Environmental Studies ppt for EST, Ch. No. 4 Biodiversity and Its Conservation, By Prof. Kokare A.Y. Lecturer at Babasaheb phadtare polytechnic, Kalamb-Walchandnagar.

1. CHAPTER NO.4
BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION
Subject: Environmental Studies
By
Prof. KOKARE A.Y.
BABASAHEB PHADTARE POLYTECHNIC.
KALAMB- WALCHANDNAGAR
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

2. B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

3. BIODIVERSITY.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.
Bio = Life
Diversity = Variety

4. Definition:
Biological diversity‘ or biodiversity is that part of nature which
includes the differences in genes among the individuals of a
species, the variety and richness of all the plant and animal
species at different scales in space, locally, in a region, in the
country and the world, and various types of ecosystems, both
terrestrial and aquatic, within a defined area.
The word BIODIVERSITY
originates from the Greek word BIOS = LIFE
and Latin word DIVERSITAS = VARIETY or DIFFERENCE. The
whole word BIO DIVERSITY generally therefore means:
VARIETY OF LIFE.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

5. Traditional three levels of biodiversity:
1. Genetic Biodiversity:
It is diversity of genes and organisms. The genetic variation is a fundamental
quality of all biological entities. i.e. population of crop.
2. Species Biodiversity:
It indicate no. of species found in particular ecosystem.
3. Ecosystem Biodiversity:
It is diversity of durable interactions between species and their environment. In
ecosystem, organism interact with each other and also with air, water soil
surounding.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

6. Levels of biodiversity:
1. Alpha Biodiversity:
Diversity within particular area, cumminity or ecosystem, measured by counting
number.
2. Beta Biodiversity:
Diversity of species among varous cosystems..
3. Gamma Biodiversity:
Measurement of overall diversity for different ecosystem within a region.
Following three common metric to measure species diversity.
a) Species richness
b) Simpson idex
c) Shannon-Wiener index.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

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8. Levels of biodiversity:
1. Alpha Biodiversity:
Diversity within particular area, cumminity or ecosystem, measured by counting
number.
2. Beta Biodiversity:
Diversity of species among varous cosystems..
3. Gamma Biodiversity:
Measurement of overall diversity for different ecosystem within a region.
Following three common metric to measure species diversity.
a) Species richness
b) Simpson index
c) Shannon-Wiener index.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

9. Value of biodiversity:
Biodiversity support number of ecosystems process and service like air quality,
climate, water purification, disease control biological pest control, pollination and
preservation of erosion. It also believed to create stability in ecosystem.
Benefits from Biodiversity:
a) consumptive uses: All crop, flowers, animas, marine foods etc.
b) Productive uses: product of biodiversity like medicines and other industry
product
1. Agriculture:
• Monoculture i.e. lack of biodiversity is dangerous. Crop diversity is very
necessary to help the system recovered if the dominant crop type is attacked by
a disease.
• Biodiversity also control spread of disease. Also provide variety of food.
• These species provide food, shelter, clothing to many people and increase
range of food product suitable to human consumption.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

10. 2. Human Health:
• Increase health risk due to climate change are associated with changes in
biodiversity.
• Biodiversity include dietary health and nutrition security, infections diseases,
social and psychological health.
• Biodiversity is directly related to drug discovery and availability of new medical
resources.
3. Business and industry:
• Biodiversity is important because fro recourse security like water quantity,
timber, paper and fibre, food and medical resources.
4. Leisure, Cultural and Aesthetic Value:
• Biodiversity has inspire musician, painter, sculptors, writers etc. also for leisure
activities such as hiking, bird watching and natural study.
• Activity like gardening, caring for aquariums and collecting butterdflies.
• A family outgoing to boanical garden, zoo is a asthetic, cultural and education
experience.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

11. 5. Other Ecological services:
• It regulate chemistry of our atmosphere and water supply.
• It directly involve with water purification, proving fertile soil
• Stability to ecosystem.
India : A Mega Biodiversity Nation
• India is the 7th largest country in world and 2nd largest in Asia. It divide into four
region.
1. Himalayan mountains.
2. Gangetic river plains.
3. Deccan plateau.
4. Islands of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar.
1. Bio geographical region of India:
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

