The document provides an overview of Gothic art and architecture from the 12th to 15th centuries in Europe. It discusses key developments and monuments of Early Gothic, High Gothic, and Late Gothic styles. Specifically, it examines the innovations of Abbot Suger at Saint-Denis that established characteristics of French Gothic architecture like rib vaults and stained glass windows. It then analyzes major Gothic cathedrals built in France, including Chartres, Notre-Dame de Paris, Laon, and Amiens, noting their architectural features and sculpture programs.
History of Architecture 2
Report by: Group 2 (Leader: Lorie Lizardo)
DLS-College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
2nd Term S.Y. 2015-16
February 2016
History of Architecture 2
Report by: Group 2 (Leader: Lorie Lizardo)
DLS-College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
2nd Term S.Y. 2015-16
February 2016
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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10. Figure 18-9 Nave elevations of four French Gothic cathedrals at the same scale (after Louis Grodecki): (a) Laon, (b) Paris, (c) Chartres, (d) Amiens. Nave Elevation Comparison for Early/High Gothic Cathedrals 80 ft. 107 ft. 118 ft. 144 ft. Height of nave vaults
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30. Figure 18-27 Hall of the cloth guild, Bruges, Netherlands, begun 1230. Figure 18-28 House of Jacques Coeur, Bourges, France, 1443–1451. Guild Hall – growth of secularization in urban life/ built for clothmakers of Bruges/ shows important role artisans and merchants had in Gothic society/ lofty tower was intended to compete for attention and prestige with towers of city cathedrals New Class of Wealthy Merchants - French trader and financier Jacques Coeur/ example of Late Gothic architecture and a monumental symbol of the period’s new secular spirit/ arranged around courtyard, service areas on ground level, offices and family living upper level/ façade has large section with stained glass, Flamboyant tracery, two doorways (pedestrian and horse/carriage)/ two false windows with servant statues looking down on passing people
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36. Figure 18-37 Salisbury Cathedral, Salisbury, England, 1220–1258; west facade completed 1265; spire ca. 1320–1330. Salisbury Cathedral, England (begun 1220) Gothic Outside of France - ENGLAND See Separate PowerPoint for detailed information
37. Figure 18-39 Interior of Salisbury Cathedral (view facing east), Salisbury, England, 1220–1258. Salisbury Cathedral See Separate PowerPoint for detailed information
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40. Figure 18-41 ROBERT and WILLIAM VERTUE, Chapel of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, London, England, 1503–1519. Late Gothic – Chapel of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, England See Separate PowerPoint for detailed information