC IONS
INORGANIC IONS
Functions
Bioelectric functions – development of potential difference across the cell membrane (neurons, muscle cells)
Osmotic functions – control of osmotic and hydro-osmotic pressure
Structural – metal ions constituents of macromolecules (proteins, heme)
Regulatory – cations exert regulatory action
directly binding to enzymes, influencing their activity and rate of the chemical reactions in the cell, or
Indirectly, influencing the hormonal regulation
Transport –
electrons are transported by the cytochromes, enzymes containing Fe2+ or Fe3+ and Cu2+;
oxygen is bound to Fe2+ in the structure of hemoglobin
Energetic – inorganic phosphate in ATP
Mechanical (support) – Ca and P ions are constituents of bones (strength)
Synthetic – complex molecules contain I- (hormones), SO42- (ester sulfuric compounds)
Structure and functions of MitochondriaICHHA PURAK
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “Structure and Functions of Mitochondria” consists of 118 slides with following sub-heads
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
SYNTHESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATION OF MITOCHNDRIA
SHAPE , SIZE AND NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA –POWER HOUSE OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA/ GENOME
TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS INTO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
The slide has some brief introduction to nucleotide chemistry, History, General features of nucleotides, Nomenclature, Individual properties of bases, Classification
and Synthetic analogues of biomedical importance.
Exocytosis is the process of moving materials from within a cell to the exterior of the cell. This process requires energy and is therefore a type of active transport. Exocytosis is an important process of plant and animal cells as it performs the opposite function of endocytosis. In endocytosis, substances that are external to a cell are brought into the cell.
In exocytosis, membrane-bound vesicles containing cellular molecules are transported to the cell membrane. The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and expel their contents to the exterior of the cell. The process of exocytosis can be summarized in a few steps.
Vesicles containing molecules are transported from within the cell to the cell membrane.
The vesicle membrane attaches to the cell membrane.
Fusion of the vesicle membrane with the cell membrane releases the vesicle contents outside the cell.
There are three common pathways of exocytosis. One pathway, constitutive exocytosis, involves the regular secretion of molecules. This action is performed by all cells. Constitutive exocytosis functions to deliver membrane proteins and lipids to the cell's surface and to expel substances to the cell's exterior.
Regulated exocytosis relies on the presence of extracellular signals for the expulsion of materials within vesicles. Regulated exocytosis occurs commonly in secretory cells and not in all cell types. Secretory cells store products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes that are released only when triggered by extracellular signals. Secretory vesicles are not incorporated into the cell membrane but fuse only long enough to release their contents. Once the delivery has been made, the vesicles reform and return to the cytoplasm.
A third pathway for exocytosis in cells involves the fusion of vesicles with lysosomes. These organelles contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials, microbes, and cellular debris. Lysosomes carry their digested material to the cell membrane where they fuse with the membrane and release their contents into the extracellular matrix.
biological molecules .
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS.
includes how large molecules are made from smaller ones, their functions, etc.
made in a very interactive way so that students can understand and clear all their concepts
Carbohydrates are a class of biomolecules that are important sources of energy and structural components in living organisms. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, and they are classified based on their size and the number of sugar units they contain.
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
Enzymes properties, nomenclature and classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzymes - Definition, Introduction about biocatalysts, Properties of enzymes, Specificity, capacity for regulation, Example for enzyme at specific pH, Nomenclature of enzymes, Systematic name, common name, enzyme commission number, Classification of enzymes: Oxidoreductase, Transferase, lyases, ligases, isomerases, hydrolases.
I have prepare this slide thinking that it will help students .I have collected different photos and videos from internet please comment and if you need any slides for a topics . i will prepare the slide .
1 major chemical composition of living thing [biochemistry]محمود ځاځی
MAJOR CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF THE LIVING ORGANISMS
Medical Biochemistry
Molecular Principles of Structural Organization of Cells
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
In the human organism there are 70 elements of the Periodic Table, which may be divided in four groups:
Macrobiogenic elements (>1%) O, C, N, H, Ca, P.