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13. 1. Species diversity in India:
2. Endemic Species of India:
33%plants species are endemic.
1. The agastysmalai Hills
2. Silent Valley 3. New Amarambalam Reserve
4. Periyar National park 5. Eastern and Western Himalaya.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.
Group No. of species in India No. of species in World a/b (%)
Mammals 350 4629 7.6
Birds 1224 9702 12.6
Reptiles 408 6550 6.2
Amphibians 197 4522 4.4
Fishes 2546 21730 11.7
Flowering Plants 15000 250000 6.0

14. BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY
Consumptive value:
Food/Drink
Fuel
Medicine
Batter crop varieties
Industrial Material
Non-Consumptive Value:
Recreation
Education and Research
Traditional value
Ecological services:
Balance of nature
Biological productivity
Regulation of climate
Degradation of waste
Cleaning of air and water
Cycling of nutrients
Control of potential pest and disease causing species
Detoxification of soil and sediments
Stabilization of land against erosion
Carbon sequestration and global climate change
Maintenance of Soil fertility
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

15. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Natural causes:
Narrow geographical area
Low breeding rate
Natural disasters
Anthropogenic causes:
Habitat modification
Overexploitation of selected
species
Pollution
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.
Hunting
Agriculture
 Habitat Destruction
Threats Posed by Exotic Species
Poaching of Wild life
Genetic Pollution.
Climate change

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18. CONSERVATION OF
BIODIVERSITY
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

19. • Various treaties have helped conserve biota.
• A major one is CITES, the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, prepared in 1973.
• It bans international trade and transport of body parts of endangered
organisms.
Conservation approaches: International treaties
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

20. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), from the Rio Conference in 1992, aims to:
• Conserve biodiversity
• Use it sustainably
• Ensure fair distribution of its benefits
The CBD has been signed by 188 nations, but not by the United States.
Conservation approaches: International treaties
interdependence of all living things.
As defined in convention on Biological diversity singed at Rio De Jenerio
(Brazil) in 1992 by 154 countries, the Biodiversity defined as “the variability among living organisms from all
sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic eco-systems and the ecological complexes of
which the area part- this include diversity with in species, between species and of ecosystem.”
 According to IUCN in 1998, “the variety and variability of species of their
population, the variety of species of their life forms, the diversity of the complex association with species with
their interaction and their ecological process which influences perform.”
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

21. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY: INSITU AND EX-SITU
In-situ conservation:
Conservation of a species is best done by protecting its habitat along with
all the other species
that live in it in nature.
Ex-sittu conservation:
However, there are situations in which an endangered species is so close to extinction that unless alternate
methods are instituted, the species may be rapidly driven to extinction.
 Biodiversity inventories
 Conserving Biodiversity in
protected Habitats-
In situ conservation
Ex situ conservation
 Seed Bank, Gene Bank, Pollen
Bank, DNA Bank
Restoration of Biodiversity
Imparting Environmental Education
Enacting, strengthening and enforcing
Environmental
Legislation
Population Control
Reviewing the agriculture practice
Controlling Urbanization
Conservation through Biotechnology
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

22. Biodiversity
Conservation
In situ
Sacred
groves
and lakes
Biosphere
Reserves
Terrestrial
Marine
National
parks, wildlife
sanctuaries
Ex situ
Sacred plant
home garden
Seed Bank, Gene
bank,
Cryopreservation
Botanical
garden,
Zoological
garden,Aquaria
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

23. Biophilia = human love for and attachment to other living things; ―the
connections that human beings subconsciously seek out with the rest of
life‖:
• Affinity for parks and wildlife
• Keeping of pets
• Valuing real estate with landscape views
• Interest in escaping cities to go hiking, birding, fishing, hunting,
backpacking, etc.
Benefits of biodiversity: Biophilia
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

24. • Many endangered species are being bred in zoos, to boost populations and
reintroduce them into the wild.
• This has worked so far for the
California condor
(in photo, condor hand puppet feeds
chick so it imprints on birds, not
humans).
• But this is worthless if there is not
adequate habitat left in the wild.
Conservation approaches: Captive breeding
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

25. B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.