Boolean logic is a form of mathematics that represents true and false values. It was outlined by George Boole in 1854 and forms the basis of modern computing. There are three basic Boolean logic operations - AND, OR, and NOT - that allow combining true and false values to form compound conditions. Logical comparisons and operators are used to evaluate conditions as either true or false, and these values can then be manipulated using Boolean logic.

1. Boolean Logic

2. George Boole In1854, George Boole published “ An investigation into the Laws of Thought, on which are founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities.” Boole outlined a system of logic and a corresponding algebraic language dealing with true and false values. 100 th Anniversary Edition

3. Boolean Logic Boolean logic is a form of mathematics in which the only values used are true and false. Boolean logic is the basis of all modern computing. There are three basic operations in Boolean logic – AND, OR, and NOT. 100 th Anniversary Edition

4. The AND Operation The AND operation is a binary operation, meaning that it needs two operands. c = a AND b Both a and b must be true for the result to be true. F F F F T T a F T b AND

5. The OR Operation The OR operation is also a binary operation with two operands. c = a OR b If either a OR b is true, then the result is true. F T F T T T a F T b OR

6. The NOT Operation The NOT operation is a unary operation with only one operand. c = NOT (a) It simply reverses the true or false value of the operand. T F F T a NOT

7. Logical Conditions Logical comparisons that are either true or false are most often used as the basis for the true and false values in Boolean logic. They are often used for simple conditions in branching and looping instructions. If (hours > 40) pay overtime If (age < 12) stay in the back seat While (count  10) print count increment count

8. Logical Comparison Operators Six different comparison operators are used in mathematics and computer programming. A  B A  B A > B A < B A  B A = B In Math A >= B A is greater than or equal to B A <= B A is less than or equal to B A > B A is greater than B A < B A is less than B A<> B or A != B A is not equal to B A = B or A == B A equals B In Programming Condition

9. Compound Conditions Compound Boolean conditions can be created using the Boolean AND, OR and NOT operations in branching and looping instructions. If ( (hours > 40) AND (type = hourly) ) pay overtime If ( (age < 12) OR (height < 42 in.) ) stay in the back seat While ( (count <= 10) AND NOT (status = away) ) print name.count increment count

10. Boolean Logic in Alice

11. Boolean Functions Functions in Alice that return true or false values are called Boolean functions. Alice has many such built-in functions, such as these two groups of basic Boolean logic functions and comparison functions.

12. They can be found on the world’s functions tab

13. They are used inside branching and looping instruction tiles

14. Boolean Functions The Boolean comparison functions can be used to create simple true or false conditions.

15. Boolean Functions The Boolean logic functions can be used to create compound conditions.

16. Boolean Functions Alice has many other world-level and object-level fuctions that return true or false values, such as the Boolean proximity functions shown here on aliceLiddel’s functions tab in the details area.

17. Boolean Functions They can be used anywhere that a Boolean value is needed, such as in this If/Else command.