Oligobiogenic elements (0,1-1%) Na, K, Cl, S, Mg, Fe.
Microbiogenic elements (<0.01%)>50years 45-50%)
the content varies depending on the metabolic processes in the specified tissue (10% in the fat tissue, 65-70% in other tissues, 80% in the blood and kidney)
maintained at the necessary level through intake (2 liters/day) or produced in the metabolic processes (0.3 liters/day)
Distribution:
In the cells (intracellular)
Outside the cells
extracellular fluids (12-16%),
blood plasma (5%),
lymph (2%)
Within closed cavities (intra-cavity water)(1-3%): cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular, pericardial, synovial fluid etc
WATER
Functions:
Dissolution and stabilization of biological molecules and ions in the fluids of the organisms
Heat balance control - uptake, conservation, distribution and release of heat
Transport – supply of nutrients and excretion of waste products
Mechanical (by hydration) – assistance in maintaining intracellular pressure and shape of cells
Structural – forming an interlayer between the polar ends of protein and lipids in biological membranes
Synthetic (anabolic) – substrate in the synthesis of biological compounds
Hydrolytic (catabolic) – substrate in the bond-breaking processes
Energetic (electron donating)
The cell functions are dependent on:
The total amount of intra and extracellular water
Hydration of sub-cellular structures
Aqueous microenvironment of macromolecules
INORGANIC IONS
INORGANIC IONS
Functions
Bioelectric functions – development of potential difference across the cell membrane (neurons, muscle cells)
Osmotic functions – control of osmotic and hydro-osmotic pressure
Structural – metal ions constituents of macromolecules (proteins, heme)
Regulatory – cations exert regulatory action
directly binding to enzymes, influencing their activity and rate of the chemical reactions in the cell, or
Indirectly, influencing the hormonal regulation
Transport –
electrons are transported by the cytochromes, enzymes containing Fe2+ or Fe3+ and Cu2+;
oxygen is bound to Fe2+ in the structure of hemoglobin
Energetic – inorganic phosphate in ATP
Mechanical (support) – Ca and P ions are constituents of bones (strength)
Synthetic – complex molecules contain I- (hormones), SO42- (ester sulfuric compounds)
Structure and functions of MitochondriaICHHA PURAK
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “Structure and Functions of Mitochondria” consists of 118 slides with following sub-heads
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
SYNTHESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATION OF MITOCHNDRIA
SHAPE , SIZE AND NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA –POWER HOUSE OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA/ GENOME
TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS INTO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
The slide has some brief introduction to nucleotide chemistry, History, General features of nucleotides, Nomenclature, Individual properties of bases, Classification
and Synthetic analogues of biomedical importance.
Exocytosis is the process of moving materials from within a cell to the exterior of the cell. This process requires energy and is therefore a type of active transport. Exocytosis is an important process of plant and animal cells as it performs the opposite function of endocytosis. In endocytosis, substances that are external to a cell are brought into the cell.
In exocytosis, membrane-bound vesicles containing cellular molecules are transported to the cell membrane. The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and expel their contents to the exterior of the cell. The process of exocytosis can be summarized in a few steps.
Vesicles containing molecules are transported from within the cell to the cell membrane.
The vesicle membrane attaches to the cell membrane.
Fusion of the vesicle membrane with the cell membrane releases the vesicle contents outside the cell.
There are three common pathways of exocytosis. One pathway, constitutive exocytosis, involves the regular secretion of molecules. This action is performed by all cells. Constitutive exocytosis functions to deliver membrane proteins and lipids to the cell's surface and to expel substances to the cell's exterior.
Regulated exocytosis relies on the presence of extracellular signals for the expulsion of materials within vesicles. Regulated exocytosis occurs commonly in secretory cells and not in all cell types. Secretory cells store products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes that are released only when triggered by extracellular signals. Secretory vesicles are not incorporated into the cell membrane but fuse only long enough to release their contents. Once the delivery has been made, the vesicles reform and return to the cytoplasm.
