Glass In Construction
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This document provides information on different types of glass, their manufacturing processes, and applications. It discusses float glass, clear glass, soda lime glass, and other types classified by their manufacturing process. It also covers post-application processes like coated glass, laminated glass, and strengthened glass. The key components of soda lime glass are listed as silica, sodium, calcium, magnesium, alumina, and potassium. The document explains the manufacturing method of melting, forming, and controlled cooling or annealing. Joinery and bonding of glass is also addressed.
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Glass In Construction
- 1. 1 BMC - V Bansi Vekaria A0312 Achal Dadhania A0612 Savan Ginoya A0912 Khushbu Kondhiya A1512 Deep Parsana A2112 Shruti Ladani B4512 Prithvirajsinh Bilkha B5312
- 2. 2 Content GLASS TYPE OF GLASSES According to its manufacturing process: • Float Glass • Clear Glass • Soda lime glass • Lead Glass • Aluminosilicate Glass • Rolled Glass • Quartz Glass (Crystalline glass) • Borosilicate Glass • Reinforcement Glass • Wired Glass • Opal Glass
- 3. 3 Post Application Processes: • Offline Coating Glass • Self cleaning glass • Laminated Glass • Chemically Strengthened Glass • Thermally Toughened Glass • Low E-Glass Post manufacturing process • Edge Treatment • Sand Blasting • Acid Etching • Pigmented glass • Bended Glass Tools Transfer of Stresses Joinnery Material bonding Elements of glass
- 4. 4 • Inorganic • Homogeneous (product of fusion) • Rigid state without crystallizing (super cooled liquid) • The amorphous characteristic of liquid 4 GLASS AS SOILD • Cooling increases viscosity • Eventually becomes Solid • Transformation temperature changes from plastic to brittle state TRANSPARENCY IN GLASS • Solidification gained becoming micro-crystalline and opaque • Oxides of silicon, boron, germanium, phosphorous arsenic, • When heated to the point of fusion and cooled in a controlled method, maintain an amorphous non-crystalline state
- 5. 5 • Silica (Quartz Sand) • Sodium • Calcium • Magnesium • Alumina • Potassium Silica, 72 Sodium, 14 Calcium, 9 Magnesium , 4 Alumina, 0.7 Potassium, 0.3
- 6. 6 • Silica: Basic raw material (Sand) with varying functions • Sodium: Provides required strength • Calcium: It provides stability to the glass against atmospheric agents • Magnesium: Assures resistance to change in temperature and mechanical resistance • Alumina: Increase in mechanical resistance • Potassium: Resistance to thermal conditions
- 7. 7
- 8. 8 Manufacturing method/ process 3 Steps • Melting • Forming • Controlled cooling - Annealing
- 9. • Float process makes it possible to produce high quality clear glass with virtually flat surfaces. • Thickness 2 to 19mm. • Can be colored during manufacture, acc. to light transmittance value. • Thermal fatigue resistance from 30-40˚C. 9
- 10. • Color purity= 1% • light transmission= 85% • infrared transmission= 70% • total transmission= 84% 10
- 11. 11 Soda Lime glass • Common glass • Used for flat glass • Colourless
- 12. 12 Lead glass • Low melting point and working temperatures • High refractive index and specific gravity • Used for radiation shielding(<80% PbO) • Soft surface – easy to decorate
- 13. • Texturing of glass surface can be done according to design. • Ultimate bending strength lies slightly below float glass because of surface pattern. 13
- 14. 14 Fused Silica/Quartz Glass • High melting and working temperature • High Chemical resistance • Used for laboratory ware
- 15. 15 Alumino Silicate • Great chemical durability(does not easily reacts with any kind of chemical contact ), thus can be used in products for daily use. • Used in manufacture of glass fibres
- 16. 16 Borosilicate Glass • Resistant to chemical corrosion • Low thermal expansion co-efficient(i.e, it can suffer sudden drastic temperature difference) • Used in domestic cooking utensils.(Oven ware, Chemistry lab )
- 17. 17 PLASTIC REINFORCED GLASS • Plastic reinforced in glass fibers, increases strength. • Polypropylene- Flexible, fatigue-resisting • Polyamides- Improves strength, heat distortion temp. • Polycarbonates- Mechanical properties • Polyesters (Fiber Glass)- High impact strength, Durability, Hardness • Epoxies- Strength, dimensionally stable, chemically resistant • Phenolic Resins- Good stiffness and strength • Melamine formaldehyde resin- Dielectric strength • Silicone resin- High temp. resistance • Polyurethane Resins- Very flexible
- 18. 18 Wire glass • Wire mesh has been inserted during production. • Impact resistance similar to normal glass. • When broken, the mesh retains the pieces of glass. • Low cost fire glass • Steel wire mesh is sandwiched between two ribbons of semi molten glass.
- 19. 19 Glass Pigments and its effects Compounds Colors Iron oxides Green, browns Magnesium oxides Amber, amethyst, decolouriser Cobalt oxides Deep blue Gold chloride Ruby red Selenium compounds Reds Carbon oxides Amber/brown Mix of manganese, cobalt, iron Black Antimony oxides White Uranium oxides Yellow green (glows) Sulfur compounds Amber/brown Copper compounds Light blue, red Tin compounds White
- 20. 20 Opal glass • Small particles in the body of glass that disperse light. • Glass appears milky. • Ingredients include fluorides. • Used in light fixtures.
