Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES - PPTRishabh Kanth
A power point presentation on the conservation of natural resources with concise and best matter for presentation.
Ping me at Twitter (https://twitter.com/rishabh_kanth), to Download this Presentation.
Environment is what is surrounding us, whether living or non-living. Things wecan see and feel, things we cannot see but feel e.g. air, people and theirpractices and landforms also the weather
The Ecosystem - Its Structure and function plays a key role in the sustenance of Life on this Earth. Be it land, air, water .... the ecosystem decides the survival ...
Introduction to Environment
Global environmental issues
National environmental issues
Food Scarcity in India
water Scarcity in India
Sustained development
The term "Natural resources" was first coined and popularized by E.F. Schumacher in the 1970's by his famous book “Small is Beautiful”. A natural resource can be defined as any substance that is present in nature independently of human industry and that is exploited in some or another way by humans. Forest, Water, Minerals, Food, Energy and Land are apparent examples because these are frequently utilized.
Natural resources (economically referred to as land or raw materials) occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form. A natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity existent in various ecosystems.
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES - PPTRishabh Kanth
A power point presentation on the conservation of natural resources with concise and best matter for presentation.
Ping me at Twitter (https://twitter.com/rishabh_kanth), to Download this Presentation.
Environment is what is surrounding us, whether living or non-living. Things wecan see and feel, things we cannot see but feel e.g. air, people and theirpractices and landforms also the weather
The Ecosystem - Its Structure and function plays a key role in the sustenance of Life on this Earth. Be it land, air, water .... the ecosystem decides the survival ...
Introduction to Environment
Global environmental issues
National environmental issues
Food Scarcity in India
water Scarcity in India
Sustained development
The term "Natural resources" was first coined and popularized by E.F. Schumacher in the 1970's by his famous book “Small is Beautiful”. A natural resource can be defined as any substance that is present in nature independently of human industry and that is exploited in some or another way by humans. Forest, Water, Minerals, Food, Energy and Land are apparent examples because these are frequently utilized.
Natural resources (economically referred to as land or raw materials) occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form. A natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity existent in various ecosystems.
This Presentation is For Students of Class 10th CBSE Board. This Presentation is on Natural Resources. The Main Topics of this Presentation Are Renewable and Non Renewable Source, Solar Energy, Wind, Forests and Fuel.
Resources are defined as matter, space and time utilized for the wellbeing of mankind is called as resources. The natural resources are materials, which living organisms can take from nature for sustaining their life or any components of the natural environment that can be utilized by man to promote his welfare is considered to be natural resources.
Matter Covered :
1. Definition 2. Scope 3. Importance
4. Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources
5. Natural Resources & Associated Problems
6. Forest Resources
7. Forest Functions
8. Water Resources
9. Over utilization and pollution of surface and groundwater
10. Mineral Resources
11. Food Resources & Its Alternatives
12. Energy Resources & Its Types
13. Land Resources & Its Related Problems
14. ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN CONSERVATION
OF NATURAL RESOURCES
15. EQUITABLE USE OF RESOURCES FOR
SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLES
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.
Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.
Conservation of biodiversity is protection, upliftment, and scientific management of biodiversity to maintain it at its threshold level and derive sustainable benefits for the present and future generation.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
2. NATURAL RESOURCES
• Any stock or reserves that can be drawn from
nature is a natural resources.
• Air
• Water
• Forest
• Coal
• Minerals
• Soil
3. Kinds of natural resources
• Renewable resources – in exhaustive & can be
regenerated within a given span of time eg :
forest, wildlife, wind energy , biomass energy
,tidal energy, hydro energy
• Non renewable resources – cannot be
regenerated .
Eg- coal ,Petroleum, minerals.
4. Natural Resources
• Forest resources
• Water resources
• Mineral resources
• Food resources
• Energy resources
• Land resources
5. Forest resources
• Natural resources
• Covering earth like green blanket
• Produces innumerable goods and also
environmental services
8. Ecological uses
• Production of oxygen
• Reducing global warming
• Wildlife habitat
• Regulation of hydrological cycle
• Soil conservation
• Pollution moderator
9. Deforestation
• Cutting down of the forest at large scale
Total forest of the world in
• 1900 ------7,000 million hectare.
• 1975------ 2890 million hectare.
• 2000-------2,300 million hectare.
10. Causes of deforestation
• Shifting cultivation
• Fuel requirements
• Raw materials for industrial use
• Development projects
• Growing food needs
• Overgrazing
• Forest fires
11. Consequences of deforestation
• It threatens the existence of many wildlife
species due to destruction of their natural
habitat.
