The document provides an overview of the development of art and architecture in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It discusses the origins and spread of Hinduism and Buddhism and their influence on artistic styles. Key developments included the Indus Valley civilization, early Buddhist art influenced by stupas and figures like the Buddha, the spread of Buddhism to Southeast Asia influencing temple architecture, and the rise of prominent kingdoms like the Khmers in Cambodia who built monuments like Angkor Wat. Regional variations in the depiction of human figures between India and Southeast Asia are also examined.

1. Chapter 6 Paths to Enlightenment: The Art of South and Southeast Asia before 1200 Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, 12e

2. South and Southeast Asia

6. Figure 6-1 Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, ca. 2600–1900 BCE.

7. Figure 6-2 Robed male figure, from Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, ca. 2600–1900 BCE. Steatite, 6 7/8” high. National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi.

8. Figure 6-3 Seal with seated figure in yogic posture, from Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, ca. 2600–1900 BCE. Steatite coated with alkali and baked, approx. 1 3/8” X 1 3/8”. National Museum, New Delhi.

10. Figure 6-4 Lion capital of column erected by Ashoka at Sarnath, India, ca. 250 BCE. Polished sandstone, approx. 7’ high. Archaeological Museum, Sarnath.

11. Figure 6-5 Great Stupa, Sanchi, India, third century BCE to first century CE (View from the east).

13. Figure 6-7 Yakshi, detail of eastern gateway, Great Stupa, Sanchi, India, mid first century BCE to early first century CE.

14. Figure 6-8 Interior (left), section (top right), and plan (bottom right) of chaitya hall, Karle, India, ca. 100 CE.

16. Figure 6-9 Meditating Buddha, from Gandhara, Pakistan, second century CE. Gray schist, 3’ 7 1/2” high. Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.

17. Figure 6-10 The life and death of the Buddha, frieze from Gandhara, Pakistan, second century CE. Schist, 2’ 2 3/8” X 9’ 6 1/8”. Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

18. Figure 6-11 Buddha seated on lion throne, from Mathura, India, second century CE. Red sandstone, 2’ 3 1/2” high. Archaeological Museum, Muttra.

19. Figure 6-12 Seated Buddha preaching first sermon, from Sarnath, India, second half of fifth century. Tan sandstone, 5’ 3” high. Archaeological Museum, Sarnath.

20. Figure 6-14 Bodhisattva Padmapani, wall painting in Cave 1, Ajanta, India, second half of fifth century.

21. Figure 6-15 Boar avatar of Vishnu rescuing the earth, Cave 5, Udayagiri, India, early fifth century. Relief approx 22’ X 13’; Vishnu 12’ 8” high.

23. Figure 6-16 Dancing Shiva, rock-cut relief in cave temple, Badami, India, late sixth century.

24. Figure 6-17 Shiva as Mahadeva, Cave 1, Elephanta, India, ca. 550–575. Basalt, Shiva 17’ 10” high.

25. Figure 6-18 Vishnu Temple, Deogarh, India, early sixth century.

26. Figure 6-19 Vishnu asleep on the serpent Ananta, detail of facade of the Vishnu Temple, Deogarh, India, early sixth century.

27. Figure 6-20 Rock-cut temples, Mamallapuram, India, second half of seventh century. From left to right: Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna, and Draupadi rathas.

28. Figure 6-21 Rajarajeshvara Temple, Thanjavur, India, ca. 1010

29. Figure 6-22 Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho, India, ca. 1000. (View looking northwest and plan).

30. Figure 6-23 Sculptures on temple wall, Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho, India, ca. 1000.

31. Figure 6-24 Shiva as Nataraja, bronze in the Naltunai Ishvaram Temple, Punjai, India, ca. 1000.

35. Figure 6-25 Death of the Buddha (Parinirvana), Gal Vihara, near Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, eleventh to twelfth century. Granulite, Buddha approx. 46’ long.

36. Figure 6-26 Borobudur, Java, Indonesia, ca. 800.

38. Figure 6-27 Harihara, from Prasat Andet, Cambodia, early seventh century. Stone, 6’ 3” high. National Museum, Phnom Penh.

40. Figure 6-29 Angkor Wat, Angkor, Cambodia, first half of twelfth century.

41. Figure 6-31 Bayon, Angkor Thom, Cambodia, ca. 1200.