The document summarizes the anatomy and organization of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. It discusses that the spinal cord is part of the central nervous system and extends from the brainstem down to the L1-L2 vertebrae. The spinal cord has 31 pairs of spinal nerves that extend outwards. The spinal cord contains gray matter surrounding a central canal and white matter tracts. The gray matter contains motor and sensory nuclei that connect to the spinal nerves. The document outlines the organization and branches of the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses which are networks of spinal nerves that innervate the limbs.
The document discusses the nervous system, including its two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It describes the basic anatomy and functions of neurons and neuroglia. Key points covered include:
- Neurons are the basic functional units and come in three main types - sensory, motor, and interneuron. Neuroglia provide structure and support.
- The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS connects to receptors and effectors.
- An action potential is generated when a neuron's membrane potential changes from its resting state due to ion channel openings.
- Action potentials propagate along axons via continuous or saltatory conduction.
The document describes the anatomy and organization of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. It discusses the following key points:
- The spinal cord is approximately 45 cm long and extends from the brainstem down to the L1-L2 vertebrae. It is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions.
- The spinal cord has 31 pairs of spinal nerves that emerge from it and innervate different regions of the body. These include 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal nerve.
- The spinal cord contains gray matter surrounding a central canal and containing neuron cell bodies, and white matter containing axons organized into
This document provides an overview of the organization of the human brain:
- It describes the major regions of the brain including the cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum.
- It explains the functions of these regions such as processing sensory information, motor control, and regulating autonomic functions.
- Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate the structures of the brain and their relationships, such as ventricles, meninges, and blood supply.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses the key components of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including neurons and neuroglia. Neurons are classified based on their structure and function. The peripheral nervous system is further divided into afferent and efferent divisions, with the afferent carrying sensory information to the central nervous system and the efferent carrying motor commands out to effectors. The document also examines the roles of receptors, sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons in processing and relaying information throughout the nervous system.
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its subdivisions. It begins with an introduction to the ANS and its functions like regulating body temperature and coordinating cardiovascular functions. It then describes the two main subdivisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division originates from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord and targets organs like the heart and lungs. The parasympathetic division originates from the brainstem and sacral spinal cord and targets organs like glands. The document includes diagrams of the pathways and targets of both divisions.
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into regions including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. The CNS is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body and is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Together, the CNS and PNS use neurons and glial cells to control bodily functions and process sensory information.
This document discusses the anatomy, connections, functions, and disturbances of the cerebellum. It begins with an overview of the cerebellum's anatomy, noting its location and lobes. It then describes the cerebellum's connections via cerebellar peduncles and discusses the functions of its deep nuclei. The document outlines stroke syndromes that can result from lesions in different vascular territories. Finally, it discusses ataxia as the cardinal sign of cerebellar disease.
The document summarizes the major parts and structures of the human brain. It discusses the four major parts: (1) brain stem, (2) cerebellum, (3) diencephalon, and (4) cerebrum. Within each part, it describes the key substructures and their functions. For example, it notes that the brain stem contains the medulla, pons, and midbrain and regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus and relays sensory information. The cerebrum is the largest part and contains areas associated with motor control, language, and the five
The document discusses the nervous system, including its two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It describes the basic anatomy and functions of neurons and neuroglia. Key points covered include:
- Neurons are the basic functional units and come in three main types - sensory, motor, and interneuron. Neuroglia provide structure and support.
- The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS connects to receptors and effectors.
- An action potential is generated when a neuron's membrane potential changes from its resting state due to ion channel openings.
- Action potentials propagate along axons via continuous or saltatory conduction.
The document describes the anatomy and organization of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. It discusses the following key points:
- The spinal cord is approximately 45 cm long and extends from the brainstem down to the L1-L2 vertebrae. It is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions.
- The spinal cord has 31 pairs of spinal nerves that emerge from it and innervate different regions of the body. These include 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal nerve.
- The spinal cord contains gray matter surrounding a central canal and containing neuron cell bodies, and white matter containing axons organized into
This document provides an overview of the organization of the human brain:
- It describes the major regions of the brain including the cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum.
- It explains the functions of these regions such as processing sensory information, motor control, and regulating autonomic functions.
- Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate the structures of the brain and their relationships, such as ventricles, meninges, and blood supply.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses the key components of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including neurons and neuroglia. Neurons are classified based on their structure and function. The peripheral nervous system is further divided into afferent and efferent divisions, with the afferent carrying sensory information to the central nervous system and the efferent carrying motor commands out to effectors. The document also examines the roles of receptors, sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons in processing and relaying information throughout the nervous system.
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its subdivisions. It begins with an introduction to the ANS and its functions like regulating body temperature and coordinating cardiovascular functions. It then describes the two main subdivisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division originates from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord and targets organs like the heart and lungs. The parasympathetic division originates from the brainstem and sacral spinal cord and targets organs like glands. The document includes diagrams of the pathways and targets of both divisions.
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into regions including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. The CNS is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body and is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Together, the CNS and PNS use neurons and glial cells to control bodily functions and process sensory information.
This document discusses the anatomy, connections, functions, and disturbances of the cerebellum. It begins with an overview of the cerebellum's anatomy, noting its location and lobes. It then describes the cerebellum's connections via cerebellar peduncles and discusses the functions of its deep nuclei. The document outlines stroke syndromes that can result from lesions in different vascular territories. Finally, it discusses ataxia as the cardinal sign of cerebellar disease.
The document summarizes the major parts and structures of the human brain. It discusses the four major parts: (1) brain stem, (2) cerebellum, (3) diencephalon, and (4) cerebrum. Within each part, it describes the key substructures and their functions. For example, it notes that the brain stem contains the medulla, pons, and midbrain and regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus and relays sensory information. The cerebrum is the largest part and contains areas associated with motor control, language, and the five
This document provides an overview of clinically relevant neuroanatomy and outlines a problem-based learning approach. It discusses the central nervous system including structures like the brain, spinal cord, ventricles, and meninges. It also covers topics like cerebrospinal fluid circulation, blood vessel anatomy, motor and sensory pathways, and clinical conditions that can result from injuries to different parts of the nervous system like hemorrhages, paralysis, and more. The goal is to help students understand neuroanatomy concepts essential for medical cases through self-study materials and discussion of examples.
A 53-year-old woman presented to the emergency department late at night with altered mental status. She had a headache throughout the day and became confused in the late night hours. A CT scan showed sinus disease but no abnormalities in the brain. A lumbar puncture revealed cloudy cerebrospinal fluid. The patient was diagnosed with meningitis that likely originated from a sinus infection that spread bacteria into the cranial cavity and infected the meninges, causing her confusion.
The document provides an overview of brain and spinal cord anatomy. It discusses the hierarchical organization of sensory processing networks and includes diagrams of the spinal cord, brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres, ventricles, meninges, and vascularization of the brain. Key structures summarized include the spinal cord gray and white matter, fiber tracts, nerve plexuses, brainstem regions, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex lobes, and internal capsule.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It describes the cerebellum's connections to other parts of the brain and its divisions. The cerebellum receives input from various pathways and sends output through several nuclei to control muscle tone, coordinate movement, balance, equilibrium, and speech. It plays an important role in motor learning and planning sequential movements.
The document summarizes the nervous system, which is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is made up of lobes that control functions like movement, speech, hearing, vision, and smell. The PNS includes cranial and spinal nerves. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and branch into dorsal and ventral roots.
The document discusses several topics in neuroanatomy relevant for teachers:
1) The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa.
2) The limbic system, including the Papez circuit, is involved in emotions and emotional responses. Disorders here can affect behavior.
3) The basal ganglia may play a role in sensory and motor integration, and problems could impact functions like writing.
Nervous system ( anatomy and physiology)Ravish Yadav
the topic contain function of nervous system, classification of nervous system, neurons anatomy, structural classification of neurons, functional classification of neurons, nerve impulse
This case describes a patient who suffered a cerebellar infarction after a motorcycle accident without a helmet. Some key points:
- Initial CT was normal but follow up CT showed a large left cerebellar infarction and obstructive hydrocephalus.
- He underwent an emergency suboccipital craniectomy and decompression which allowed for recovery.
- Now, 48 hours later, he is becoming progressively drowsy with vomiting.