• Biodiversity is lost and long with that genetic
diversity is eroded.
• Hydrological cycle gets affected, thereby
influencing rainfall.
• Problems of soil erosion and loss of soil
fertility increase.
12. • In hilly areas it often leads to landslides
• More carbon is added to the atmosphere and
global warming is enhanced.
13. Case study
Disappearing of tea gardens in Chhota Nagpur
• Hilly area
• Receive afternoon showers fairly frequent on
afternoon favoring tea plantation.
• Destruction of forest, rainfall declined .
• Tea gardens disappeared.
14. Waning of rainfall in Ooty
• Nilgri hills
• Annual rainfall is very high
• 1965-84 subnormal rainfall in the wooded
area
Reason
Declining of forest in past 20 years
15. Forest management
• Afforestation : planting trees on barren land
For one tree cut 10 tress should be planted
Afforestation done by three ways :
Commerical forestry
Social forestry
Agroforestry
16. Biodiversity
• Refers variety and variability among all groups
of living organisms and the ecosytem
ecosystem complexes in which they occur.
17. • In the convention on Biological Diversity
(1992),biodiversity has been defined as the
variability among living organisms from all
sources including inter alia terrestrial, marine
and other aquatic ecosystem and the
ecological complexes of which they are a part
19. Genetic diversity
• Basic source of biodiversity
• Gene found in organisms can form enormous
combinations each of which give rise to some
variability.
• Gene are basic source of hereditary
• Gene within same species show different
versions due to new combination ,it is called
genetic varability.
20. Species diversity
• Variability found within the population of a
species or between different species of a
community n
• Represent species richness and abundance .
Two index for measuring species diversity are
• Simpson index
• Shannon wiener index
21. Ecosystem diversity
• This is the diversity of ecological complexity
showing variation in ecological niches ,trophic
structure, food webs, nutrient cycling .
• The ecosystem also show variation in
moisture, temperature ,altitude, precipitation
22. • India as Mega Biodiversity
• 47000 species of plant
• 89451 species of animal
• India is considered as a Mega Diversity region
because it has wide variety of endemic flora
and fauna.
23. Bio Geographical Classification
• Flora
India can be divided into 8 distinct floristic region
namely
• Western Himalaya
• Eastern Himalaya
• Central Himalyas
• Assam
• Indus plain
• Ganga Plain
• Deccan
• Malabar
24. • Fauna
• As India has such a huge variety in climate and
physical condition it has a great variety of
fauna numbering 89,451 species.
• Mammals include Majestic Eelephant, India
Bison, Great Indian Rhinoceros, Wild Sheep of
Himalaya, Swamp Deer, Tiger, Lion, Leopard,
Kashmir Stag .
• Forest and wetland are inhabited by bird like
pheasant, geese, duck, cranes, horn bils and
sunbird.
• River habour crocodile and ghariyals.
25. Hot –spots Biodiversity
The area that are extremely rich in biodiversity that harbour
a great diversity of endemic species and at the same time
they have been significantly degraded by human
activities.
Hot – spots region must satisfy the following condition
• It must support 15000 endemic plant species.
• It must support 70 % of its original habitat
• There are 25 hot spots in the world.
• India’s Hot– spots are
Eastern Himalaya & Western Ghat
26. Endemic Species:
• The species which are confined to a certain
region. It may be continent, country, state or
even small ecosystem.
27. Value of biodiversity
• Consumptive value
• Productive value
• Social value
• Aesthetic value
• Ethical value
• Optional value
• Ecosystem services
28. Consumptive value
• Food : Sources of Food:
• Plants: There are about 3000 species of food plants out of
which only 150 species are commercialized.
• Plant provide wide variety of food like maize, wheat, rice.
• Animal: Man consume meat from mainly nine species of
animal like cattle, ship, pig, goat, water buffaloes, chickens,
duck, geese and turkeys.
• Fishes are now regarded as a domesticated animal because
of development of aquaculture.
• Curd, cheese milk are obtained from dairy farms.
29. Sources of Fats and Oil
• Now a days most commonly used oil seed
plant like mustard , ground nut, palm oil. The
other oil like soyabean, binola(cotton seed) ,
sunflower are becoming popular.
Fibres: major fiber yielding varieties are cotton,
flax, jute, sisal, coir, abaca
30. New disease resistant varities:
• Some commercial species of food plants are susceptible to certain
disease. These species can be made resistant to particular disease
by cross bred.
• Eg. Potato has been made resistant to late blight by deriving a
resistant strain from solanum demissum.
Drug and Medicine
• A number of herb has been used to cure various ailments.
• Various plant contain valuable drugs. Eg. Rosy Periwinkle plant is
used for treatment of cancer.
