The document discusses the composition, manufacturing processes, and types of cement and glass, detailing their chemical formulas and properties. It highlights different manufacturing methods, such as dry and wet processes, and outlines the relevant stages in cement utilization, including hardening and hydration. Additionally, the document describes various types of glass, their specific compositions, manufacturing techniques, and uses in various applications, including refractories.

3.  A powdery substance made by calcining
lime and clay, mixed with water to form
mortar or mixed with sand, gravel, and
water to make concrete.

4.  Portland Cement
 Rapid Hardening Cement
 Quick Setting Cement
 High Alumina Cement
 Low Heat Cement
 Waterproof cement
 Sulfate Resisting Cement
 Coloured Cement
 Air entrained Cement
 Expanding Cement

5. Sr. No. Constituent Name Chemical
Formula
% of Constituent
1. Calcium Oxide CaO 60 to 65 %
2. Silica (Sand) SiO2 20 to 25%
3. Magnesia MgO 1 to 2%
4. Alumina Al2O3 2 to 7%
5. Iron Oxide Fe2O3 0.5 to 3%
6. Sulphur Trioxide SO3 0.5 to 1.5 %
7. Basic Materials Na2O + K2O 0.2 to 0.8 %

6. Sr.No. Composition Chemical
Formula
% of
Composition
1. Di Calcium Silicate (C2S) 2CaO Sio2 25 %
2. Tri Calcium Silicate (C3S) 3CaO SiO2 45 %
3. Tri Calcium Aluminate (C3A) 3 CaO Al2O3 10 %
4. Tetra Calcium Aluminate Ferrous
Oxide (C4AF)
4 CaO Al2O3
Fe2O3
10 %
5. Calcium Sulfate CaSO4 4 %
6. Calcium Oxide CaO 2 %
7. Magnesium Oxide MgO 4 %

8.  There are two methods of Manufacturing
 Dry Process
 Wet Process

9.  In this method Stone of Calcium Carbonate,
Silica , soil, gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) and Coal
are Pulverized in grinding mill.
 This dry mixture is then taken to Rotary
Kiln at temperature 1400°c to 1500°c for
3 hours.
 CaCO3 decompose to CaO and CO2.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2

10.  This Calcium Oxide melt with other constituents
which forms Clinkers of Size
3-10 mm.
 These Clinkers are then cooled and pulverized in
tube mill.
 This pulverized powder is the cement which
then weighed, packed and stored.
 In Whole process is water is not used, hence the
process is called dry process.
 Advantages and disadvantages of the process are
given as below;

11. Advantages
•Process is less costly
• Fast process
•Fuel & Water Saving process
Disadvantages
• More dust
• Increase in pollution
•Hazard for environment

13. Pulverizer
(Dry Grinding)
Rotary
Filter
Rotary
Kiln
Cooler
Clinker
Tube mill
(Grinding)
CementWeight
Packing
Powder
Cooled
Clinker
Dry
Mixture

14.  In this process the only difference is water
is used.
 The dry powder replaced with wet slurry.
 CaCO3, SiO2, Soil, Gypsum and coal with
water are taken to grinding mill in slurry
form.
 The Slurry is then heated in Rotary kiln at
1400°c to 1500°c for 4 hours.

15.  In rotary kiln CaCO3 is decomposed to CaO and
CO2.
 This CaO and other constituents are melt and
then convert to clinkers having size of
3 to 10 mm.
 These clinkers are cooled in cooler that are
taken to tube mill. The Powder now ready is
cement that is weighed, packed and stored.

16. Advantages
• Better quality of Cement
• Due to wet grinding no dusting
• Less pollution
Disadvantages
• Excess use of fuel
• Slow process
• Excess use of water
• Costly than dry process

18. Pulverizer
(Dry Grinding)
Rotary
Filter
Rotary
Kiln
Cooled
with Water
Clinker
Tube mill
(Wet
Grinding)
DryerCement
Weight
Powder
Wet
Clinker
Dry
Mixture
W
at
er
Wet
Slurry
Packing Stored

20.  Initial Stage:
 When cement is used for construction, water is
added to it and slurry is made.
 Initially after adding water for 15-20 minutes it is in
the plasticizer form.
 During this time it can be molded in any shape.
 Final Stage:
 If stabilized for 35-40 minutes it will retain its
shape.
 During this time dehydration from cement takes
place. Retention for 4-5 hours will convert the
structure in full solid form.

21.  After setting of cement the structure get more
strength.
 After this stage cement is watered for 16-21 days
and hydration of cement takes place which give
more and more strength to structure.
 Thus it takes maximum 21 days to get fully
strong structure.
 This is called hardening of cement.

