The ppt is useful for basic information on Cement, glass & refactories.
All above materials are used as Civil engineering materials.
Study group: Polytechnic level, For First Year students.
Ceramics are important engineering materials from engineering applications point of view.This presentation gives briefly important properties and applications of ceramics
Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Glass is typically hard and brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture. A glass may be colorless or colored. It is usually transparent, but may be made translucent or opaque (such as in white, opal glass). Objects made of glass are loosely and popularly referred to as glass; such as glass for a tumbler, a barometer, a window, a magnifier, or a mirror. The subject of studying glass in materials science is an important part.
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
This presentation is all about Glass, its properties,the raw materials used in glass, the manufacturing process for making glasses and then different types of glasses and their properties. :)
Ceramics are important engineering materials from engineering applications point of view.This presentation gives briefly important properties and applications of ceramics
Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Glass is typically hard and brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture. A glass may be colorless or colored. It is usually transparent, but may be made translucent or opaque (such as in white, opal glass). Objects made of glass are loosely and popularly referred to as glass; such as glass for a tumbler, a barometer, a window, a magnifier, or a mirror. The subject of studying glass in materials science is an important part.
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
This presentation is all about Glass, its properties,the raw materials used in glass, the manufacturing process for making glasses and then different types of glasses and their properties. :)
Ceramics and Glass Technology (Silicate Glasses, Boric Oxide and Borate Glass...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Ceramics and Glass Technology (Silicate Glasses, Boric Oxide and Borate Glasses, Phosphorus Pentoxide and Phosphate Glasses, Germanium Dioxide and Germanate Glasses, Nitrate Glasses, Halide Glasses, Chalcogenide Glasses, Modern Glass Working, Monax and Pyrex Glass)
Glass-ceramics are mostly produced in two steps: First, a glass is formed by a glass-manufacturing process. The glass is cooled down and is then reheated in a second step. In this heat treatment the glass partly crystallizes. In most cases nucleation agents are added to the base composition of the glass-ceramic. These nucleation agents aid and control the crystallization process.
See more
http://goo.gl/o2fHY4
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Email:
npcs.ei@gmail.com
info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
applications of Ceramics, Boric Oxide and Borate Glasses, Business guidance for glass ceramics, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Ceramic and glass business, ceramic business ideas, Ceramic forming techniques, Ceramic Industry, Ceramic Material Manufacturing Methods, Ceramic processing, Ceramics and Glass Technology, Ceramics Based Profitable Projects, Ceramics Based Small Scale Industries Projects, ceramics business plan, Ceramics Forming Processes, Ceramics pottery Manufacturing, Ceramics Processing Projects, Ceramics Production Industry in India, Chalcogenide Glasses, Germanium Dioxide and Germanate Glasses, Glass & ceramics Business, Glass & ceramics Small Business Manufacturing, Glass and Ceramics, glass and ceramics industry, Glass and Ceramics Technology, Glass Based Profitable Projects, Glass Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Glass Ceramic Products, Glass Ceramics Industry, glass ceramics properties, Glass Forming & Processing, glass forming process, Glass Forming Technology, Glass making - Industry process, Glass Manufacture and Processing, Glass Manufacturing Process, Glass Processing Projects, Glass production, Glass Production Industry in India, Glass-ceramic materials, Glass-ceramics: their production, properties and potential, Great Opportunity for Startup, Halide Glasses, How to Start a Ceramic Business, How to Start a Ceramics Production Business, How to start a glass & ceramics business?, How to Start a Glass Production Business, How to start a successful glass ceramics business, How to Start Ceramics Production Industry in India, How to Start Glass Production Industry in India, Modern Glass Working, Modern Small and Cottage Scale Industries, Monax and Pyrex Glass, Most Profitable Ceramics manufacturing Business Ideas, Most Profitable Glass manufacturing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Ceramics Production industry, New small scale ideas in Glass Production industry, Nitrate Glasses, Phosphorus Pentoxide and Phosphate Glasses, Processing Glass and Glass-Ceramics, Production of Glass Ceramic, Profitable Small and Cottage Scale Industries
information collected from various sources available on the internet
advanced ceramics are very useful and contains various properties that traditional ceramics do not have.