My thoughts on what is happening and next steps:
1. He is likely experiencing increased intracranial pressure from edema and hydrocephalus related to the large cerebellar infarction.
2. I would obtain an emergent CT to re-evaluate for worsening
The document provides information about the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It can be summarized as follows:
1. The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa and is separated into two hemispheres and a median vermis. It has three lobes and three functional subdivisions that control balance, coordination of movements, and muscle tone.
2. The cerebellum connects to the brainstem via three cerebellar peduncles - superior, middle, and inferior - which carry afferent and efferent fibers. Deep within the cerebellum are four nuclei - dentate, globose, emboliformis, and fastigius.
3. The cerebell
This document provides an overview of gross neuroanatomy and outlines key learning objectives:
1. Define neuroanatomy terminology and identify regions and functions of the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures.
2. Identify the major lobes and sulci on the cerebral cortex as well as structures like the basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
3. Recognize the brainstem, cerebellum, and ventricular system when viewing the ventral and medial surfaces of the brain.
This document provides an overview of basic neuroanatomy, including:
- Gross anatomy sections on gyri, sulci, fissures, grey and white matter, and fiber tracts.
- Descriptions of the cerebral cortex as the outer wrinkled surface, with neocortex as the outer layer and cortical layers and functional divisions.
- The limbic system participates in emotion, learning, and memory, and includes structures like the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala.
- Other areas discussed include the basal ganglia, ventricles, diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, midbrain, pons
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It receives sensory data from the spinal cord and motor data from the cerebrum, and its output is motor in function. It controls the activity of the cerebrum and spinal cord, and dysfunctions result in clumsy, poorly coordinated movements. The cerebellum is responsible for equilibrium, eye and head movements, balancing, postural changes, muscle tone, smooth execution of movements, accuracy, and motor control. It has a cortex with molecular, purkinje, and granular layers containing various cell types like purkinje cells. The cerebrum has gray matter containing neuron types like pyramidal cells and white matter with nerve fibers. The cerebral cortex
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its two main divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It describes the key components and structures of the nervous system such as neurons, neuroglia, the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system. The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The autonomic nervous system has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems - that work to regulate involuntary body functions.
This document provides an overview of the cerebellum presented by Prof. Dr. Ansari for BDS semester-II students. It describes the parts and lobes of the cerebellum, cerebellar peduncles, blood supply, functions, and lesions. Specifically, it notes that the cerebellum has right and left hemispheres connected by the superior and inferior vermis, and contains the primary, secondary, and flocculonodular lobes which control muscle tone, skilled movements, and balance respectively. It also discusses the cerebellar peduncles and blood vessels that supply the cerebellum.
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It has three lobes - the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. It receives inputs from various parts of the brain and spinal cord via afferent pathways and sends outputs to motor areas of the brain via efferent pathways. The cerebellum plays key roles in motor control such as regulation of muscle tone and coordination of skilled voluntary movements, control of equilibrium and learning of new motor skills. Dysfunction of the cerebellum results in disturbances of posture, ataxia and intention tremors which can be assessed using clinical tests.
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain and is divided into 3 lobes. It coordinates movement and maintains balance and posture. The cerebellum receives input from sensory systems and the motor cortex and sends output through cerebellar nuclei to affect movement. At its core are Purkinje cells that help the cerebellum detect errors and coordinate precise movements through inhibition and excitation of deep nuclear cells and motor areas. Damage results in ataxia and loss of coordinated movement.
The perikaryon, also called the soma or cell body, contains the nucleus and is the metabolic center of the neuron. The nucleus of neurons is usually filled with euchromatin and typically contains a prominent nucleolus. Nerve fibers are surrounded by three layers: the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium. Myelinated axons have layers of Schwann cells that insulate the axon. The spinal cord contains dorsal and ventral horns connected to dorsal and ventral roots that join spinal nerves. It has a central canal surrounded by white matter.
Anatomical localisation of function is a fundamental principle in the neurosciences. This presentation highlights the basics neuroanatomy and correlate major brain structure with their functions.
The meninges are three layered membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. The outermost layer is the dura mater, followed by the arachnoid mater and innermost pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. The spinal cord begins where the brain exits the skull and extends downwards through the vertebral column, supplying nerves to different parts of the body. It has a butterfly-shaped cross-section with grey matter in the center surrounded by white matter, and anterior and posterior horns.