• Tulsi has the property of antibacterial.
• Quinine is used for the treatment of malaria.
• The importance of herbal plant for ailment of various disease was
discussed our ancient Scriptual Ayurveda.
32. Productive value
• Tusk------------------- elephant
• Musk -------------------musk deer
• Lac ------------------------lac insect
• Silk ------------------------silk worm
• Fur of many animals
33. Social value
• Since the ancient time our culture and festival
were associated with various plant and
animals. Eg. Banyan tree, peepal, tulsi has
been worshipped by women of India. Some
animal like cow is considered our mother.
• Some animal and plant considered as a national
symbol like Peacock, Tiger, Lotus, Banyan.
34. Aesthetic value
• Biodiversity provide lots of aesthetic and
beautification value. Human being is fond of
maintaining garden, keeping pets, ecotourism.
• We go to various hill station, national park ,
zoological garden , sanctuaries to watch scenic
beauties.
35. Ecosystem services/ Ecological role
• Protection of Water resource
• Forest and plant cover in water catchments area help
• To maintain hydrological cycle.
• Regulating and stablising water runoff.
• Acting as a buffer against natural calamities like flood and drought.
• Forest increase the water table.
• Regeneration of natural spring.
• Eg. Wet land and forest act as a water purifying system
• while mangroves trap silt reducing impact of sea waves, tides or Tsunami.
36. Soil Formation and protection
• Clearing of forest lead to
• Salinization of soil, leaching of nutrient
• Erosion of top soil
• Reducing of land productivity
• Soil can be preserve by maintaining biodiversity, retaining moisture,
preventing erosion.
• Plant body provide organic matter to soil through decay.
• - Root system facilitate microbial activity and increase porosity of soil
37. Nutrient Storage and Cycling
• All the nutrient are recycled in nature. These nutrient found in air,
water, soil.
• Plant take up these nutrient from air, water, soil which enter in
the animals body through food chain. After the death of plant
and animal these nutrient come back in the environment through
decomposition process which is carried out by bacteria and fungi.
• Some bacteria and fungi convert the atmospheric nitrogen into
nitrate, nitrite through biological nitrogen fixation . For eg.
Rizobium Legumious relationship.
• Rizobium is one of the main N2 – fixing bacteria living in the
nodules of root of leguminous plants.
38. Maintaining Climate Stability
• Vegetation affect climate at macro and micro level. Dense
forest promote rainfall by recycling of water vapour.
Reducing Pollution
• Different kind of bateria , fungi and protozoa are well
known for the decomposition and break down of micro –
organism.
• These microorganism absorb the pollutant like sewage,
garbage and oil spills. Natural and artificial wetland are
being used to filter effluent to remove nutrient.
39. • Maintenance of Ecosystem
• All species are equally important in our ecosystem. Disruption of
one species can lead to destruction of whole ecosystem.
According to food chain and food web all species of plant and
animal are interrelated with each other.
• For e.g Plant ---- deer------lion
• If the population of lion is destroyed the population of deer can
increase in excess and overpopulation of deer will eat up whole
grasses in grassland ecosystem thus making into degraded
ecosystem.
• If the population of deer decreased it can lead to overgrowth of
plant that will lead to competition between the various species of
plants and in this way whole ecosystem can be degraded.
40. • Forest regulate O2 and CO2 cycle.
• Forest play important role in recycling of
nutrient.
41. Surviving from natural Calamities
• Natural calamities like floods, drought, cyclone,
typhoon, forest fire, land slide are mostly
unpredictable event and proved to be hazardous for all
human being.
• Natural calamities cause loss of lives, properties and
building.
• Forest act as a buffer against all these calamities it
control floods, cyclone and typhoon.
42. Option value
• These value include the potentials of
biodiversity that are presently unknown and
need to be explored.
• For eg potential cure for AIDS &cancer are in
the depth of ocean ecosystem and tropical
rainforest.
43. Ethical value
• Live and let live .
• It means that we may or may not use a
species but knowing the very fact that this
species exist in nature give us pleasure.
• Feel sorry for Passenger pigeon and Dodo bird
is no more on earth
44. Loss of biodiversity
• Loss of habitat
• Poaching
• Man wildlife conflicts
• Amusement trips
• Invasion of exotic species
• Natural calamities
45. Habitat loss and fragmentation
• Increasing population is leading to
urbanization and industrialization which
require more land every year.
• There is destruction of natural habitat
through filing of wetland , cutting tree,
ploughing grassland , burning forest.