general classification
classification on the bases of application
classification on the bases of composition
+ electro ceramics
+ advanced structural ceramics
Bioi ceramics
piezoelectric ceramics
dielectric ceramic
Megnetic ceramics
Nuclear Ceramics
Automotive ceramics
optical ceramics
nitrides ceramics
silicate ceramics
carbides ceramics
oxide ceramics
Ceramics and Glass Technology (Silicate Glasses, Boric Oxide and Borate Glass...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Ceramics and Glass Technology (Silicate Glasses, Boric Oxide and Borate Glasses, Phosphorus Pentoxide and Phosphate Glasses, Germanium Dioxide and Germanate Glasses, Nitrate Glasses, Halide Glasses, Chalcogenide Glasses, Modern Glass Working, Monax and Pyrex Glass)
Glass-ceramics are mostly produced in two steps: First, a glass is formed by a glass-manufacturing process. The glass is cooled down and is then reheated in a second step. In this heat treatment the glass partly crystallizes. In most cases nucleation agents are added to the base composition of the glass-ceramic. These nucleation agents aid and control the crystallization process.
See more
http://goo.gl/o2fHY4
http://goo.gl/45cRC2
http://goo.gl/PWr5dE
Email:
npcs.ei@gmail.com
info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
applications of Ceramics, Boric Oxide and Borate Glasses, Business guidance for glass ceramics, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Ceramic and glass business, ceramic business ideas, Ceramic forming techniques, Ceramic Industry, Ceramic Material Manufacturing Methods, Ceramic processing, Ceramics and Glass Technology, Ceramics Based Profitable Projects, Ceramics Based Small Scale Industries Projects, ceramics business plan, Ceramics Forming Processes, Ceramics pottery Manufacturing, Ceramics Processing Projects, Ceramics Production Industry in India, Chalcogenide Glasses, Germanium Dioxide and Germanate Glasses, Glass & ceramics Business, Glass & ceramics Small Business Manufacturing, Glass and Ceramics, glass and ceramics industry, Glass and Ceramics Technology, Glass Based Profitable Projects, Glass Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Glass Ceramic Products, Glass Ceramics Industry, glass ceramics properties, Glass Forming & Processing, glass forming process, Glass Forming Technology, Glass making - Industry process, Glass Manufacture and Processing, Glass Manufacturing Process, Glass Processing Projects, Glass production, Glass Production Industry in India, Glass-ceramic materials, Glass-ceramics: their production, properties and potential, Great Opportunity for Startup, Halide Glasses, How to Start a Ceramic Business, How to Start a Ceramics Production Business, How to start a glass & ceramics business?, How to Start a Glass Production Business, How to start a successful glass ceramics business, How to Start Ceramics Production Industry in India, How to Start Glass Production Industry in India, Modern Glass Working, Modern Small and Cottage Scale Industries, Monax and Pyrex Glass, Most Profitable Ceramics manufacturing Business Ideas, Most Profitable Glass manufacturing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Ceramics Production industry, New small scale ideas in Glass Production industry, Nitrate Glasses, Phosphorus Pentoxide and Phosphate Glasses, Processing Glass and Glass-Ceramics, Production of Glass Ceramic, Profitable Small and Cottage Scale Industries
information collected from various sources available on the internet
advanced ceramics are very useful and contains various properties that traditional ceramics do not have.
general classification
classification on the bases of application
classification on the bases of composition
+ electro ceramics
+ advanced structural ceramics
Bioi ceramics
piezoelectric ceramics
dielectric ceramic
Megnetic ceramics
Nuclear Ceramics
Automotive ceramics
optical ceramics
nitrides ceramics
silicate ceramics
carbides ceramics
oxide ceramics
This ppt is made for the f****ng teachers who give there students these foolish work and waste there time....hope..next time the'll nt give these type of HOLIDAY.H.W..
