The document discusses excretion and the kidney's role in removing waste from the body. It summarizes that the lungs, skin, and kidneys aid in excretion by removing carbon dioxide, excess water and salts, and urea, excess water, salts, spent hormones and drugs respectively. The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, filters blood and selectively reabsorbs or secretes substances to produce urine, which normally contains water, urea, salts, spent hormones, alcohol and drugs.

1. Clean up time!!
Excretion

2. Excretion
 The removal of metabolic wastes, toxins
and substances in excess of
requirement.
 E.g. lungs excrete carbon dioxide in
exhaled air
 skin removes excess water, salts and
some urea
 Kidney removes urea, excess water and
salts,
Spent hormones and drugs.

3. What is urea?
 Excess amino acids cannot be
stored by the body.
 The liver removes the
nitrogen part (Amine)of the
excess amino acids to form the
urea molecule, the remainder
of the amino acid contains C,H
&O and can be used to release
energy. This is called de-
amination.
 Urea leaves the liver in the
blood (hepatic vein) it travels
with the blood stream till it
reaches the kidney.

4. The excretory system

5. Nephron: the building unit of kidney 10

6. How does the nephron work? 10

7. Nephron parts & their functions
Part Function
Glomerulus Filtration of blood; water, urea, glucose,
amino acids, salts can pass out but plasma
proteins and cells cannot
Renal capsule Collects the filtrate
First convoluted
tubule
Selective reabsorption of water, glucose,
amino acids by active transport
Loop of Henle Reabsoption of water and salts
Second convoluted
tubule
Secretion of wastes into the filtrate
Collecting duct Reabsorption of water, passes urine to pelvis
10

8. Normal constituents of urine
 Urine is composed of mostly water, dissolved urea,
salts, spent hormones, alcohol and drugs.
 Proteins are large molecules that cannot pass
through the capillaries. If they are found in urine this
person may be suffering from a kidney disease, or
has kidney failure.
 Glucose is normally reabsorbed completely, its
presence in urine indicated that the person is
suffering from diabetes.

9. EXHB

10. EXHB

11. 10

12. Kidney Dialysis machine 10