The document summarizes the sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. It describes the ascending sensory tracts that transmit sensory information to the brain, including the posterior column pathway, spinothalamic pathway, and spinocerebellar pathway. It also describes the descending motor tracts that transmit motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord, including the corticospinal tract for conscious motor control and subconscious motor tracts for balance, posture and coordination. Sensory information is transmitted via ascending tracts in the spinal cord while motor commands are transmitted via descending tracts.
The document discusses the sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. It describes the ascending and descending tracts that carry sensory information to the brain and motor commands to the periphery. The major ascending tracts are the posterior column pathway (fine touch, vibration, proprioception), spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature), and spinocerebellar tract (proprioception to cerebellum). The main descending tracts are the corticospinal tract (conscious motor control) and subconscious motor tracts like the vestibulospinal tract (balance, posture).
This document provides an overview of clinically relevant neuroanatomy and outlines a problem-based learning approach. It discusses the central nervous system including structures like the brain, spinal cord, ventricles, and meninges. It also covers topics like cerebrospinal fluid circulation, blood vessel anatomy, motor and sensory pathways, and clinical conditions that can result from injuries to different parts of the nervous system like hemorrhages, paralysis, and more. The goal is to help students understand neuroanatomy concepts essential for medical cases through self-study materials and discussion of examples.
A 53-year-old woman presented to the emergency department late at night with altered mental status. She had a headache throughout the day and became confused in the late night hours. A CT scan showed sinus disease but no abnormalities in the brain. A lumbar puncture revealed cloudy cerebrospinal fluid. The patient was diagnosed with meningitis that likely originated from a sinus infection that spread bacteria into the cranial cavity and infected the meninges, causing her confusion.
The document provides an overview of brain and spinal cord anatomy. It discusses the hierarchical organization of sensory processing networks and includes diagrams of the spinal cord, brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres, ventricles, meninges, and vascularization of the brain. Key structures summarized include the spinal cord gray and white matter, fiber tracts, nerve plexuses, brainstem regions, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex lobes, and internal capsule.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It describes the cerebellum's connections to other parts of the brain and its divisions. The cerebellum receives input from various pathways and sends output through several nuclei to control muscle tone, coordinate movement, balance, equilibrium, and speech. It plays an important role in motor learning and planning sequential movements.
The document summarizes the nervous system, which is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is made up of lobes that control functions like movement, speech, hearing, vision, and smell. The PNS includes cranial and spinal nerves. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and branch into dorsal and ventral roots.
The document discusses several topics in neuroanatomy relevant for teachers:
1) The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa.
2) The limbic system, including the Papez circuit, is involved in emotions and emotional responses. Disorders here can affect behavior.
3) The basal ganglia may play a role in sensory and motor integration, and problems could impact functions like writing.
Nervous system ( anatomy and physiology)Ravish Yadav
the topic contain function of nervous system, classification of nervous system, neurons anatomy, structural classification of neurons, functional classification of neurons, nerve impulse
This case describes a patient who suffered a cerebellar infarction after a motorcycle accident without a helmet. Some key points:
- Initial CT was normal but follow up CT showed a large left cerebellar infarction and obstructive hydrocephalus.
- He underwent an emergency suboccipital craniectomy and decompression which allowed for recovery.
- Now, 48 hours later, he is becoming progressively drowsy with vomiting.
My thoughts on what is happening and next steps:
1. He is likely experiencing increased intracranial pressure from edema and hydrocephalus related to the large cerebellar infarction.
2. I would obtain an emergent CT to re-evaluate for worsening
The document provides information about the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It can be summarized as follows:
1. The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa and is separated into two hemispheres and a median vermis. It has three lobes and three functional subdivisions that control balance, coordination of movements, and muscle tone.
2. The cerebellum connects to the brainstem via three cerebellar peduncles - superior, middle, and inferior - which carry afferent and efferent fibers. Deep within the cerebellum are four nuclei - dentate, globose, emboliformis, and fastigius.
3. The cerebell
This document provides an overview of gross neuroanatomy and outlines key learning objectives:
1. Define neuroanatomy terminology and identify regions and functions of the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures.