22.  The room where cement is stored should be
moisture free.
 Should placed at optimum height.
 There should be less no. of doors and windows.
 Should placed at distance from one feet from wall.
 Maximum 16 bags placed over one another.
 There should less gap between bags.
 Direct contact of Floor and bags must be avoided.
 Should use in limited time because its strength
reduce after some time.
 Old bags should not used for Slab, beams, etc.

24.  Definition
 Preparation
 Composition
 Variety
 Uses

25. “ Glass is an amorphous, hard, brittle, transparent or
translucent super cooled liquid of infinite viscosity,
having no definite melting point obtained by fusing a
mixture of a number of metallic silicates or borates of
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Lead.”
General chemical formula is x A2O y MO 6 SiO2

26. Glass is:
 Amorphous.
 Brittle.
 Transparent / Translucent.
 Good electrical insulator.
 Unaffected by air, water, acid or chemical reagents
except HF.
 No definite crystal structure means glass has high
Compressive strength.
 Can absorb, transmit and reflect light.

27.  Melting
 Forming and Shaping
 Annealing
 Finishing

28.  Raw materials in proper proportions are mixed
with cullet. It is finely powdered and intimate
mixture called batch is fused in furnace at high
temperature of 1800°C this charge melts and fuses
into a viscous fluid.
CaCO3 + SiO2  CaSiO3 + CO2 
Na2CO3 + SiO2  Na2SiO3 + CO2
 After removal of CO2 decolorizes like MnO2 are
added to remove traces of ferrous compounds and
Carbon. Heating is continued till clear molten mass
is free from bubbles is obtained and it is then cooled
to about 800°C.

29.  Forming and Shaping :
 The viscous mass obtained from melting is
poured into moulds to get different types of
articles of desired shape by either blowing or
pressing between the rollers.
 Annealing:
 Glass articles are then allowed to cool gradually
at room temperature by passing through
different chambers with descending
temperatures. This reduces the internal Strain
in the glass.

30.  Finishing is the last step in glass
manufacturing. It involves following steps.
 Cleaning
 Grinding
 Polishing
 Cutting
 Sand Blasting

31. Soda lime or
soft glass
Potash lime or
hard glass
Lead glass or
flint glass
Borosilicate or
Pyrex glass
Alumino-
Silicate glass
96% Silica glass 99.5% Silica
glass(Vitreosil)
Safety glass
Optical or
Crook’s glass
Poly-crystalline
glass
Toughened glass Colored glass
Wired Glass Glass Wool Fiber glass Photosensitive
glass
Photo-chromic
glass
Neutral glass Laminated glass Insulating glass

32.  About 90% of all glass is soda-lime glass made with silica (sand),
Calcium carbonate and soda ash.
 The approximate composition is Na2CO3.CaO.6SiO2.
 They are low cost, resistant to water but not to acids.
 They can melt easily and hence can be hot worked.
 Uses:
Window glass, Electric bulbs, Plate glass, Bottles, Jars, cheaper table
wares, test tubes, reagent bottles etc

33.  Potash lime glass is made with silica (sand),Calcium-
carbonate and potassium carbonate.
 The approximate composition is K2CO3.CaO.6SiO2.
 They posses high melting point, fuse with difficulty and are
less acted upon by acids, alkaline and other solvents than
ordinary glass.
 Uses:
These glasses are costlier than soda lime glass and are
used for chemical apparatus, combustion tubes and
glassware which are used for heating operations.

34.  It is made up of lead oxide fluxed with silica and
K2CO3 is used instead of sodium oxide.
 Its approximate composition is K2Co3.PbO.SiO2.
 To get dense optical glasses about 80% lead oxide
is used. Lead glasses has a lower softening
temperature than soda glass and higher refractive
index and good electrical properties. It is bright
lustrous and possess high specific gravity.
 Uses:
High quality table wares, optical lenses, neon sign
tubing, cathode ray tubes, electrical insulators,
crystal art objects or cut glass, Windows and
Shields for protection against X-rays and Gamma
rays in medical and atomic energy fields etc.

35.  It is common hard glass containing silica
and boron with small amount of alumina
and less alkaline solids.
 It contains SiO2(80.5%), B2O3(13%),
Al2O3(03%), K2O(3%) and Na2O(0.5%).
These glass have low thermal coefficient
of expansion, and high chemical
resistance i.e..shock proof.
 Uses:
Industrially used for pipeline of corrosive
liquids, gauge glasses, superior laboratory
apparatus, kitchen wares, chemical
plants, television tubes, electrical
insulators etc.

