This document provides an overview of excretion in mammals. It discusses the definition of excretion and the main excretory products in animals, including ammonia, carbon dioxide, urea, uric acid, guanine and creatine. It then describes the five main modes of excretion based on the excretory product: ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism, aminotelism and guanotelism. The ornithine cycle, also known as the urea cycle, is explained as the biochemical process that converts toxic ammonia into urea for excretion. Finally, the three phases of urine formation are summarized: glomerular filtration, reabsorption

1. By: Garima B.Sc Biotechnology 2nd year
Mammalian Physiology
Presentation on
EXCRETION

2. Contents:
➔Excretion: definition and
introduction
➔Modes of excretion
➔Ornithine cycle
➔Mechanism of urine formation
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3. Definition:
It is a biological process where, metabolic wastes are
eliminated from an organism. In humans, this function
is performed through kidneys,lungs and skin. Plants
usually excrete through transpiration.
In animals, main excretory products are:
● Ammonia
● Carbon dioxide
● Urea
● Uric acid
● Guanine
● Creatine
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4. Modes of Excretion
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Based on the excretory product, five modes of excretion
are known in animals. They are:
● Ammonotelism (Type of excretion- ammonia)
● Ureotelism (Type of excretion – urea)
● Uricotelism (Type of excretion – uric acid)
● Aminotelism (Type of excretion – amino acids)
● Guanotelism (Type of excretion – guanine)

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Definition : Urea cycle is biochemical reactions that involve removal of excess
ammonia (NH3) by production of urea. The urea cycle excrete excess nitrogen as
ammonia which is toxic, by converting it into urea and excreted in urine.
Ammonotelic organisms excrete ammonia directly, uricotelic organisms excrete it
as uric acid, and ureotelic organisms excrete it as urea. This cycle steps also
known as ornithine cycle discovered by two scientists Krebs and Henseleit in
1932.
● Site of urea cycle - liver in mammals
● Steps : 1. Synthesis of Carbamoyl-phosphate
2. Synthesis of Cirtulline
3. Synthesis of Argininosuccinate
4.Cleavage of Argininosuccinate into Arginine and Fumarate
5.Cleavage of Arginine to Ornithine and Urea
● Regulation :
Regulation of Urea Cycle Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I catalyzes the
rate-limiting step of the cycle and is stimulated by N -acetylglutamate. Although
the liver normally has a great capacity for urea synthesis, the enzymes of the urea
cycle are induced if a high-protein diet is consumed for 4 days or more.

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Nephron is
the basic
unit of
kidney.
URINE FORMATION

9. Mechanism of Urine formation
Our kidneys play a major role in the process of excretion. Constituents of normal human
urine include 95 percent water and 5 percent solid wastes. It is produced in the nephron,
which is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Urine formation in our body is
mainly carried out in three phases namely
1. Glomerular filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
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1. The Glomerulus Filters Water and Other Substances from
the Bloodstream
Each kidney contains over 1 million tiny structures called nephrons. Each nephron has a glomerulus,
the site of blood filtration. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries surrounded by a cuplike structure,
the glomerular capsule (or Bowman’s capsule). As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure
pushes water and solutes from the capillaries into the capsule through a filtration membrane. This
glomerular filtration begins the urine formation process.
➔ The Filtration Membrane Keeps Blood Cells and Large Proteins in the
Bloodstream
Inside the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes fluid from capillaries into the glomerular capsule through
a specialized layer of cells. This layer, the filtration membrane, allows water and small solutes to pass
but blocks blood cells and large proteins. Those components remain in the bloodstream. The filtrate
(the fluid that has passed through the membrane) flows from the glomerular capsule further into the
nephron.

11. 2.Reabsorption Moves Nutrients and Water Back into the
Bloodstream
The glomerulus filters water and small solutes out of the bloodstream. The resulting filtrate
contains waste, but also other substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose, amino
acids, and smaller proteins. When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in
the nephron called the renal tubule. As it moves, the needed substances and some water
are reabsorbed through the tube wall into adjacent capillaries. This reabsorption of vital
nutrients from the filtrate is the second step in urine creation.
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12. 3. Waste Ions and Hydrogen Ions Secreted from the Blood
Complete the Formation of Urine (Secretion)
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The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows through the renal tubule, where nutrients
and water are reabsorbed into capillaries. At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen
ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called secretion. The
secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate and become urine. The urine flows out
of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney through the renal
pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder.

13. Urine Composition:
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Urine Is 95% Water
The nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine through a process of filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is about 95% water and 5% waste products.Nitrogenous
wastes excreted in urine include ,Urea,creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid. Ions such as sodium,
potassium, hydrogen, and calcium are also excreted.

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