46. • Disturbance and degradation
• Natural disturbance like flood, earthquake,
forest fire, pest infestation like coast attack
• Man made disturbance
• like felling of trees, litter accumulation
• pollution lead to degradation of habitat and loss
of biodiversity.
47. • biodiversity is sensitive to both pollution and
destructive fishing practices, such as drift net
fishing, and frank overfishing of the world's
oceans
48. Selective Forestry:
• Due to profit motive there is tendency to
grow economically lucrative tree for
economic benefit. Eg. Saal, Teak, Eualyptus
• Due to this tendency other species are
driven away from the area.
49. Over Exploitation
Due to overexploitation of natural resources some
time many species become endangered and
vulnerable which may extinct in near future.
Intensive Agriculture
Grassland , forest and wetland are destroyed to
make way for cultivation of land. Destruction of
biodiversity mainly caused by excessive use of
chemical fertilizer and pesticides.
Application of Hybrid varieties of plant which are
genetically modified that resulted loss of
traditional varities.
50. Poaching
• Trade pay large amount of money to poacher and
smuggler. Trade for live specimen , furs, hides, skin.
Although strict law have been made yet these product are
widely traded.
• Extinction of Species
• Extinction mean total elimination or dying out of species
from earth.
• Some organism are more susceptible then other to
extinction.
• Some species are prone to dying due to drastic
environmental changes or population characteristics.
Following species may be extinct due to
51. • Increasing monoculture Growing only one
kind of crop also lead to extinction of various
species. Instead of practicing monoculture we
should promote mixed farming, intercropping,
crop rotation, mixed cropping.
• Introduction of exotic or foreign species
Sometimes foreign or alien species are
introduced on land for economic gain. They
gain ground and drive away the local specie
52. • Pollution
Excessive use of pesticides pollute the water
which prove harmful to certain species. Runoff
fertilizer may lead to Eutrophication.
Air pollution, Soil Pollution and Water
pollution cause deleterious impact on various
species of flora and fauna.
• Disease
Pathogen may attack certain species and
destroy entire population. The incidence of
disease in wild species is on rise due to human
activities.
53. EXTINCT SPECIES
• A species is not seen in the wild for 50years at
a stretch
• Example Dodo ,Passenger Pigeon
54. ENDANGERED SPECIES
• A species is said to be endangered when its
numbers has been reduced to critical levels or
whose habitat ,have been drastically reduced
and if such a species is not protected and
conserved ,it is in immediate danger of
extinction.
55. VULNERABLE SPECIES
• A species is said to be vulnerable if its
population is facing continuous decline due to
overexploitation or habitat destruction .Such a
species is still abundant ,but under a serious
threat of becoming endangered if casual
factors are not checked.
56. RARE SPECIES
• Species are not endangered or vulnerable at
present ,but are at risk are categorized as rare
species. These taxa are usually localized
within restricted areas i.e. they are usually
endemic. Sometimes they are thinly scattered
over a more extensive area.
58. In situ conservation
• In- situ conservation means the conservation
of the species in it natural ecosystem. In –
order to promote in –situ conservation
protected area have been developed like
• national park,
• sanctuaries and
• biosphere reserve etc
59. National Park
It is habitat oriented. It has been developed for
the conservation of habitat of particular
species.
60. • Activities like forestry, grazing and cultivation are
not permitted here.
• No private ownership of land is allowed here.
• National park usually devoted to habitat and
betterment of particular wild species like Tiger,
Lion
• Limited human activities is allowed in buffer zone
but no biotic interference is tolerated
61. Sanctuary
• This is more generally species oriented as for
Great Indian Bustard and Pitcher Plant
• Human activities like collection of fuel ,
fodder, litter are allowed but they should not
interfere life of animal.
62. • Biosphere Reserve
• Biosphere programme have been launched
under MAB (Man and Biosphere Reserve
Programme in 1971.
• It is ecosystem oriented. It is a special
category of protected area of land devoted to
totality of all term of life.
63. • It may be divided into three categories
1. Core Zone :
This area is legally protected and remain
undisturbed.
2. Buffer Zone
It can be used educational activities and
research.
64. 3. Transition Zone
• Here is active co-operation between reserve
manager and local in habiatant. All kind of
activities can take place here provided that
they do not disturb the harmony of Biosphere.
65. • Name of the site
1. Nilgiri – Silent Valley and Siruvani hills (TamilNadu,
Kerala and Karnataka)
2. Nanda Devi – Part of Chamoli, Pithoragarh,
Almora
Districts (Uttaranchal)
3. Nokrerk - Part of Gora Hills (Meghalaya
4. Manas - Assam
5. Sunderbans - West Bengal
66. 6. Gulf of Mannar : Gulf of Mannar between
India and Sri Lanka (Tamil Nadu) Great
Nicobar
7. Similpal - Orissa
8. DibruSaikhowa - Arunachal Pradesh
68. • Ex-situ Conservation
• Conservation of the species from outside their
natural habitat . In other word it is in captivity
under human care.