Description :
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
5. Sr. No. Constituent Name Chemical
Formula
% of Constituent
1. Calcium Oxide CaO 60 to 65 %
2. Silica (Sand) SiO2 20 to 25%
3. Magnesia MgO 1 to 2%
4. Alumina Al2O3 2 to 7%
5. Iron Oxide Fe2O3 0.5 to 3%
6. Sulphur Trioxide SO3 0.5 to 1.5 %
7. Basic Materials Na2O + K2O 0.2 to 0.8 %
6. Sr.No. Composition Chemical
Formula
% of
Composition
1. Di Calcium Silicate (C2S) 2CaO Sio2 25 %
2. Tri Calcium Silicate (C3S) 3CaO SiO2 45 %
3. Tri Calcium Aluminate (C3A) 3 CaO Al2O3 10 %
4. Tetra Calcium Aluminate Ferrous
Oxide (C4AF)
4 CaO Al2O3
Fe2O3
10 %
5. Calcium Sulfate CaSO4 4 %
6. Calcium Oxide CaO 2 %
7. Magnesium Oxide MgO 4 %
7.
8. There are two methods of Manufacturing
Dry Process
Wet Process
9. In this method Stone of Calcium Carbonate,
Silica , soil, gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) and Coal
are Pulverized in grinding mill.
This dry mixture is then taken to Rotary
Kiln at temperature 1400°c to 1500°c for
3 hours.
CaCO3 decompose to CaO and CO2.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
10. This Calcium Oxide melt with other constituents
which forms Clinkers of Size
3-10 mm.
These Clinkers are then cooled and pulverized in
tube mill.
This pulverized powder is the cement which
then weighed, packed and stored.
In Whole process is water is not used, hence the
process is called dry process.
Advantages and disadvantages of the process are
given as below;
11. Advantages
•Process is less costly
• Fast process
•Fuel & Water Saving process
Disadvantages
• More dust
• Increase in pollution
•Hazard for environment
14. In this process the only difference is water
is used.
The dry powder replaced with wet slurry.
CaCO3, SiO2, Soil, Gypsum and coal with
water are taken to grinding mill in slurry
form.
The Slurry is then heated in Rotary kiln at
1400°c to 1500°c for 4 hours.
15. In rotary kiln CaCO3 is decomposed to CaO and
CO2.
This CaO and other constituents are melt and
then convert to clinkers having size of
3 to 10 mm.
These clinkers are cooled in cooler that are
taken to tube mill. The Powder now ready is
cement that is weighed, packed and stored.
16. Advantages
• Better quality of Cement
• Due to wet grinding no dusting
• Less pollution
Disadvantages
• Excess use of fuel
• Slow process
• Excess use of water
• Costly than dry process
20. Initial Stage:
When cement is used for construction, water is
added to it and slurry is made.
Initially after adding water for 15-20 minutes it is in
the plasticizer form.
During this time it can be molded in any shape.
Final Stage:
If stabilized for 35-40 minutes it will retain its
shape.
During this time dehydration from cement takes
place. Retention for 4-5 hours will convert the
structure in full solid form.
21. After setting of cement the structure get more
strength.
After this stage cement is watered for 16-21 days
and hydration of cement takes place which give
more and more strength to structure.
Thus it takes maximum 21 days to get fully
strong structure.
This is called hardening of cement.
22. The room where cement is stored should be
moisture free.
Should placed at optimum height.
There should be less no. of doors and windows.
Should placed at distance from one feet from wall.
Maximum 16 bags placed over one another.
There should less gap between bags.
Direct contact of Floor and bags must be avoided.
Should use in limited time because its strength
reduce after some time.
Old bags should not used for Slab, beams, etc.
25. “ Glass is an amorphous, hard, brittle, transparent or
translucent super cooled liquid of infinite viscosity,
having no definite melting point obtained by fusing a
mixture of a number of metallic silicates or borates of
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Lead.”