36.  The typical approximate
composition of this type of glass
is SiO2(55%), Al2O3(23%),
MgO(09%), B2O3(07%),
CaO(05%) and Na2O, K2O(01%).
 This type of glass possess
exceptionally high softening
temperature.
 Uses:
It is used for high pressure
mercury discharge tubes,
chemical combustion tubes and
certain domestic equipments.

37.  It contains 96% Silica, 03% B2O3 and traces
of other materials.
 It is translucent, the coefficient of thermal
expansion is very low hence it has high
resistance to thermal shock, have high
chemical resistance to corrosive agents and
are corroded only by Hydrofluoric acid, hot
phosphoric acids and concentrated
alkaline solutions.
 Uses:
Used only where high temperature
resistance is required (800°C). They are
used in construction of chemical plants,
laboratory crucibles, induction furnace
lining and electrical insulators.

38.  It is new type of glass which is
produced by adding nucleating agents
to a conventional glass batch and then
shaped into desired form. It is then
subjected to heating where nucleating
agents forms large number of micro
crystallites. It is not ductile. It exhibits
high strength and considerable
hardness.
 Uses:
For making specialized articles.

39.  It is made by dipping articles still hot
in an oil bath, so that chilling takes
place. This results in outer layer of
articles shrink and acquire a state of
compression while inner layer are in
state of tension. Such glass is more
elastic to mechanical and thermal
shock. It breaks into a fine powder.
 Uses:
For making window shields of fast
moving vehicles, windows of furnace
and automatic opening doors.

40.  It is made by fusing two to three
flat sheets of glass and in between
them alternate thin layer of vinyl
plastic is introduced. It is heated
where both the layers merge
together and glass is toughened.
 Uses:
It is used as wind shield in
automobiles and airplanes. On
breaking it pieces does not fly
apart because of the presence of
the plastic layer in between the
glass layers.

41.  It contains Phosphorus, PbCO3, silicates and Cerium oxide which
has the property to absorb harmful ultra-violet light. This glass is
given through homogeneity by heating it for a prolonged period of
time. These glasses have low melting point and are relatively soft.
 Uses:
They are used for making optical lenses.

42. Addition of transition metal compounds to glass gives color
to the glass. They are outlined below.
Yellow: Ferric Salts Green: Ferrous and
Chromium salts
Purple: Magnese dioxide
salt
Red: Nickel and cuprous
salts Cu2O
Lemon Yellow: Cadmium
sulphide
Fluorescent greenish
yellow: Uranium oxide
Blue: Cobalt Salts, CuO Greenish Blue Color:
Copper Sulphate
Brown: Iron
Opaque milky white:
Cryolite of Calcium
phosphate
Ruby : Auric Chloride

43.  Wired glass does not fall apart into splinters when it breaks and is
fire resistant. It is made by fusing wire in between the two glass
layers.
 Uses:
For making fire resistant doors, roofs, skylights and windows

44.  These are glasses by which a
colored picture may be
developed by exposing the
glass to black and white
negative in ultra violet light.
The appropriate
proportions of potash-
alumina glass, mixed with
LiSO3, cerium and Silver
salts have also been used as
photosensitive glass.
 Uses:
Photographic development

46. “ The materials which withstand at high
temperature without undergoing any
physical and chemical change, not melt and
stable are called as Refractories.”

47.  Stable at high temperature and not melt.
 No change in its structure at high temperature.
 Not react with molten metals.
 It is Chemically inert.
 It is no effect at high pressure.
 Lower thermal conductivity.
 Resistant to thermal shock.
 Low porosity.
 Resistant to cracks.

48.  Generally there are three types of
Refractories;
i. Acidic Refractories
ii. Basic Refractories
iii. Neutral Refractories

49.  The materials which not affected by acids
are known as Acidic Refractories.
 The materials are made of Al2O3 and SiO2,
which reacts with bases.
 Examples: Fireproof soil, Quartz, Silica
(Sand), etc.

50. Fireproof clay
Acidic Refractories

51. Quartz
Acidic Refractories

52. Sand
Acidic Refractories

53.  The materials on which no effect of Base
occurs are called Basic Refractories.
 These materials are made of CaO, MgO, etc
and are react with acids.
 Example: Bauxite, Magnesite, Dolomite,
etc.

54. Bauxite
Basic Refractories

55. Magnesite
Basic Refractories

56. Dolomite
Basic Refractories

57.  The materials which contains the
properties of weak acids and weak
bases.
 Example: Zirconia (ZrO2), Graphite,
Chromite (FeCr2O4), Carborandum
(SiC), etc.