• The endangered species of animals are collected
and bred under controlled condition in Zoo, Farm
and Aquarium. Plant Species are kept in botanical
garden, Botanical Garden, Zoological Garden,
Seed Bank ,Pollen Storage
69. Minerals
• Are naturally occurring ,inorganic ,crystalline
solids having a definite chemical composition
and characteristics physical and chemical
properties.
70. Types of minerals
• Critical minerals are essential for the
economy of a nation like aluminium, copper,
gold
• Strategic minerals are those required for the
defence of a country eg Manganese ,cobalt,
platinum,chromium.
74. Mining
• Is the extraction of minerals and coal from
earth surface
Mining are of 2 types
Surface mining
Sub surface mining
75. Sub Surface mining
Is done to extract minerals ( or fossil fuels ) from
deep deposit in soil by using sub surface
mining .
76. Surface mining
• Extraction of minerals from shallow deposit is
known as surface mining .
Surface mining can make use of any of three
types
Open pit mining
Dredging
Strip mining
77. Open pit mining
• In which machines dig holes and removes the
ore s ( eg copper,iron,gravel,marble)
78. Dredging
• In which chain buckets and draglines are used
which scrap up minerals from underground
water minerals deposits
79. Strip mining
• In which ores is stripped off by using bull
dozers, power shovels and stripping wheels(
eg phosphate rocks)
80. Impacts of mining
• Devegetation and defacing of landscape
• Subsidence of land
• Groundwater contamination
• Surface water contamination
• Air pollution
• Occupational health hazards
81. Devegetation and defacing of
landscape
• Topsoil and vegetation is removed from
mining area to get assess of minerals
• Large scale deforestation or Devegetation
leads to ecological loss
• Landscape get badly affected
• Huge quantities of debris and alongwith big
scar and disruption of spoil aesthetic value
• Make more prone to soil erosion.
82. Subsidence of land
• Associated with underground mining
It results in –
Tilting of buildings
Cracks in houses
Buckling of roads
Bending of rail tracks
Leaking of gas from cracked gas pipelines
83. Groundwater contamination
• Mining pollutes groundwater
• Affects hydrological cycle
• Sulphur normally present as impurity in ore
get converted into sulphuric acid through
microbial action
• Some heavy metals leached into groundwater
contaminated it
• Posing health hazards
84. Surface water pollution
• Acid mine drainage often contaminates the
nearby streams and lakes.
• The acidic water detrimental to aquatic life
• Radioactive material affects the aquatic life
• Heavy metals contaminates the water body
and affects the aquatic life
85. Air pollution
• Smelting is done to purify the metals from other
impurities
• During smelting enormous quantites of air
pollutant released affects
Vegetation
Serious environmental impacts
Eg SPM, soot, lead ,cadmium shoot up in smelter
atmosphere causes health problems
86. Occupational health hazards
• Miners suffers from respiratory and skin
problems due to constant exposure to SPM
and other toxic
87. Water resources
• Indispensable resource
• 97% of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
• 60-65% of animal and plant is made up of
water
88. • 97% is salty water and only 3% is fresh water
available .
• Rest of the fresh water is capture in polar cap.
• .003% is available as fresh water
Groundwater
Surface water
89. Groundwater
• 9.86% of the total freshwater is in the form of
groundwater.
• 35-50 times of that of surface water supplies
90. Aquifers
• Water which percolates down the soil and is
not picked by the roots ,moves downward
slowly until it reaches an impervious layer of
rocks
• When the water get accumulated/trapped in
the porous strata of rocks it forms aquifers
92. confined aquifers
• When water gets accumulated between two
layers of rocks in both layers are impervious
Unconfined aquifers
• When water gets accumulated between two
layers of rocks in which lower layers is
impervious and upper layer is pervious.
94. Surface water
• Water coming through precipitation ( rainfall,
snowfall) when does not percolates down
into the ground or does not return to the
atmosphere as evaporation or transpiration
loss ,assumes the form of streams, ponds,
wetlands known as surface water.
95. Floods
• Countries like India and Bangladesh rainfall
does not occur throughout the year.
• Concentrated in June –September.
• Heavy rainfall often causes floods in the low
lying coastal areas.
• Prolonged downpour causes the overflowing
of the rivers and lakes resulting into floods.
96. Causes of floods
• Deforestation
• Overgrazing
• Mining
• Rapid industrialization
• Global warming