General chemical formula is x A2O y MO 6 SiO2
26. Glass is:
Amorphous.
Brittle.
Transparent / Translucent.
Good electrical insulator.
Unaffected by air, water, acid or chemical reagents
except HF.
No definite crystal structure means glass has high
Compressive strength.
Can absorb, transmit and reflect light.
28. Raw materials in proper proportions are mixed
with cullet. It is finely powdered and intimate
mixture called batch is fused in furnace at high
temperature of 1800°C this charge melts and fuses
into a viscous fluid.
CaCO3 + SiO2 CaSiO3 + CO2
Na2CO3 + SiO2 Na2SiO3 + CO2
After removal of CO2 decolorizes like MnO2 are
added to remove traces of ferrous compounds and
Carbon. Heating is continued till clear molten mass
is free from bubbles is obtained and it is then cooled
to about 800°C.
29. Forming and Shaping :
The viscous mass obtained from melting is
poured into moulds to get different types of
articles of desired shape by either blowing or
pressing between the rollers.
Annealing:
Glass articles are then allowed to cool gradually
at room temperature by passing through
different chambers with descending
temperatures. This reduces the internal Strain
in the glass.
30. Finishing is the last step in glass
manufacturing. It involves following steps.
Cleaning
Grinding
Polishing
Cutting
Sand Blasting
31. Soda lime or
soft glass
Potash lime or
hard glass
Lead glass or
flint glass
Borosilicate or
Pyrex glass
Alumino-
Silicate glass
96% Silica glass 99.5% Silica
glass(Vitreosil)
Safety glass
Optical or
Crook’s glass
Poly-crystalline
glass
Toughened glass Colored glass
Wired Glass Glass Wool Fiber glass Photosensitive
glass
Photo-chromic
glass
Neutral glass Laminated glass Insulating glass
32. About 90% of all glass is soda-lime glass made with silica (sand),
Calcium carbonate and soda ash.
The approximate composition is Na2CO3.CaO.6SiO2.
They are low cost, resistant to water but not to acids.
They can melt easily and hence can be hot worked.
Uses:
Window glass, Electric bulbs, Plate glass, Bottles, Jars, cheaper table
wares, test tubes, reagent bottles etc
33. Potash lime glass is made with silica (sand),Calcium-
carbonate and potassium carbonate.
The approximate composition is K2CO3.CaO.6SiO2.
They posses high melting point, fuse with difficulty and are
less acted upon by acids, alkaline and other solvents than
ordinary glass.
Uses:
These glasses are costlier than soda lime glass and are
used for chemical apparatus, combustion tubes and
glassware which are used for heating operations.
34. It is made up of lead oxide fluxed with silica and
K2CO3 is used instead of sodium oxide.
Its approximate composition is K2Co3.PbO.SiO2.
To get dense optical glasses about 80% lead oxide
is used. Lead glasses has a lower softening
temperature than soda glass and higher refractive
index and good electrical properties. It is bright
lustrous and possess high specific gravity.
Uses:
High quality table wares, optical lenses, neon sign
tubing, cathode ray tubes, electrical insulators,
crystal art objects or cut glass, Windows and
Shields for protection against X-rays and Gamma
rays in medical and atomic energy fields etc.
35. It is common hard glass containing silica
and boron with small amount of alumina
and less alkaline solids.
It contains SiO2(80.5%), B2O3(13%),
Al2O3(03%), K2O(3%) and Na2O(0.5%).
These glass have low thermal coefficient
of expansion, and high chemical
resistance i.e..shock proof.
Uses:
Industrially used for pipeline of corrosive
liquids, gauge glasses, superior laboratory
apparatus, kitchen wares, chemical
plants, television tubes, electrical
insulators etc.
36. The typical approximate
composition of this type of glass
is SiO2(55%), Al2O3(23%),
MgO(09%), B2O3(07%),
CaO(05%) and Na2O, K2O(01%).
This type of glass possess
exceptionally high softening
temperature.
