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human antomy presentration spinal cord.pdf
- 1. HUMAN ANATOMY ANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD
- 2. NAMES OF TEAM MEMBERS: ASHAR ALI IKRAM NIMRA IDREES IQRA ASHRAF ZAREEN FAIZ
- 3. SPINAL CORD INTRODUCTION: ❖ Spinal cord is a long cylindrical structure that connects your brain and posterior part of your body. ❖ Spinal cords contains tissues and nerve cells. ❖ It is the part of our CNS (Central nervous system). ❖ It begins as an extension of medulla oblongata at the level of foreman magnum and terminates at the level of L2(coccygeal segment).
- 5. ANATOMY OF SPINAL NERVES They are mixed nerves that interact directly with the spinal cord to modulate sensory and motor information from PNS . We have total 31 pairs of spinal nerves . Each nerve form from nerves fibers known as FILA REDICULARIA extends from (posterior) dorsal and (anterior) ventral .
- 7. SEGMENTS OF SPINAL CORD There are five 5 segments of spinal cord : ➢ Cervical segment. ➢ Thoracic segment . ➢ Lumber segment. ➢ Sacral segment. ➢ Coccygeal segment.
- 9. CERVICAL SEGMENT: Derived from Latin word “CERVIX” which means neck There are 8 pairs of spinal nerves present in this region . The vertebrae present in this region are C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7. There is a bend in this region which means cervical enlargement that is because of grey matter This bend extends from C5 to T1 ( Thoracic region ) Cervical region is directly associated with upper limbs muscles
- 11. THORACIC SEGMENT: It is located in the middle of the vertebral column , sandwiched between the cervical ones above and the lumbar vertebrae below. It is the longest section of the spine There are 12 pairs of spinal nerves in this region There are 12 vertebrae present in this segment that are named T1-T12 Two muscles also interact with those twelve vertebrae, these being the spinalis and longissimus.
- 13. LUMBER SEGMENT: lumbar spine is located below your 12 chest (thoracic) vertebra and above the five fused bones that make up your triangular-shaped sacrum bone. it is the largest segment of spinal cord . There are 5 pairs of spinal nerves in this segment. There are 5 vertebrae in this segment. There is an another bend in lumber segment which means lumber enlargement. It extends from L2 –S3(sacral segment) . It is directly associated with skeletal muscles of lower limbs .
- 15. SACRAL SEGMENT: The sacral segment (sacrum) is located at the bottom of the spine and lies between the fifth segment of the lumbar spine (L5) and the coccyx (tailbone). There are 5 pairs of nerves present in this segment . Sacral segment has 1 vertebrae Embryologically, sacrum have 5 individual bones fuse together in 1 bone .
- 17. COCCYGEAL SEGMENT: This is the last segment of spinal cord that they located from the conus medullaris (terminal segment of the spinal cord) located in the distal part of the vertebral column. There is 1 pair of spinal nerve present in this region. There are 2 vertebrae L1 ,L2 where spinal cord ends . There is an interesting thing from L2 that all the bundles of spinal nerves coming off at that end .That is why it has special name called “CAUDA QUINA” .
- 19. WHITE MATTER: White matter is found in the deeper tissues of the brain (subcortical). It contains nerve fibers (axons), which are extensions of nerve cells (neurons). Many of these nerve fibers are surrounded by a type of sheath or covering called myelin. Myelin gives the white matter its color . So it called white matter. The concertation of white matter decreases as we move from cervical to coccygeal region (because of the both sensory and motor neurons are present in large numbers in cervical region as compared to coccygeal region ) .
- 20. GREY MATTER: Gray matter, named for its pinkish-gray color It is consists of neural cell bodies, axon terminals, and dendrites, as well as all nerve synapses. Grey matter creates a horn like structure throughout the inside of spinal cord . It is divided into ventral ( anterior) horn and dorsal ( posterior) horns. The grey matter extends to the spinal cord to make signaling more effective .