A third pathway for exocytosis in cells involves the fusion of vesicles with lysosomes. These organelles contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials, microbes, and cellular debris. Lysosomes carry their digested material to the cell membrane where they fuse with the membrane and release their contents into the extracellular matrix.
biological molecules .
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS.
includes how large molecules are made from smaller ones, their functions, etc.
made in a very interactive way so that students can understand and clear all their concepts
Carbohydrates are a class of biomolecules that are important sources of energy and structural components in living organisms. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, and they are classified based on their size and the number of sugar units they contain.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
11. Proteins are polymers!!
A polymer that consists
of a chain of individual amino acids
linked together
12. Proteins
✦The various functions in your body are
performed by different proteins.
✦Your body makes many of these proteins by
assembling 20 amino acids in different
ways.
✦Eight of the amino acids that are needed to
make proteins cannot be produced by your
body. These amino acids, which are called
essential amino acids, must come from …
✦the food you eat!! That’s why you need to eat a
diet containing protein-rich foods, like…
13. Proteins
✦Your body cannot function properly without
proteins.
✦Proteins in the form of enzymes serve as
catalysts and speed up chemical reactions in
cells.
✦Some proteins make up the structural
materials in ligaments, tendons, muscles,
cartilage, hair, and fingernails.
✦Hemoglobin, which carries oxygen through the
blood, is a protein polymer, and all body cells
contain proteins.
31. Sucrose
✦In the body, sucrose cannot move through cell
membranes.
✦It must be broken down into glucose and
fructose to enter cells.
✦Inside the cells, these glucose and fructose are
broken down further, releasing energy for cell
functions.
39. makes up the long, stiff fibers
found in the walls of plant cells, like
the strands that pull off the celery
stalk
40. Cellulose
✦Although cellulose is a polymer of glucose, humans
can’t use cellulose as a source of energy.
✦The human digestive system can’t convert
cellulose into sugars.
✦Grazing animals, such as cows, have special
digestive systems that allow them to break down
cellulose into sugars.
42. a polymer that also
contains chains of glucose
units, but the chains are
highly branched
43. co se
glu
luc ose
glucose
e
g
cos
e
e
cos
cos
glu
glu
glu
glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose
glu
cos
glu
glu
e
c
cos
glucose glucose
ose
glu
e glu
cos
e
gluc
gluco
cos
ose
gluc
e
se
gluco ose
se
51. Lipids
✦Lipids are commonly called fats and oils,
but they also are found in greases and
waxes such as beeswax.
✦Wax is a lipid, but it is harder than fat
because of its chemical composition.
✦Bees secrete wax from a gland in the
abdomen to form beeswax, which is part of
the honeycomb.
52. Lipids
✦Lipids store energy in their bonds, just as
carbohydrates do, but they are a more
concentrated source of energy than
carbohydrates.
✦The chemical reaction that produces lipids is
endothermic.
✦This means that energy is stored in the chemical
bonds of lipids.
✦When your body needs energy, the bonds are
broken and energy is released.
54. ✦Saturated fats are solids
because the straight chain molecules
can pack together tightly.
✦They are saturated with hydrogen
atoms; they have only single bonds.
✦Bacon and butter contain the saturated
fat.
✦All animal fats
are saturated
fats.
55. ✦Unsaturated fats tend to be
oils because their bent chains can’t
get close together.
✦They are not saturated with hydrogen
atoms; they contain a double or triple
bonds. The place where the bond occurs
is bent.
✦Olive oil and canola oil contain the
unsaturated fat.
✦Unsaturated fats come
from plants.
57. a complex lipid that is
present
in foods that come from
animals, such as meat,
butter, eggs, and cheese
58. Cholesterol
✦Cholesterol is not a fat.
✦Even if you don’t eat foods containing
cholesterol, your body makes its own
supply.
✦Your body needs cholesterol for building cell
membranes.
✦Cholesterol is not found in plants, so oils
derived from plants are free of cholesterol.
However, the body can convert fats in
these oils to cholesterol.