Uses:
It is used for high pressure
mercury discharge tubes,
chemical combustion tubes and
certain domestic equipments.
37. It contains 96% Silica, 03% B2O3 and traces
of other materials.
It is translucent, the coefficient of thermal
expansion is very low hence it has high
resistance to thermal shock, have high
chemical resistance to corrosive agents and
are corroded only by Hydrofluoric acid, hot
phosphoric acids and concentrated
alkaline solutions.
Uses:
Used only where high temperature
resistance is required (800°C). They are
used in construction of chemical plants,
laboratory crucibles, induction furnace
lining and electrical insulators.
38. It is new type of glass which is
produced by adding nucleating agents
to a conventional glass batch and then
shaped into desired form. It is then
subjected to heating where nucleating
agents forms large number of micro
crystallites. It is not ductile. It exhibits
high strength and considerable
hardness.
Uses:
For making specialized articles.
39. It is made by dipping articles still hot
in an oil bath, so that chilling takes
place. This results in outer layer of
articles shrink and acquire a state of
compression while inner layer are in
state of tension. Such glass is more
elastic to mechanical and thermal
shock. It breaks into a fine powder.
Uses:
For making window shields of fast
moving vehicles, windows of furnace
and automatic opening doors.
40. It is made by fusing two to three
flat sheets of glass and in between
them alternate thin layer of vinyl
plastic is introduced. It is heated
where both the layers merge
together and glass is toughened.
Uses:
It is used as wind shield in
automobiles and airplanes. On
breaking it pieces does not fly
apart because of the presence of
the plastic layer in between the
glass layers.
41. It contains Phosphorus, PbCO3, silicates and Cerium oxide which
has the property to absorb harmful ultra-violet light. This glass is
given through homogeneity by heating it for a prolonged period of
time. These glasses have low melting point and are relatively soft.
Uses:
They are used for making optical lenses.
42. Addition of transition metal compounds to glass gives color
to the glass. They are outlined below.
Yellow: Ferric Salts Green: Ferrous and
Chromium salts
Purple: Magnese dioxide
salt
Red: Nickel and cuprous
salts Cu2O
Lemon Yellow: Cadmium
sulphide
Fluorescent greenish
yellow: Uranium oxide
Blue: Cobalt Salts, CuO Greenish Blue Color:
Copper Sulphate
Brown: Iron
Opaque milky white:
Cryolite of Calcium
phosphate
Ruby : Auric Chloride
43. Wired glass does not fall apart into splinters when it breaks and is
fire resistant. It is made by fusing wire in between the two glass
layers.
Uses:
For making fire resistant doors, roofs, skylights and windows
44. These are glasses by which a
colored picture may be
developed by exposing the
glass to black and white
negative in ultra violet light.
The appropriate
proportions of potash-
alumina glass, mixed with
LiSO3, cerium and Silver
salts have also been used as
photosensitive glass.
Uses:
Photographic development
45.
46. “ The materials which withstand at high
temperature without undergoing any
physical and chemical change, not melt and
stable are called as Refractories.”
47. Stable at high temperature and not melt.
No change in its structure at high temperature.
Not react with molten metals.
It is Chemically inert.
It is no effect at high pressure.
Lower thermal conductivity.
Resistant to thermal shock.
Low porosity.
Resistant to cracks.
48. Generally there are three types of
Refractories;
i. Acidic Refractories
ii. Basic Refractories
iii. Neutral Refractories
49. The materials which not affected by acids
are known as Acidic Refractories.
The materials are made of Al2O3 and SiO2,
which reacts with bases.
Examples: Fireproof soil, Quartz, Silica
(Sand), etc.
53. The materials on which no effect of Base
occurs are called Basic Refractories.
These materials are made of CaO, MgO, etc
and are react with acids.
Example: Bauxite, Magnesite, Dolomite,
etc.
57. The materials which contains the
properties of weak acids and weak
bases.
Example: Zirconia (ZrO2), Graphite,
Chromite (FeCr2O4), Carborandum
(SiC), etc.