2. Identify the major lobes and sulci on the cerebral cortex as well as structures like the basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
3. Recognize the brainstem, cerebellum, and ventricular system when viewing the ventral and medial surfaces of the brain.
This document provides an overview of basic neuroanatomy, including:
- Gross anatomy sections on gyri, sulci, fissures, grey and white matter, and fiber tracts.
- Descriptions of the cerebral cortex as the outer wrinkled surface, with neocortex as the outer layer and cortical layers and functional divisions.
- The limbic system participates in emotion, learning, and memory, and includes structures like the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala.
- Other areas discussed include the basal ganglia, ventricles, diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, midbrain, pons
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It receives sensory data from the spinal cord and motor data from the cerebrum, and its output is motor in function. It controls the activity of the cerebrum and spinal cord, and dysfunctions result in clumsy, poorly coordinated movements. The cerebellum is responsible for equilibrium, eye and head movements, balancing, postural changes, muscle tone, smooth execution of movements, accuracy, and motor control. It has a cortex with molecular, purkinje, and granular layers containing various cell types like purkinje cells. The cerebrum has gray matter containing neuron types like pyramidal cells and white matter with nerve fibers. The cerebral cortex
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its two main divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It describes the key components and structures of the nervous system such as neurons, neuroglia, the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system. The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The autonomic nervous system has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems - that work to regulate involuntary body functions.
This document provides an overview of the cerebellum presented by Prof. Dr. Ansari for BDS semester-II students. It describes the parts and lobes of the cerebellum, cerebellar peduncles, blood supply, functions, and lesions. Specifically, it notes that the cerebellum has right and left hemispheres connected by the superior and inferior vermis, and contains the primary, secondary, and flocculonodular lobes which control muscle tone, skilled movements, and balance respectively. It also discusses the cerebellar peduncles and blood vessels that supply the cerebellum.
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It has three lobes - the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. It receives inputs from various parts of the brain and spinal cord via afferent pathways and sends outputs to motor areas of the brain via efferent pathways. The cerebellum plays key roles in motor control such as regulation of muscle tone and coordination of skilled voluntary movements, control of equilibrium and learning of new motor skills. Dysfunction of the cerebellum results in disturbances of posture, ataxia and intention tremors which can be assessed using clinical tests.
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain and is divided into 3 lobes. It coordinates movement and maintains balance and posture. The cerebellum receives input from sensory systems and the motor cortex and sends output through cerebellar nuclei to affect movement. At its core are Purkinje cells that help the cerebellum detect errors and coordinate precise movements through inhibition and excitation of deep nuclear cells and motor areas. Damage results in ataxia and loss of coordinated movement.
The perikaryon, also called the soma or cell body, contains the nucleus and is the metabolic center of the neuron. The nucleus of neurons is usually filled with euchromatin and typically contains a prominent nucleolus. Nerve fibers are surrounded by three layers: the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium. Myelinated axons have layers of Schwann cells that insulate the axon. The spinal cord contains dorsal and ventral horns connected to dorsal and ventral roots that join spinal nerves. It has a central canal surrounded by white matter.
Anatomical localisation of function is a fundamental principle in the neurosciences. This presentation highlights the basics neuroanatomy and correlate major brain structure with their functions.
The meninges are three layered membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. The outermost layer is the dura mater, followed by the arachnoid mater and innermost pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. The spinal cord begins where the brain exits the skull and extends downwards through the vertebral column, supplying nerves to different parts of the body. It has a butterfly-shaped cross-section with grey matter in the center surrounded by white matter, and anterior and posterior horns.
The document summarizes the sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. It describes the ascending sensory tracts that transmit sensory information to the brain, including the posterior column pathway, spinothalamic pathway, and spinocerebellar pathway. It also describes the descending motor tracts that transmit motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord, including the corticospinal tract for conscious motor control and subconscious motor tracts for balance, posture and coordination. Sensory information is transmitted via ascending tracts in the spinal cord while motor commands are transmitted via descending tracts.
The document discusses the sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. It describes the ascending and descending tracts that carry sensory information to the brain and motor commands to the periphery. The major ascending tracts are the posterior column pathway (fine touch, vibration, proprioception), spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature), and spinocerebellar tract (proprioception to cerebellum). The main descending tracts are the corticospinal tract (conscious motor control) and subconscious motor tracts like the vestibulospinal tract (balance, posture).
