Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as the ecosystems they form. Biodiversity exists at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels and can be measured by species richness and evenness. Various modes of conservation aim to protect biodiversity both within natural habitats (in-situ) and outside of natural habitats (ex-situ) through means like national parks, botanical gardens, zoos, and endangered species lists. Loss of biodiversity threatens human survival, so cooperative conservation efforts across entire landscapes are needed.

1. Lucknow university
Internal assessment
M.Sc. semester – 1
1
Submitted to :
Department of zoology
Isabella Thoburn college
Lucknow.
Submitted by :
Name – sneha manjul
Class – M.Sc. Semester 1
Roll no – Z/22/19
Session – 2022- 2023

2. BIODIVERSITY

3. INDEX
➢ Introduction
➢ Biodiversity
➢ Levels of biodiversity
➢ Measurements of biodiversity
➢ Modes of conservation
➢ Botanical garden and zoo
➢ Red data book
➢ Conclusion
Presentation title 3

4. Introduction
The term Biodiversity was first coined by Walter G. Rosen in
1986. Biodiversity is the variety of living species on Earth –
plants, animals and microorganisms – and the ecosystems
they form. An ecosystem is the name given to all living
species that live together in a stable community, interacting
with one another and their physical environment. Biodiversity
includes the diversity within species and between different
species within terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems.
Ecosystems need a balanced and diverse number of species
to thrive.

5. BIODIVERSITY
• The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined "biological
diversity" as "the variability among living organisms from all
sources, including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and
other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of
which they are part: this includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems". This definition is used in
the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.

6. LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

7. GENETIC DIVERSITY
Genetic diversity is the variety of genes within a species.
Each species is made up of individuals that have their own
particular genetic composition. This means a species may
have different populations, each having different genetic
compositions. To conserve genetic diversity, different
populations of a species must be conserved.
Genes are the basic units of all life on Earth. They are
responsible for both the similarities and the differences
between organisms.
Not all groups of animals have the same degree of genetic
diversity. Kangaroos, for example, come from recent
evolutionary lines and are genetically very similar.
Carnivorous marsupials, called dasyurids, come from
more ancient lines and are genetically far more diverse.

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SPECIES DIVERSITY
Species diversity is the variety of species within
a habitat or a region. Some habitats, such as rainforests
and coral reefs, have many species. Others, such as salt
flats or a polluted stream, have fewer.
In Australia, more than 80% of plant and animal species
are endemic, which means that they only occur naturally
in Australia.
Species are grouped together into families according to
shared characteristics. In Australia, it is not just the
individual species that are endemic - whole families of
animals and plants are endemic. Seven families of
mammals, four of birds and twelve of flowering plants are
endemic to Australia. No other country has as many
endemic flowering plant families as Australia.

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ECOSYSTEM/COMMUNITY
DIVERSITY
Ecosystem diversity is the variety of ecosystems in a
given place. An ecosystem is a community of organisms
and their physical environment interacting together. An
ecosystem can cover a large area, such as a whole forest,
or a small area, such as a pond.
An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their
physical environment interacting together. An ecosystem
may be as large as the Great Barrier Reef or as small as
the back of a spider crab's shell, which provides a home
for plants and other animals, such as sponges, algae and
worms.

10. MEASUREMENT OF BIODIVERSITY
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Biodiversity is measured by two major components:
➢Species richness: It is the measure of number of species found in a community.
i. Alpha diversity- It refers to the diversity within a particular are or ecosystem, and is usually expressed
by the number of species in that ecosystem.
ii. Beta diversity - It is a comparison of diversity between ecosystems, usually measured as the change in
amount of species between the ecosystem.
iii. Gamma diversity- It is a measure of overall diversity for a different ecosystem within a region.
➢Species evenness: It measures the proportion of species at a given site.

11. SERVICES PROVIDED BY
BIODIVERSITY
A. Ecosystem services
• Protection of water resources
• Soil formation and protection
• Nutrient storage and recycling
• Pollution breakdown and absorption
• Contribution to climate stability
• Maintenance of ecosystem
• Recovery from unpredictable events
B. Biological services
• Food
• Medicinal resources and medicinal drugs
• Wood products
• Ornamental plants
• Breeding stocks
C. Social services
• Research, education and monitoring
• Recreation and tourism
• Cultural values

12. Causes of biodiversity loss
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Natural causes
• Floods
• Earthquakes
• Landslides
• Rivalry among species
• Lack of pollination and diseases
Man-made causes
• Habitat destruction
• Uncontrolled commercial exploitation
• Hunting and poaching
• Extension of agriculture
• Pollution filling up of wetlands
• Destruction of coastal areas
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13. MODES OF CONSERVATION
A. Ex-situ conservation: conserving biodiversity outside the area where
they naturally occur is known as ex-situ conservation.
B. In-situ conservation: conserving the plants and animals in their natural
habitats is known as In-situ conservation. The established natural
habitat are-
• National parks
• Sanctuaries
• Biosphere reserves
• Reserved forests
• Protected forests

14. BOTANICAL GARDENS AND ZOO
Botanical gardens
• Botanical garden refers to the scientifically planned
collection of living trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers
and other plants from various plants from other
parts of the world.
Zoo
• Zoo is establishment, whether stationary or mobile
where captive animals are kept for exhibition to
the public and includes a circus and rescue centers
but does not include an establishment of a
licensed dealer in captive animals – CZA.

15. RED DATA BOOK
The International Union for Conservation of Nature maintains the
Red Data Book. IUCN is the world’s most detailed inventory
center of the global conservation status of biological species.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was
founded in 1948 with an aim to maintain a complete record of
every species that ever lived.

16. conclusion
Biodiversity is our life. If the biodiversity
got lost at this rate then in near future, the
survival of human being will be threatened.
So it is our moral duty to conserve
biodiversity as well as our environment.
Long term maintenance of species and
their management requires co-operative
efforts across entire landscapes.
Biodiversity should be dealt with at scale of
habitats or ecosystems rather than at
species level.