- 21. • Introduction of cobalt oxide and selenium accounts for color and reduced UV light transmission. • Colour purity= 7% light transmission= 71% infrared transmission= 48% total transmission= 69% Also used in storing some of the UV sensitive chemicals. 21
- 22. • Design to have low light transmission through it. • High infrared transmission thought it. • Thermal Insulation • For Privacy and solar reflectance performances. 22
- 23. 23
- 24. 24 1)Offline Coating Magnetron Sputtering • Physical coating • Metal Oxides, bombarded on the surfaces of the glass • Employed on surfaces with cavity, insulating glass unit, protection from moisture Evaporization • Condensing of metal coatings on glass surfaces Sol-gel process • Chemical coating • Dipped in liquid, metal compounds adheres glass surface • Solar controlled glasses, low degree of reflectance
- 25. 25 Self cleaning glass. • Keeps itself free from dust through natural process. • Film of titanium dioxide. • Photo catalytic stage • Hydrophilic stage.
- 26. 26 1) Laminated safety Glass • At least 2 panels bonded with an intermediate layer, PVB (Polyvinyl Butyral) • Anti-Vidal glazing • Anti-intruder glazing • Bullet resistant glazing • Explosion resistant glazing • Alarm glass • Heated Glass
- 27. 27 Chemically Strengthened glass • Chemical pre-stressing of a glass by ionic exchange • Glass immerses in hot molten salt • Exchange of smaller sodium ions, leads compressive strength on the surface • High resistance to mechanical and thermal loads
- 28. 28 Thermally Toughened safety Glass • Heated to its transformation pt. (640˚C) • Suddenly blasted to cold air • Surface cool faster contracts quicker than the core • Additional compressive stress on the surface, higher ultimate bending stresses • While overloaded fractures into numerous pieces
- 29. 29 • Allows Light to come in but resists heat to pass through. • So no transfer of heat maintains the temperature in the inside in the hot and cold weather.
- 30. 30 ACCORDING TO THE POST MANUFACTUR PROCESS
- 31. 31 Acid Etching • Matt finishes, degrees of matt finish, time the acid is in contact with the surface • Pattern pictures, roughness, transparency decreases
- 32. 32 • Matt finish, • Optical effects • Translucent
- 34. 34 • Glass bricks are produced for both wall and floor applications. • Allows light to pass through maintaining the privacy.
- 35. 35 Cutting Wheel for Circle Cutter Glass PliersGlass Cutters
- 36. 36 • Fixing , load carrying connections 1. Contact • Compressive forces perpendicular to contact face via contact • Pre-compressed contact face, external tensile forces up to neutralization of the pre-stress • Contact fixing face, materials compressive load displaced in relation between each other, vibration or severe deformation
- 37. 37 2. Friction • Transfer the mechanical inter locking • Axial force, thrust, shear transmitted roughly linear • Glass cannot be placed directly on steel, friction joint requires strength of elastic and fatigue interlining cushion. • Thus buffer soft metals, fiber reinforcement plastic or natural materials- permanent within elastic zone • Joint failures Moisture infiltration, sliding contact
- 38. 38
- 39. 39 SINGLE GLAZED WITH WOODEN STOP SINGLE GLAZED WITH GLAZING COMPOUN DOUBLE GLAZED WITH REMOVEBLE STROM P Double glaze with removable storm panel
- 40. 40 DOUBLE GLAZED WITH SEALED INSULATING G DOUBLE GLAZED WITH EXTERIOR STROM TRIPLE GLAZED WITH SEALED INSULA GLASS AND REMOVABLE STROM PANE
- 41. 41 TRIPLE GLAZED WITH HEAT MIRROR TRIPLE GLAZED WITH SAEALED INSULTING AND EXTERIOR STROM SASH
- 42. 42 Wood with Glass Extruded Plastic with Glass Glazing with PLASTIC sectio
- 43. 43 Type of plastic section, but smaller in size
- 44. 44 Aluminium with Glass Steel with Glass
- 45. 45
- 46. 46 • Used for joining glass • Joint is stiff as fine cracks appear in putty, which leads to absorption of moisture by capillary action. • Compressive forces can be transmiited via putty joint • Can accommodate very minor relative deformations.
- 47. • E.g. Glass shingles or labyrinth seals, to keep out non-pressurized water or slow down air movement. • Ideal for protection against driving rain in flexible structure or as movement joint between segments of building. 47
- 48. • Joint creates a sealed connection without the need for external contact pressure. • Functions under the action of tensile loads. • A suitably elastic profile should be glued over the joint. 48
- 49. • Is silicon-based liquid, gel, or foam product, applied to glass surfaces in order to fill microscopic pores and create an anti-static, anti-fog, and high-gloss shield. • adhere to the smooth glass exterior without the use of abrasion or primer. • Dries to a transparent finish. • Forms a moisture barrier that causes water to bead up and run off without leaving residue behind. • Reduce the passage of heat or cold through the glass. 49
- 50. 50 • Heated again at around 550degree Celsius giving it the required curved shape to it. • Takes the shape of the mould.
Editor's Notes
- The photo catalytic stage of the process breaksdown the organic dirt on the glass using UV light, even on over cast days and makes the glass hydrophilic. During the hydrophilic stage rain washes away the dirt because hydrophilic glass spreads the water evenly over its surface.