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. It begins by describing the gross anatomy of the spinal cord, including the 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their numbering. It then discusses the functional organization of the spinal cord gray matter into dorsal, lateral, and ventral horns that contain sensory and motor nuclei. The document also describes the monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs in the spinal cord that underlie reflexes like the stretch reflex. It concludes by discussing spinal nerve structure and the dermatomal distribution of cutaneous innervation.
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure that extends from the brain and descends through the vertebral column. It acts as a conduit for motor and sensory nerves throughout the body and is protected by vertebrae. The spinal cord exhibits some functional independence from the brain through reflexes. It is divided into regions that each give rise to spinal nerves which innervate different parts of the body. Major plexuses such as the brachial and lumbar plexuses are formed by the branching of spinal nerves.
The nervous system has two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain can be divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The PNS connects the CNS to sensory receptors and effector organs and contains nerves, ganglia and plexuses. It relays sensory information to the CNS and motor commands from the CNS. The autonomic nervous system is a division of the PNS that regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.
The nervous system is composed of nerve cells called neurons and glial cells. Neurons communicate via electrical signals called action potentials. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord and contains gray and white matter. Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies while white matter contains myelinated axons. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the spinal cord. It describes the external and internal anatomy of the spinal cord, including its protective meninges. It discusses the 31 pairs of spinal nerves, their formation, branches, and distribution through plexuses. The document outlines the organization and functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It provides detailed descriptions of the cross section anatomy of the spinal cord, including the gray and white matter, nerve cell groups, tracts, and commissures. Key points about the spinal nerves, their branches and plexuses are also summarized.
The document provides information on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It discusses that the CNS is made up of neurons and neuroglia cells and is divided into the brain and spinal cord. The PNS has sensory and motor divisions that bring sensory information to and motor commands from the CNS. The cellular organization of the nervous system includes neurons and neuroglia cells such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and Schwann cells.
The document provides information about the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It discusses the major components and functions of the brain and spinal cord. It also describes the anatomy and functions of neurons, glial cells, and cranial nerves. Additionally, it summarizes the structures and roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which act as the main control centers. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and is composed of nerves and ganglia. It can be subdivided into sensory and motor nerves. Together, the nervous system allows the body to coordinate activities, sense the environment, and produce responses.
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which regulates involuntary body functions. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division uses thoracic and lumbar spinal cord neurons to regulate functions that prepare the body for exertion like increased heart rate. The parasympathetic division uses cranial and sacral spinal cord neurons to regulate resting functions like digestion. Preganglionic neurons in both divisions synapse on ganglia near target organs like the heart, with postganglionic fibers then connecting to organs.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of vertebrae and the spinal cord. It discusses:
1. The 33 vertebrae that make up the spinal column, which are divided into 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae.
2. The general landmarks of vertebrae including the spinous process, transverse process, and vertebral body.
3. Details on the unique features of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
4. That the spinal cord ends around the L1-L2 vertebrae and the cauda equina nerves extend below this point.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of nerves and ganglia. The document outlines the key structures and functions of the nervous system, including the four major regions of the brain, the structure and protection of the spinal cord, the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and the 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their organization into dermatomes. It also defines important anatomical terms like grey matter, white matter, nucleus, ganglion, tract and nerve.
Group 4 Spinal-Cord-ppt.pptx BPED PED 119DennisseBarja
The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure running from the brainstem down the center of the spine. It carries nerve signals between the brain and body to control movement, sensation, and reflexes. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column and surrounded by meninges. It has grey matter containing neurons in a butterfly shape surrounded by white matter tracts. Spinal nerves branch out from the spinal cord, carrying signals to and from different body regions. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves grouped into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves.
human antomy presentration spinal cord.pdfSaifullahPU
The spinal cord contains white and grey matter and is divided into five segments - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Each segment contains a specific number of spinal nerve pairs that connect the brain to different parts of the body. The cervical segment contains 8 pairs of nerves and extends from the neck to the thoracic region, innervating the upper limbs.
Nervous sytem and its divisions: Neuro AnatomyPriyanka Pundir
Neuro Anatomy Introduction, Nervous System, Classification of Nervous System, Cellular Architecture, Neuron Structure, Classification of Neuron, Skull: Osteology, Bones of skull, Skull Joints, Anatomical Position of Skull, Methods of Study of skull.
The document provides information about the structure and function of the peripheral and central nervous systems, including:
- The divisions of the peripheral nervous system include the afferent sensory division and efferent motor division. The efferent system has somatic and autonomic divisions.
- Neuron structure includes the dendrites, cell body, axon, axon collaterals, nodes of Ranvier, and synaptic end knobs. Myelin sheaths insulate some axons.
- Neuroglial cells include Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
- The meninges are membranes that surround and protect the central nervous system.
The nervous system has three main functions: sensation, integration of information, and coordination of voluntary and involuntary action. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which connects the CNS to the rest of the body. The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary muscles, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions like digestion. Within the CNS, the brain is divided into sections that control different functions, like movement, senses, and emotion. The spinal cord relays information between the brain and body via spinal nerves.
Similar to Ch14lecturepresentation 140918213453-phpapp01 (20)
This document discusses suffixes and terminology used in medicine. It begins by listing common combining forms used to build medical terms and their meanings. It then defines several noun, adjective, and shorter suffixes and provides their meanings. Examples are given of medical terms built using combining forms and suffixes. The document also examines specific medical concepts in more depth, such as hernias, blood cells, acromegaly, splenomegaly, and laparoscopy.
The document is a chapter from a medical textbook that discusses anatomical terminology pertaining to the body as a whole. It defines the structural organization of the body from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It also describes the body cavities and identifies the major organs contained within each cavity, as well as anatomical divisions of the abdomen and back.
This document is from a textbook on medical terminology. It discusses the basic structure of medical words and how they are built from prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. Some key points:
- Medical terms are made up of elements including roots, suffixes, prefixes, and combining vowels. Understanding these elements is important for analyzing terms.
- Common prefixes include hypo-, epi-, and cis-. Common suffixes include -itis, -algia, and -ectomy.
- Dozens of combining forms are provided, such as gastro- meaning stomach, cardi- meaning heart, and aden- meaning gland.
- Rules are provided for analyzing terms, such as reading from the suffix backward and dropping combining vowels before suffixes starting with vowels
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 25 on Cancer from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by a team that includes Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 24 on Immunology from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are highly specialized cells that process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. This chapter discusses the structure and function of neurons, how they communicate with each other via synapses, and how signals are propagated along neurons through changes in their membrane potentials. Neurons play a vital role in the nervous system by allowing organisms to process information and coordinate their responses.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 22 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "The Molecular Cell Biology of Development" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 21 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cell Birth, Lineage, and Death" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 20 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Regulating the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 19 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Integrating Cells into Tissues" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses microtubules and intermediate filaments, which are types of cytoskeletal filaments that help organize and move cellular components. Microtubules are involved in processes like cell division and intracellular transport, while intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help integrate the nucleus with the cytoplasm. Together, these filaments play important structural and functional roles in eukaryotic cells.
This chapter discusses microfilaments, which are one of the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments found in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are composed of actin filaments and play important roles in cell motility, structure, and intracellular transport. They allow cells to change shape and to move by contracting or extending parts of the cell surface.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 16 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Signaling Pathways that Control Gene Activity" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 15 of the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira. It provides the chapter title "Cell Signaling I: Signal Transduction and Short-Term Cellular Responses" and notes the copyright is held by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 14 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Vesicular Traffic, Secretion, and Endocytosis" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses how proteins are transported into membranes and organelles within cells. Proteins destined for membranes or organelles have targeting signals that are recognized by transport systems. The transport systems then direct the proteins to their proper destinations, such as inserting membrane proteins into membranes or delivering soluble proteins into organelles.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 12 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cellular Energetics" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses the transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules across cell membranes. It covers topics such as passive transport through membrane channels and pumps, as well as active transport using ATP. The chapter is from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology and is copyrighted by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 10, titled "Biomembrane Structure", from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was written by a team of authors including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 9 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Visualizing, Fractionating, and Culturing Cells" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.